In ancient times, they went to court so early. Where do those who go to court live? Where will you work after going to Korea?

Shang dynasty is also called "early dynasty", which is somewhat similar to the morning meeting of various units later, meaning "courtiers go to the court to see the king (also called" appear before the court ") and discuss the affairs of the court". But it is the highest-level "morning meeting" in an ancient country, with higher attention.

Then, what do you say about the official rank, date, hour, etiquette, matters needing attention, what to do, where to live and where to work after leaving the DPRK?

Which officials need a lawsuit?

Take Tang, Song and Ming as examples.

Tang Dynasty: Shang Dynasty was divided into two levels: "Greater Shen Chao and Lesser Shen Chao".

There is a record in the Tang Dynasty and the Mausoleum: "In Beijing, hundreds of civil and military officials hold nine positions and look forward to the sun; His military attache has more than five grades, and he is the supervisor of Yushi, Yuanwailang, Taichang doctor and daily attendance. "

In the Tang Dynasty, all Beijing officials of Grade 9 or above went to Wang Shuo, that is, the first and fifteenth days of the lunar month, that is, Shuori and Wangri, or "Shen Dachao".

Officials with five grades or above in Beijing demand "going to court every day", that is, going to court every day, which means "going to court little".

Song dynasty: the single-level system of the previous dynasty

Beijing officials above Grade 6 go to court every day.

Official stills of Qin, Han and Shang Dynasties

So, what were the official positions of Beijing officials in Liu Pin at that time? Such as: Cheng Menlang, Zhu Julang, Fu Baolang and so on.

Ming dynasty: the first-class system and autonomy system of Shang dynasty

Beijing officials above Grade 6 should go to court early every day.

At the same time, it is also stipulated that if there is something important, Beijing officials below level 6 can also go to the court to play independently.

According to the comparison of the above three dynasties, it is not difficult to find that although all three dynasties had the system of "daily early morning", there is no doubt that the court system in the Tang Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty is more conducive to the realization of the "right to speak" at the grassroots level and to weakening the bad style of "deceiving the upper and concealing the lower" in officialdom.

What are the rules for the court date?

Take the Han, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Tang, Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties as examples.

Han dynasty: four-day early dynasty system

The Han Law stipulates that officials should rest for five days.

According to the Biography of Millions of Kings in Historical Records, officials bathe and return to their relatives every five days.

The Han Dynasty had a four-day working day. Every four days, you have a day off, and you can go home to visit relatives, take a shower and change clothes.

In other words, the Han dynasty was a four-day early dynasty system.

Southern and Northern Dynasties: Daily Early Dynasty System

According to the records of Emperor Wu, Dandan discussed current affairs at the court, prepared before, and listened afterwards.

In other words, the Northern and Southern Dynasties advocated the system of "Dandan goes to court", and "Dandan" means "everyday".

Tang Dynasty: Nine-day Court System

According to the Records of Ancient and Modern Events, in the third year of Yonghui in the Tang Dynasty (652), the court changed the "five-day bath" to "ten-day bath".

In other words, there were three days in a month in the Tang Dynasty.

Song and Ming Dynasties: Daily Early Dynasty System

Although the Song and Ming Dynasties were both "early days", this was not the case.

For example, Zhu Youtang, the filial son of the Ming Dynasty who was unfaithful to women, and Zhu Youjian, the Ming Dynasty who was bent on rejuvenating the country, passed early every day, while the late Zhu Yijun of Ming Shenzong was "but the spring was short and the sun rose too early, so the emperor gave up listening early", which lasted 15 years.

Qing dynasty: ten-day one-time system

There was an early meeting every ten days in Qing dynasty, but it was not "Dandan went to court" in film and television dramas.

The diligent two generations of British masters Kangxi and Yongzheng sat in the court every day, instead of going to the court every day.

Official stills in Song and Shang Dynasties

Through the comparison of the above systems, it is not difficult to find that the system of going to court in Han and Tang dynasties seems to be closer to the systems of "single break" and "double break" in later generations, and should be more humanized.

At the same time, it is found that diligent Kangxi and diligent Chongzhen have completely different results. Kangxi wrote the glory of "Kanggan Prosperity", and Chongzhen staged the tragedy of national subjugation.

It can be seen that diligence+wisdom is the foundation of career development.

However, every dynasty did not forget to give consideration to human feelings when formulating the system of going to court. In case of severe weather such as summer heat, rain, snow and mud, it is called "excusing from appearing in court as appropriate".

For example, Bai Juyi's "Rain and snow are released to the DPRK because of weak feelings": "Returning to the riding will be followed by nine songs, and the three days of release will be clay paintings"; Li Dongyang's Things Happened on the Rainy Road in the Early Morning: "I have repeatedly asked you to go to North Korea, but I dare not forget the towel comb."

Where did the officials of the ancient imperial court live?

No matter which dynasty or generation, almost all Beijing officials and imperial courts in the last dynasty gave Beijing mansions or allocated temporary houses, but a few officials bought their own houses.

At the same time, when most Beijing officials leave Beijing, they will return the mansion granted by the court and/or the temporary houses allocated by the court to the court for their successors to live in.

Therefore, they usually live at home in Beijing.

However, some foreign officials were ordered to return to North Korea. If there are no luxury houses in Beijing, they usually live in the posthouse in Beijing.

How early is the court session?

An ancient poem said, "A real general crosses the border at night, and the courtiers are even colder."

It means that ancient officials will go to court at five o'clock. So, has it been like this all through the ages?

"The Book of Songs Qifeng Jiming": The crow is full; The east is clear and the dynasty is prosperous.

The period of "cock crow" was defined as "Shi Mao" in the Western Zhou Dynasty (5 am to 7 am). Because the Western Zhou Dynasty used the 20-hour system.

Later, most dynasties took "Shi Mao" as the time to go to court.

However, as the "Shi Mao" lasted for two hours, ministers did not know when the king would go to court. Therefore, ministers almost always arrive before 5 o'clock to prevent impeachment by admonishers. So as not to be "late for court".

For example, Emperor Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty was determined to rejuvenate the country. He not only reads the memorial until about 2 am every day, but also takes the court as the most active. Therefore, the court officials had a hard time and had to get up early.

Official stills of the Qing Dynasty

In addition, it took a long time for Beijing officials to go to court in the Ming Dynasty to cross more than half of the capital to reach the Wumen Gate. Therefore, in order to prevent being late for the court, ministers usually get up earlier, and some even live far away, and they have to get up before 3 o'clock.

In this regard, it is also recorded in Gao Qi's poem "Early Arriving at Quexia Waiting for the Dynasty" in the Ming Dynasty: "Next to Yueli Yugou Bridge, the arch is half open." It is said that court officials will arrive early before dawn and queue up for the trial. Therefore, there is also a saying that "borrowing light (strong light) to go to court".

But by the middle and late Qing Dynasty, clocks and watches were widely used in palaces and ministers' homes, and the time of going to court was more accurate.

According to the record of Xuezhilue, the system of "winter time and summer time" was even refined in the early Qing Dynasty, that is, 6 o'clock in winter and 5: 30 in other three seasons.

What should I do after I arrive in court early?

In fact, whether it is the meeting of later generations or the meeting of the early ancient dynasty, there is the same potential law, that is, the lower the level, the earlier the boss and king usually arrive.

Therefore, ministers who arrive early have to wait patiently.

What should we pay attention to in litigation?

There was a conference system of "sitting cards" in later generations, while there was a sequence of "standing classes" (kneeling) in the early ancient dynasty, which was generally arranged from front to back according to the grade.

Therefore, before the court, ministers generally lined up in the order of "Ban Chao". Otherwise, standing (kneeling, sitting) in the wrong position will be reprimanded by Shangguan and impeached by the remonstrating officer.

At the same time, bad behaviors such as coughing, spitting, unstable walking and exaggerated behavior. It will be recorded by the picket censor in charge of the court order and reported to the emperor for ruling.

What is court etiquette?

Courtesy in Qin and Han Dynasties: Kneeling on the court.

During the Qin and Han dynasties, the emperor always gave up his seat (kneeling) to court ministers.

Because at that time, there was no such thing as a chair. Generally, there will be a mat under the body, and ministers will kneel on it.

So there are sayings of "sitting on the floor" and "sitting".

But when the emperor saw the prime minister in court, he still had to stand up in order not to welcome the ceremony.

It can be seen that the position of prime minister in Qin and Han dynasties was really "under one person and above ten thousand people".

Sui and Tang Dynasties: Sitting in the Imperial Court

Shuttlecock appeared in the Sui and Tang Dynasties (generally referring to a stool with four feet and a round face).

Therefore, during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, almost all ministers of Shang Dynasty enjoyed the treatment of "sitting and discussing state affairs".

Song Yuan: Standing in court.

In other words, the ministers in the Song and Yuan Dynasties could only stand and discuss.

Ming and Qing Dynasties: Kneeling for the Imperial Court

Zhu Yuanzhang stipulated that "a hundred officials kneel down" when "the great court ceremony".

The Qing dynasty continued this system. Because there are too many officials (princes and grandchildren), the main hall can't kneel, or even kneel outside the three doors of the main hall.

At the same time, officials also need to "kneel down and knock three times" to the emperor.

This also shows that the majesty of imperial power is getting higher and higher, while the status of officials is getting lower and lower.

What should I do if I go to court?

As eunuch Li Si sang loudly, "Play early if you have something to do, and retire if you have nothing to do." Ministers of the three provinces and six ministries (in Zhu Yuanzhang's period, in order to strengthen the imperial power, all the three provinces were abolished until the Qing Dynasty) will come forward one after another and put forward management matters.

Schematic diagram of division of labor among yamen in Qing Dynasty

Such as: finance and taxation, disaster relief and other departments. The official department reports the appointment, removal, demotion, evaluation and imperial examination of officials. The Ministry of War reports on national defense, military affairs, etc. The penalty department reports social security and prison cases. ; The Ministry of rites reports diplomacy, imperial sacrifices, weddings and funerals, etc. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology reported construction projects such as transportation, water conservancy and housing.

At the same time, there will also be admonishers coming out to impeach illegal officials; Local officials returned to Beijing to report their work.

Subsequently, the ministers discussed the solution and it was decided by the emperor.

In fact, the content of the court meeting is not much different from the form of the meeting held by the company now, but the size is different.

Where do officials work after leaving North Korea?

Quitting the DPRK is also called "dispersing the DPRK" or "releasing the class".

About an hour after the court session, with eunuch Li Si singing "Quit the Court", if there are no special circumstances (being left by the emperor to discuss or want to have a private chat with the emperor), they will generally go back to their respective offices to carry out their work, while local officials returning to Beijing to report on their work will go to the corresponding offices to deal with their work.

Take the Qing Dynasty as an example:

The official offices of Ritual Department, Official Department, Household Department, Ministry of Industry, Zongrenfu and Qin Tianjian are located outside the East Palace wall (near the Museum of Chinese History and the Museum of Revolution). The offices of the Fifth Army Dudufu, the Ministry of Punishment, Douchayuan and Dali Temple are all outside the West Palace wall (near the Great Hall of the People today).

In other words, officials work wherever they work.

However, although some people envy the fame and fortune of the "five-watch" officials, others envy hermits or monks who sleep late in the morning. This also shows that the pursuit of life is different, and the experience of life is different, either wonderful or painful. If you like it, suffering becomes wonderful; If you are bored, the wonderful becomes bitter. Everything depends on different attitudes towards life. However, no matter how you choose your life, you can't escape the rule that there is no Fiona Fang without rules.

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