Railway knowledge question and answer

Common sense of railway safety

First, don't walk, sit or lie on the railway. Because the train has the characteristics of high speed, low noise and large inertia, walking, sitting and lying on the railway are easy to cause casualties and irreparable losses to individuals and families.

Second, because

When the voltage is extremely high, it is forbidden to climb the high-voltage pole beside the railway, hit the high-voltage line without slingshot, and touch the catenary wire without sticks or ropes to avoid casualties caused by high-voltage electric shock.

Three, take good care of trains and railway equipment, do not place debris on railway tracks and rails, and do not hit trains and railway signal lights and other equipment.

4. Don't climb the freight train or play on the tracks of the railway station to avoid accidents.

5. Take active actions to contribute to the protection of railway transport materials and state property, actively expose and report the bad guys and bad things that destroy railways, such as stealing railway transport materials and dismantling railway equipment, and cooperate with public security departments to crack down on all kinds of illegal and criminal acts.

Six, vehicles and pedestrians through

Stop and watch. It is forbidden to cross the railing of the crossing, forcibly cross the crossing, and motor vehicles are prohibited from passing in the pedestrian walkway.

Seven, teachers and parents should strengthen the safety education for students and children, education they don't play on the railway, put obstacles (put stones, knives, etc. ), don't along the railing,

Or walk in your heart, don't enjoy the cold, and sleep under a stopped train.

8. Mining, quarrying, dredging and blasting are strictly prohibited on both sides of the railway line 1000 meters. Large livestock farmers should strengthen the supervision of livestock to prevent crossing, and keep a distance of 20 meters from the railway when raising.

Nine, it is forbidden to drill, destroy the railway protective net, drill, pick up cars, smash cars, steal railway facilities and vehicle parts, buy and sell railway equipment, and carry inflammable, explosive and illegal guns such as detonators, explosives, kerosene, gasoline, alcohol and cotton.

If you enter the station and get on the bus, the offender will be investigated for legal responsibility according to law.

2. What are the basic railway knowledge?

Original publisher: perfunctory 0902

1. Modern modes of transportation include railways, highways, water transport, aviation and pipelines, among which pipelines are temporarily unsuitable for passenger transport. 2. The products of the transportation industry are the spatial displacement of passengers and goods, and the measurement units are person kilometers and ton kilometers respectively; When counting the turnover, 1 is converted into ton km = 1 passenger km = 1 cargo ton km. 3. Railway lines include subgrade, bridge and tunnel buildings and tracks. 4. The railway lines in China are divided into three grades: first-class railway, second-class railway and third-class railway. 5. Station line type: main line, station line (arrival and departure line, pull-out line, shunting line, freight line, machine running line, machine waiting line, etc. ), interval pipelines, branch lines and dedicated lines (safety lines, refuge siding). 6. The line plane consists of straight lines and curves (including circular curves and transition curves). 7. The longitudinal section of the line consists of flat roads and ramps. 8. There are two basic types of railway clearance: rolling stock clearance and building approach clearance. 9. The two most common subgrade forms are embankment and cutting. 10. Bridges and tunnels mainly include bridges, culverts and tunnels. 1 1. The track consists of six main parts: rail, sleeper, ballast bed, connecting parts, anti-climbing equipment and turnout. 12. The cross section of the rail is I-shaped, which consists of rail head, rail waist and rail bottom. 13. The rail type is expressed by its weight per unit length. At present, there are 75kg/m, 60kg/m, 50kg/m, 43kg/m and 38kg/m in our country, and the latter two have basically been eliminated. 14. At present, the standard length of rails in China is12.5m and 25m.. 15. According to different materials, sleepers mainly include wooden sleepers and reinforced concrete sleepers. 16. The length of common railway sleepers in China is 2.5m, and the length of turnout sleepers and bridge sleepers is 2.6~4.85m. 17. The number of sleepers laid per kilometer is generally between 1440~ 1840. 18. The main forms of turnout are: ordinary single turnout, symmetrical turnout, three-way turnout and crossing turnout.

3. What are the basic common sense of railways?

Railways are the tracks of trains and other means of transportation. Railway transportation is a land transportation mode, in which locomotives are used to pull trains and vehicles to walk on two parallel rails. The traditional way is to travel on steel wheels, but railway transportation in a broad sense still includes non-steel wheels such as maglev trains, cable cars and ropeways, or rail transit. Rails can provide a very smooth and hard medium for train wheels to roll on with minimal friction, which makes people feel more comfortable and saves energy. If properly configured, railway transportation can save energy by 50% to 70% compared with road transportation with the same weight. Moreover, the rail can evenly disperse the weight of the train, which greatly improves the load capacity of the train.

1. The cross-country safety of railway business lines is closely related to the public. Accident analysis shows that the main causes of cross-country casualties are pedestrians walking, sitting, crossing railway lines, crossing railway stations, climbing, jumping, pedestrians and motor vehicles grabbing railway crossings and committing suicide. Railway bridges and tunnels are closed to all pedestrians. These accidents not only lead to the direct loss of citizens' lives and property, but also pose a great threat to railway traffic safety, especially when motor vehicles illegally cross intersections, which often cause trains to derail. These accidents not only reflect the weak legal awareness and safety awareness of some public, but also remind railway transport enterprises, local governments and relevant media to strengthen the publicity and guidance of safety knowledge.

When we take the train, we can often see blue light, which is relative to shunting operation. Shunting machines use it to organize trains and replace goods, which can only be seen at the station. The blue light means that you must stop in front of the signal light, and the white light means that you can cross the signal light.

3. Signal signs such as "Ming" give drivers a hint that there are places that are not easy to see ahead, such as bends, tunnels and forks. The effect is more obvious when the weather is bad.

Train drivers usually call by radio three kilometers before approaching the station: "So-and-so station, so-and-so approach". By means of modern communication with the station, the driver can "look around and listen to all directions" while driving.

At present, the driver's license of through train (Z-prefix train) is A, which is the highest rank among train drivers. According to reports, the assessment of train drivers is very strict. Generally speaking, the exam has to pass three levels: regulations (braking theory, maintenance theory, technical regulations); Check the locomotive fault; Take the road test without looking at the speedometer. Be punctual and make sure the parking position is accurate. In addition, there are certain requirements for drivers' physical conditions, especially their eyesight. They can't be color blind. The railway is very long, extending to the horizon, Astrotrain, and driving on it. Many people, sitting inside, the railway is fast and safe. It is wrong to cross the railway. It is not safe to come by train.

4. What are the basic common sense of railways?

Railways are the tracks of trains and other means of transportation.

Railway transportation is a land transportation mode, in which locomotives are used to pull trains and vehicles to walk on two parallel rails. The traditional way is to travel on steel wheels, but railway transportation in a broad sense still includes non-steel wheels such as maglev trains, cable cars and ropeways, or rail transit.

Rails can provide a very smooth and hard medium for train wheels to roll on with minimal friction, which makes people feel more comfortable and saves energy. If properly configured, railway transportation can save energy by 50% to 70% compared with road transportation with the same weight.

Moreover, the rail can evenly disperse the weight of the train, which greatly improves the load capacity of the train. 1. The cross-country safety of railway business lines is closely related to the public.

Accident analysis shows that the main causes of cross-country casualties are pedestrians walking, sitting, crossing railway lines, crossing railway stations, climbing, jumping, pedestrians and motor vehicles grabbing railway crossings and committing suicide. Railway bridges and tunnels are closed to all pedestrians.

These accidents not only lead to the direct loss of citizens' lives and property, but also pose a great threat to railway traffic safety, especially when motor vehicles illegally cross intersections, which often cause trains to derail. These accidents not only reflect the weak legal awareness and safety awareness of some public, but also remind railway transport enterprises, local governments and relevant media to strengthen the publicity and guidance of safety knowledge.

When we take the train, we can often see blue light, which is relative to shunting operation. Shunting machines use it to organize trains and replace goods, which can only be seen at the station. The blue light means that you must stop in front of the signal light, and the white light means that you can cross the signal light.

3. Signal signs such as "Ming" give drivers a hint that there are places that are not easy to see ahead, such as bends, tunnels and forks. The effect is more obvious when the weather is bad.

Train drivers usually call by radio three kilometers before approaching the station: "So-and-so station, so-and-so approach". By means of modern communication with the station, the driver can "look around and listen to all directions" while driving.

At present, the driver's license of through train (Z-prefix train) is A, which is the highest rank among train drivers. According to reports, the assessment of train drivers is very strict.

Generally speaking, the exam has to pass three levels: regulations (braking theory, maintenance theory, technical regulations); Check the locomotive fault; Take the road test without looking at the speedometer. Be punctual and make sure the parking position is accurate. In addition, there are certain requirements for drivers' physical conditions, especially their eyesight. They can't be color blind.

The railway is very long, extending to the horizon, Astrotrain, and driving on it. Many people, sitting inside, the railway is fast and safe.

It is wrong to cross the railway. It is not safe to come by train.

5. What are the basic railway knowledge?

Railway, railway and railway transportation is a land transportation mode, in which locomotives are used to pull trains on two parallel rails.

However, railway transportation in a broad sense still includes non-steel wheels such as maglev trains, cable cars and ropeways, or rail transportation. A vehicle towed by a locomotive on a railway.

The types of railway vehicles can be divided into three categories according to their uses: railway passenger cars, railway freight cars and railway special vehicles. Vehicles used to transport and serve passengers are railway passenger cars, such as passenger cars, sleeping cars, dining cars, luggage carts and so on. Vehicles used to transport goods are railway freight cars, such as flat cars, boxcars, flat cars, tank cars, insulated cars, etc. The vehicles used by railway enterprises to handle their own business are special railway vehicles, such as weighing vehicles, snow removal vehicles and test vehicles.

According to the types of goods suitable for shipment, trucks can be divided into general motors and special vehicles. The above flat cars, boxcars, flat cars, tank cars, insulated cars, etc. , meet the requirements of all kinds of goods transportation, known as general-purpose vehicles; It is only suitable for transporting one or more goods with similar properties, such as hopper cars, cement trucks, long trucks, container flat cars, high-pressure tank cars, etc. , called a special vehicle.

The return loss of general-purpose vehicles is small, but the utilization rate of payload varies from cargo to cargo, sometimes it is low, and its adaptability to different loading and unloading equipment is also different. The special vehicle has a high idle rate, but the parameters can be selected according to the characteristics of specific goods, so the load and volume utilization rate are high, and it can be matched with the selected loading and unloading equipment in structure, thus shortening the loading and unloading operation time and speeding up the vehicle turnover.

Railway vehicles can also be divided into quasi-gauge vehicles, wide-gauge vehicles and narrow-gauge vehicles according to the gauge; According to the ownership relationship, it is divided into road vehicles (owned by railway departments) and factories and mines. Development overview Early railway vehicles were all two-axle, with simple equipment.

Passenger cars first developed to multi-axle, including three-axle, four-axle and six-axle passenger cars. Among them, the four-axle steering frame bus has good running quality and curve passing performance, so it has become the basic form of bus.

With the development of lightweight materials, the body weight is greatly reduced, and some articulated vehicles appear. The adjacent ends of two adjacent cars are placed on two-axle bogies, and the non-articulated ends adopt two-axle or single-axle bogies. This kind of vehicle is mostly used in EMU.

In order to improve the safety and comfort of passengers, modern buses often adopt all-metal body with integral load-bearing structure, as well as independent warm water or electric heating, forced ventilation, electric lighting, air conditioning, hot water and frozen drinking water. Railways in some countries are now working to improve the running speed of trains. For example, the maximum speed of the express passenger train on Shinkansen in Japan is 300 kilometers per hour, and the maximum speed of the express passenger train between Paris and Lyon in France is 260 kilometers per hour. Such a high speed puts forward higher requirements for the strength, dynamic performance and running reliability of passenger cars.

With the development of bulk cargo transportation, the load capacity of trucks is increasing. Two measures have been taken to this end.

First, heavy rails are used to increase the maximum allowable axle load of freight cars, and the load capacity of freight cars is improved while maintaining the original axle number. For example, the load capacity of four-axle trucks in American railways has gradually increased from about 30 tons to 45 tons, 63 tons and 90.7 tons (corresponding to axle load 1 1.7, 16. 1, 25.0 and 29.8 tons), and a few vehicles have reached/kloc-0.

First, under the condition of basically maintaining the original allowable axle load, increase the number of axles and improve the load capacity of freight cars. For example, the eight-axle tank cars and flat-bottomed boats of the Soviet railway have a load capacity of 120 tons and 125 tons respectively (the maximum allowable axle load is 23.25 tons).

Long and large trucks used to transport special goods have a maximum number of 32 axles and a load capacity of 500 tons. At present, except for a considerable number of two-axle freight cars with a load of 18 ~ 40 tons in European countries, railway freight cars in other countries are mainly four-axle freight cars with a load of about 60~70 tons, and many countries have completely eliminated two-axle freight cars.

The continuous improvement of train weight requires not only sufficient strength of vehicles, but also high-strength couplers, large-capacity buffers and train braking devices with high sensitivity and reliability. In order to improve the unloading efficiency of dump trucks, many unit trains carrying coal or ore use rotating couplers in coupler buffer devices.

In the past, China railway passenger and freight vehicles mainly relied on imports, with complex types, simple equipment and small load capacity. After People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded, it began to design and manufacture its own vehicles.

From 1949 to 1983, the number of passenger cars in China increased from about 4,000 to about18,700, and the number of freight cars increased from about 46,000 to about 285,000, increasing by 3.7 times and 5. 1 times respectively. The newly-built bus adopts all-steel welded structure in structure, which improves the construction speed, running stability and comfort.

Trucks eliminated two-axle cars. The average marked load capacity of freight cars increased from 26.6 tons in 1949 to 52.7 tons in 1983.

Structural vehicles usually consist of five parts: car body, running gear, coupler buffer device, braking device and vehicle equipment. The body is the part of the vehicle that accommodates passengers or goods. It is usually a closed space with an open top.

Different types of vehicles have different body structures. Many loads on the vehicle directly act on the body, so the body must have the necessary strength and rigidity.

The car body is supported by the running gear below, with coupler buffers at both ends, and various devices are arranged inside as required. Running gear is the part where the vehicle runs on the track, including wheelsets, axle box devices, springs and shock absorbers, bogie frames or side frames, and other beams and rods.

In vehicles with four axles or more, these components are assembled into front and rear bogies, so for these vehicles, the running part is the bogie. Running gear should be able to ensure the safety and balance of vehicle operation.

Coupler buffer device is a component on the vehicle to realize interconnection with other vehicles or locomotives, and transmit and reduce tensile and compressive forces during train operation and marshalling. It consists of coupler, bumper and other parts, and is installed on the traction beam of the underframe at both ends of the car body. Braking device is a device that slows down or stops the running train on the vehicle to ensure the safe operation of the train. It consists of the main brake pipe, valve, brake cylinder and other parts installed at the lower part of the car body and the basic braking devices (brake beam, brake shoes, etc.). ) installed in the running part.

In order to avoid slipping when parking alone, the vehicle is also equipped with a hand brake device. Vehicle equipment is attached to the vehicle for passenger and freight transportation.

6. Take care of railway knowledge.

1, learn the railway law, abide by the railway law, publicize the railway law, and ensure the safety and smoothness of the railway artery.

2, starting from me, establish a sense of responsibility and law-abiding awareness of caring for the railway. 3. Take good care of railway facilities, and do not dismantle, damage, touch, steal or buy railway equipment and accessories.

4. Abide by the railway rules, ride without a ticket, don't climb the truck, don't peddle around the car with the car, and don't bring dangerous goods into the station. 5. Strengthen railway safety precautions, and do not illegally set crossings, detain railways, grab crossings, graze, take sand, quarry, dig ditches or shovel turf at the railway side.

6. Maintain railway public order, do not steal or rob transport materials, do not place obstacles on the line, do not hit the train, do not intercept the train, and do not occupy the road to affect the order of the station. 7. Dare to dissuade and stop the illegal acts that endanger the safety of railway traffic, fight against the bad guys and bad things that undermine the railway public order, love and care for the railway, and start from me in life.

7. Knowledge about railways

The Beijing-Qinhuangdao railway is 290 kilometers long, from Shuangqiao, the hub of Beijing, to Qinhuangdao. It is an important channel of Shanxi coal transportation north line, and it is also the first newly-built double-track electrified railway in China, which adopts at power supply mode for the first time.

The Beijing end of this line 155km is the second line of Tongtuo Line built at 1975, and the rest are newly built. Beijing-Qinhuangdao Railway 198 1 started in September, 1984 was opened to traffic, 1985 was put into operation, and 1986 completed the optical cable digital communication system.

Right: The electric locomotive pulls the coal train. ◆ Shanghai-Shijiazhuang Railway starts from Cheng Jiazhuang, beijing-shanghai railway and ends at Shijiusuo Port in the Yellow Sea, with a total length of 308 kilometers. It is a channel for Shanxi and Shandong coal to go to sea. 198 1 start, 1985 put into production.

Xinyi Railway Xinyi Railway starts from Xinxiang, Beijing-Guangzhou Railway, crosses the Yellow River, enters Dongming, Shandong Province, and reaches Yizhou, with a total length of 3 15 kilometers. Jining to Heze section 1977 started, 1982 was completed, Xinxiang to Heze section 1983 started, 1985 was completed.

The total length of Changdong Yellow River Bridge is10282m, with 30 piers1seat, and a yield station of1243m is set on the bridge. The bridge was completed in June 1985.

This section of the Yellow River is "navigable with water and navigable without water", and the riverbed changes dramatically, so it is called "tofu waist", and the project is very difficult. Left: Changdong Yellow River Bridge is the longest railway bridge in China at present ◆ Daqin Railway Daqin Railway starts from Hanjialing, the hub of Datong, and ends at Qinhuangdao, with a total length of 653 kilometers. In Huailai, Hebei Province, it crosses Fengsha Railway, and in Huairou, a suburb of Beijing, it also crosses Jingtong Railway and Jingcheng Railway. 1985, 1992.

This railway is an important channel for coal transportation in Yanbei, Pingshuo, Inner Mongolia and Ningxia, with an annual transportation capacity of 654.38+ 1 100 million tons. The whole line adopts advanced technology and equipment, which has the international level of 80' s.

◆ Wu 'an Section of Lanzhou-Xinjiang Railway Wu 'an Section of Lanzhou-Xinjiang Railway runs from Urumqi to Alashankou at the border, connecting with the railway of the former Soviet Union, with a total length of 467 kilometers. Road 1958 started, 19 1 stopped, 1985 resumed, and was completed in September 1990. ◆ Tonghuo Railway Tonghuo Railway runs from Tongliao, Inner Mongolia to Huolinhe, with a total length of 4 19 km. It's a railway for Huolin River to transport open-pit coal. /kloc-0 started construction in may, 1978,/kloc-0 opened to traffic in 1984,/kloc-0 put into operation in June, 1989, and 3 1 February.

This railway is of great significance to lignite transportation, solving the energy shortage in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia, promoting economic development along the railway and consolidating national defense. ◆ Left of Beijing-Kowloon Railway: Beijing-Kowloon Railway meanders in the mountains (the red arrow indicates the location of the line) ◆ The investment in environmental protection project of Qinghai-Tibet Railway will reach/kloc-0.2 billion yuan, setting a record in the history of railway construction in China.

This was revealed in the white paper "Ecological Construction and Environmental Protection in China" published by the State Council Press Office 10. The white paper says that the goal of "building an eco-friendly railway" was set at the beginning of the Qinghai-Tibet railway construction demonstration.

In the selection of railway lines, try to avoid the key areas where wildlife lives and activities. For the sections that cannot be avoided and must pass through the wildlife activity area, according to the habits and migration laws of wildlife along the line, 25 different types of wildlife passages are set up in different sections; In many areas, dry bridges are specially set up as the passage for wildlife migration, which ensures the normal activities of wildlife along the railway to the greatest extent.

For example, in June and July, in order for Tibetan antelopes to successfully breed real estate through the construction site, the contractors related to the Qinghai-Tibet Railway stopped work for 4 days, and the construction workers and machinery were evacuated from the construction site. According to the white paper, in order not to destroy the natural environment such as grasslands and wetlands, great attention is paid to the protection and restoration of surface vegetation during construction.

Turf in areas where vegetation is difficult to grow, subgrade and places where construction vehicles pass should be preserved, transplanted in sections and stored in other places, and then covered on the surface of completed subgrade slope or construction site to minimize the loss of surface vegetation. For areas with good natural conditions, select grass species suitable for plateau growth, supplemented by suitable sowing and seedling raising techniques, and try to restore surface vegetation.

Artificial grass cultivation experiments were carried out in areas with slightly better natural conditions, supplemented by techniques such as spray sowing and plastic film mulching. The special experiment of planting grass on subgrade in the source area of the Yangtze River and Tuotuo Plateau has achieved initial results. According to the white paper, the stations after the completion of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway will use environmental protection energy, mainly including electric energy, solar energy and wind energy for heating.

Centralized collection and treatment of garbage in the station; Domestic sewage should be treated and discharged up to standard, and used for greening as much as possible; The bus adopts a closed body, and the garbage on the bus is bagged and transported to the plateau station for centralized treatment. The management adapts to the characteristics of the plateau, adopts the central station management mode, and sets up 7 central stations along the whole line.

Each central station has a control radius of about 80 kilometers and is fully responsible for driving and maintenance. Try to adopt remote automatic control and mechanized maintenance, reduce the number of plateau institutions and personnel, and maximize the protection of the natural ecological environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

(2) Adopting advanced technology to accelerate railway modernization The only way to solve the shortage of railway transportation capacity is to adopt advanced technology to accelerate railway modernization. In the aspect of rolling stock, high-power traction power and new vehicles are adopted to expand train formation, increase train weight and speed up operation.

Therefore, several new diesel locomotives and electric locomotives, as well as passenger cars and trucks, have been developed. At the same time, technology was introduced and a number of diesel locomotives and electric locomotives were imported.

From 1949 to 1989, the railway rolling stock factory * * manufactured 1, 139 electric locomotives, 4,953 diesel locomotives, 3 gas turbine locomotives, 9,659 steam locomotives and 26,922 buses (including 447 subway buses). In terms of signals, we will vigorously develop automatic and semi-automatic blocking systems, and carry out electrical centralization, dispatching centralization and dispatching supervision to improve the running speed and ensure traffic safety.

Develop long-distance small coaxial cables and increase long-distance cables in communication; Carrier machines are developing towards 300 and 960 channels; Railway long-distance telephone automation is developing in the direction of 300-6000 multi-door crossbar automatic switching. In addition, optical fiber communication and special communication have been developed, such as dispatching telephone, interval telephone and train wireless dispatching telephone.

In freight transportation, we should speed up the development of container transportation, improve the level of mechanized loading and unloading, and reduce labor intensity. In terms of mechanization of line maintenance, in addition to self-developed tamping machine, track laying machine, slag unloader, ballast forming machine, long rail transport vehicle and screen cleaner.

8. Pupils' railway knowledge

The railway is very long, extending to the horizon, Astrotrain, and driving on it.

Many people, sitting inside, the railway is fast and safe. It is wrong to cross the railway. It is not safe to come by train.

Love the road to protect the road "No Words Song" Love the railway to ensure safety. Railway jurisprudence carefully crosses the crossing. Don't worry, don't worry, don't rush, don't smash the car, don't grab it, don't pick up the car, don't stop around the car, don't sell, don't drill the driveway, don't fight, don't walk, don't eat grass beside the roadbed, don't do morning exercises, don't pick up stones, don't borrow soil, and don't if you discredit and destroy the railway law, you can't bear the bitter fruit. Cherish the railway like a life-saving railway. Create a safe and civilized railway corridor. Love your hometown, love the railway, cherish public property, respect and help each other, encourage the railway to pass, and prosper all walks of life. The people will formulate the railway law, bearing in mind that the party and the government will always follow the railway line, without destroying the road, making trouble at the railway side, connecting it indiscriminately, and creating it indiscriminately. Leaders take the lead in creating corridors, publicity first, education second, peace, comprehensive management, multi-means corridors, stable public order, smooth traffic, railway security, and maintaining public order. The iron guards have a heavy task, do their due diligence, make contributions, bravely fight evil wars, be brave in pioneering, be brave in striving for the first place, be not afraid of hardship and fatigue, and make contributions to the country and the people and make new contributions.