How many stages is the Westernization Movement divided into? What slogans are put forward at each stage? Who founded these enterprises?

The most basic is divided into two stages.

In the early stage, with the slogan of "self-improvement", it mainly founded military industry.

Later, with the slogan of "seeking wealth", it was mainly founded by civil industry, China Merchants Steamship and Hanyang Iron Works of Zhang Zhidong.

Westernization movement, also known as self-improvement movement. It was the westernization movement in the late Qing Dynasty that introduced western military equipment, machine production and science and technology under the slogan of "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth" from 65438 to 1990 to save the Qing Dynasty.

Guiding ideology

The slogan of Westernization Movement is "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth". Its classification ideas are "learning from foreigners to control foreigners" and "learning from China and using the West".

The first four words "learning from foreigners to control foreigners" show the relationship between the Westernization Movement and foreign capitalist aggressors, that is, learning western skills to resist western aggression.

The last four words "Chinese style and western learning" mean "middle school is the body and western learning is the use", which shows the relationship between the Westernization Movement and China's traditional feudal culture and the respective positions of middle school and western learning in the Westernization Movement.

"Learning from foreigners and mastering their skills to control foreigners" and "adapting Chinese style to the west" are also the basic principles of the Westernization School in dealing with ethnic relations and cultural exchanges between China and the West. [7] During the Westernization Movement, from Feng Guifen's "China ethics as the foundation, supplemented by the skill of making the country rich and strong" to Xue Fucheng's "learning from westerners in good faith and guarding Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu, Zhou and Kong", all served as a theory for "seeking strength" and "seeking wealth".

The Positive Role of Westernization Movement

1. The Westernization Movement promoted the development of modern productive forces in China and the emergence of Chinese national capitalism.

2. The Westernization School resisted the economic input of foreign capitalism to a certain extent;

3. Westernization Movement opened the gap of feudal education system;

The Westernization Movement promoted the modernization of national defense.

Historical limitations

The Westernization Movement did not make China prosperous.

In the Westernization Movement, although the Westernization School advertised itself as a "new policy of self-improvement", they were all guardians of feudal traditional thoughts and had no intention of learning the capitalist political and economic system at all. They only advocate learning western technology and strongly oppose any form of feudal thought and system change. They just wandered around the barriers of the feudal kingdom, thinking that they had created something new, so they failed to show "self-improvement" and "revival" in the face of foreign invasion. On the contrary, under the attack of foreign powers' aggressive forces, the "meritorious service" held by feudal ideological defenders soon failed.