Tell me about the history of Britain (preferably in chronological order, not Baidu)

The full name of Britain is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. An island country in northwest Europe, whose territory includes England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland on the island of Great Britain and many small islands. Her historical development can be roughly divided into three historical periods. There have been human activities in the British Isles for a long time. Around the 3rd century BC, Iberians came from the European continent to settle in the southeast of Great Britain. After about 700 BC, Celts living in western Europe moved into the British Isles, and one of them was called bretons, from which the name Britain probably came. It is well known that the Celts used iron, and the technology of plows is constantly improving. They have already used money. The development of the historical forces that produced Britain promoted the gradual differentiation of Carte society. In 55 BC and 54 BC, the Roman legions led by G.J. Caesar invaded Britain twice, both of which were repelled by the British. In 43 AD, the Roman emperor Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus led an army to invade Britain. After conquering Britain, it became a province of the Roman Empire. With London at the mouth of the Thames as the center, the Romans built avenues extending in all directions, connecting cities all over the world, making London the center of Roman British rule and foreign relations. In order to prevent the Celtics in the north from going south, during the reign of the Roman emperor P.A. Hadrian in 65438+ 1920, the Romans built the Great Wall in northern Great Britain, with a total length of 1 18km, which was called Hadrian's Great Wall in history (see color map). In the southeast region ruled by the Romans, the upper classes of the Romans and Celts seized the communal lands of the tribes, established slave farms, and turned Celts or prisoners of war into slaves. The Romans forced slaves to engage in farming and mining, and slave traders also sold slaves to the European continent. In the 3rd and 4th centuries, with the intensification of slave resistance, the Roman Empire gradually declined. Around the middle of the 4th century, Britain's struggle against Roman rule gradually intensified. By 407, all Roman troops were forced to leave Britain, and Roman rule over Britain ended. Editor's Note: The German invasion in the Middle Ages, from the German invasion in the 5th-6th century to the outbreak of the bourgeois revolution in the middle of17th century, was a period of formation, development and decline of the feudal mode of production in Britain. There are also views in academic circles that Norman Conquest is the beginning of English medieval history. Anglo-Saxons settled in Britain. After the Romans withdrew, Germanic tribes such as Anglo-Saxons and Jutes living near the mouth of the Elbe River and southern Denmark began to invade Britain in the middle of the 5th century. The invasion lasted about a century and a half. Invaders looted towns and villages, Britons were killed or enslaved, and some people were driven to the mountains in the west and northwest. Most people in English history merged with the invaders to form the later British, or English. By the beginning of the 7th century, the invaders had established seven powerful countries: Mercia, Northumbria and East Anglia in the east and northeast, Wessex, Essex and Sussex in the south and Kent in the southeast. This period is called the "Seven Kingdoms Period". When the Anglo-Saxons invaded, it was a clan and tribal organization. In the process of invasion, the original clan organization disintegrated and was replaced by a village society composed of regions. The land in the village is publicly owned and used by the free farmers in the village. With the development of productive forces, land has gradually become private property, and nobles, big landlords, dependent farmers and slaves have emerged. Village community has become a form of transition from clan commune land ownership to feudal land ownership, which is generally considered to be the beginning of feudal process in British society. At the end of the 6th century, Christianity was introduced to Britain. In 597, Pope Gregory I (reigned from 590 to 604) sent friar Augustine to preach in England. By the second half of the 7th century, all England had basically converted to Roman Christianity. (See color map) British history Danish invasion Since the end of the 8th century, Scandinavians, mainly Danes, have invaded Britain many times. In order to fight against the Danes, egbert, king of Wessex (reigned from 802 to 839), unified the seven countries in 827 and established a unified English kingdom. By the end of the 9th century, the Danes had established a large settlement on the island of Great Britain. In 879, King Alfred signed a treaty with the Danes, which placed the northeast of England under the jurisdiction of Denmark and called it the "Danish area". /kloc-At the beginning of the 0 th century, the successors of King Alfred gradually recovered Denmark. 165438+At the beginning of the 20th century, the Danes made a comeback, and King Knut the Great of Denmark became the king of England (10 16 ~ 1035 reigned). After the death of Knut's son, the British throne returned to the Englishman Edward (British history 1042 ~ 1066 reigned). During the Danish occupation, the process of feudalism in Britain was accelerated. Due to frequent wars and heavy taxes, especially heavy Danish gold, free farmers have gone bankrupt and become dependent farmers. The king granted land to secular nobles in the form of imperial edicts and became a feudal territory. In 930, the king of England ordered that "(free) people must have their masters". In order to avoid the disaster of war, farmers pay taxes and seek safety, they give their land to the big landlords and take it back for farming, indicating that they are protected by the landlords. The king also gave the secular landlords "privilege", that is, the power to exercise comprehensive political, economic and legal rule over the peasants attached to the territory. Privilege accelerated the enslavement of farmers. Norman conquered King Edward of England and died childless. William, Duke of Normandy, invaded in 1066. In the same year 10, he entered London and was crowned king of William I (in the reign of 1066 ~ 1087). He was known as "William the Conqueror" in history, the Norman Dynasty (1066 ~ 65487). Norman conquest accelerated the process of feudalism that had already begun, and the feudal mode of production was basically established. After William conquered England, he declared himself the supreme owner of the land. He confiscated a large number of land of Anglo-Saxon nobles and free peasants, took about 1/6 of cultivated land and about 1/3 of forest area for himself, and distributed the rest to his Norman cronies and followers, and awarded the title of nobility according to the number of fenced land. The church was also taken over by the normans. The vassals of William I divided their fiefs into small pieces and gave them to their vassals. Through the enfeoffment of land, a strict feudal hierarchy was established. William not only asked his immediate bannermen to swear allegiance, but also asked his bannermen to be loyal to him. 1086, William sent ministers to investigate the whole country and compiled a land survey book (also called land inventory), which recorded in detail how much land in each county belongs to the king, how much land belongs to the Lord, how many vassals there are in each manor, how many free farmers, dependent farmers and slaves, how many forests, grasslands, pastures, mills and fish ponds, and how much monetary income there is in the territory. The purpose of compiling the inventory is to let the king know the property status of the princes in detail, so as to require them to strictly fulfill their feudal obligations. People are afraid of this kind of investigation and feel that they are facing doomsday judgment, so the investigation list is called doomsday judgment book. According to this survey, the population of Britain at that time was about1.50 ~ 2 million. In history, aristocratic Britain accounted for about 4%, free farmers accounted for 1.2%, and serfs and other dependent farmers accounted for more than 70%. This shows that serfdom developed rapidly after the Norman conquest. At the local level, the king's power is mainly exercised through the county magistrate. The sheriff is appointed by the king and directly under his jurisdiction. In order to discuss state affairs, the king organized the Privy Council, which was then called the Senate or the King's Court. Through the above measures, the Norman dynasty established a more powerful centralized feudal rule than France. This is an important feature of British feudalism. Powerful kingship was widely supported by small and medium feudal lords, churches and wealthy citizens, who demanded the protection of kingship. The feudal lords opposed the excessive concentration of kingship, but their fiefs were scattered, so it was difficult to separate one side from the kingship. After the Norman conquest, feudal manors appeared everywhere in the enfeoffment. Feudal manor is the basic economic unit of British feudal society, and the Lord is the supreme ruler with all power in the manor. Manor land usually includes three parts: land directly owned by lords, land jointly owned by serfs and public land such as forests, pastures and ponds. Labor rent is the main form of exploitation. Most peasants became real serfs. Serfs are called Whelan in Britain. They own 15 ~ 30 mu of land to serve their lords. In addition, there are border people, farmers and slaves. The process of feudalism in British society is long, slow and incomplete, and more remnants of pre-feudalism are preserved. There are also many free farmers in the manor. The big feudal lords were not as powerful as those in some countries in continental Europe, and the feudal system disintegrated earlier than other countries. This is another feature of the British feudal system. Magna Carta and the Origin of Parliament: The powerful royal power established after William's conquest played a positive role in consolidating the feudal order. Although feudal princes betrayed from time to time, they failed to overwhelm the royal family. However, kings fight abroad year after year, and princes need to provide more and more military expenses. During the reign of John Plantagenet (1199 ~1216), the contradiction between monarch and minister was sharp. The vassals demanded the maintenance of feudal rights and obligations, but King John trampled on the established feudal order, lost in foreign wars and lost most of his French territory. Therefore, not only feudal lords, but also small and medium-sized lords who supported the kingship and even citizens joined the ranks of resisting the king. Under the joint pressure, John was forced to accept the Magna Carta of 12 15 in June and compromise with the feudal lords. Magna Carta is essentially a feudal document, which protects the interests of feudal lords. But it is also as progressive as protecting citizens' freedom of trade. But John quickly denied the charter, and the civil war between the monarch and the minister continued. 1258, Henry III (12 16 ~ 1 British history reigned for 272 years) intervened in the Italian war and demanded military expenses from the vassals. In the civil war that broke out in 1263, S. de Montfort won with the support of some governors, knights and citizens, and once captured Henry III and Prince Edward and took control of the country. 1265, montfort convened a meeting attended by monks, secular nobles, knights and citizens' representatives, which was the embryonic form of parliament. 1295, King Edward I of England of England (reigned from 1272 to 1307) once again called parliament to raise war funds (see color map). In addition to monks and vulgar nobles, each county has two representatives of knights and each city has two representatives of citizens, which is called "model parliament" in history. Since then, parliaments have been held frequently, and the tax power was approved in 1297, and the legislative power was obtained in14th century. From the middle of14th century, nobles, knights and citizens gradually separated and gradually evolved into upper and lower houses. The appearance of parliament is of positive significance to the future development of British history. During the13 ~14th century of Walter Taylor Uprising, the feudal economy in Britain reached its peak. The improvement of agricultural farming technology, the development of cities and the penetration of commodity currency economy into rural areas. Feudal lords demanded more money and began the "transformation" process of replacing labor or physical land rent with monetary land rent in rural areas. Conversion made a few wealthy farmers redeem their personal freedom, but the majority of farmers went bankrupt and became hired laborers in rural areas. The Black Death swept across Europe from 1348 to 1350, killing nearly half of the population in Britain. Due to the shortage of labor, King Edward III (in office 1327- 1377) issued a decree that workers must accept low-paid jobs or they will be imprisoned. The urban and rural poor were cornered and forced to rise up and resist. The reform propaganda of Oxford University theological professor, British historian Roland (about 1320 ~ 1384) and junior priest J. Paul made ideological preparations for the uprising. 1380, King Richard II (reigned 1377- 1399) increased poll tax to collect war fees for the century-old war between Britain and France, which led to the uprising of 138 1 May, led by wat tyler, a bricklayer, which was called "wat tyler Uprising" in history. Although the uprising failed, it impacted the feudal serfdom in Britain. /kloc-At the end of 0/4, serfdom in Britain actually disintegrated. In the 65438+5th century, most serfs redeemed their personal freedom and became yeomen. Their legal status is divided into free farmers and public book farmers. Monetary land rent has become the main form of land rent. The feudal main class has also changed. new noble emerged from the rich peasants, businessmen occupying land and middle and small aristocrats. They adopted the capitalist management mode. The old aristocratic rule was in crisis, and the feudal knight system was disintegrating day by day. After wars of the roses from 1455 to 1485, the strength of the old aristocracy was greatly weakened, which created favorable conditions for the development of capitalist relations. Henry vii ascended the throne with the support of new noble and the bourgeoisie (1485 ~ 1509), and began the rule of Tudor dynasty. The enclosure movement in primitive accumulation of capital is one of the important means in primitive accumulation of capital. From 15 to 16 century, the wool industry became a "national industry" in Britain, and the demand for wool increased exponentially. The landlord turned the farm into a pasture, and also concentrated small pieces of real estate into large pieces by enclosure or occupation of public land. As a result, a large number of yeomen lost their land, went bankrupt and became vagrants. The king promulgated a series of bloody legislation from 65438 to 0530, forcing vagrants to be employed by new noble and capitalists. Overseas plunder and trade are also important ways of primitive accumulation. /kloc-After the 6th century, Britain organized many trading companies to plunder pirates. Dock officials, customs officials, naval officers and soldiers, and even local senior officials all collude with pirates. Pirate J Hawkins sold blacks to get rich in British history, while F Drake plundered Spanish American colonies under the sponsorship of Elizabeth I, and sailed around the world from 1577 to 1580, which shocked Europe. 1588, Britain defeated the Spanish Armada and took the first step to win the world maritime hegemony.