Sapium sebiferum poetry

"Wu" on a frosty night refers to a crow?

Late autumn is a gorgeous season, with mountains all over the place and forests all dyed. Many people know that maple leaves in autumn are as red as sunset glow, but many people have seen them but don't know that there is another kind of leaves that are redder than maple trees, that is butter.

Let's read a night-mooring near maple bridge written by Zhang Ji in Tang Dynasty first.

"Frost night,

Jiang Feng sleeps in the fire.

Hanshan Temple outside Gusu,

The midnight bell arrived at the passenger ship. "

Admittedly, this is a Millennium famous sentence. Usually, we will interpret it as: the moon glides across the sky at midnight, and when crows crow, the moonlight is like frost, and the autumn frost is also condensing, and the frosty moon of the day is like snow. And my passenger ship stayed under the maple tree, and a little fishing fire shone on the sleepless night. The cold mountain outside Gusu is the midnight bell, which melodiously passes through the silent night, echoing on the water, lingering in the ear and penetrating into the heart.

So many people look forward to literature and think that the black here is definitely a crow.

But it's really not. Because this poem has other sources and allusions.

Before the Tang Dynasty, there were eight Yuefu poems. Most poets in the Tang Dynasty will look for the origin and background of poetry from Yuefu poems.

"Poor black mortar bird, forcing a face to know dawn.

For no reason, crying at night, Huan Zi takes advantage of the darkness. "Excerpts from Yuefu's Eight Nightingales.

To be clear, a black crow is not a crow, but a black mortar bird. Then this bird is also called capuchin monkey, commonly known as Li chicken. It likes to eat the fruit of ebony tree and often puts it on ebony tree. Another feature of it is that it often sings in the middle of the night. They are sensitive and good at guarding their homes. They crow at the slightest sign to scare away many other birds that invade their territory. They are not even afraid of crows much bigger than them.

Wu Ye Tune is a Yuefu poem with a strong sense of parting. Therefore, in the Tang Dynasty, many poets paid tribute to Yuefu poems, and wrote poems with the theme of "Crying at Night", using the night cry of blackbirds to represent eternal lovesickness or homesickness.

Therefore, Zhang Ji's poem is about the midnight wailing of blackbirds, which can be widely seen and heard in the Tang Dynasty, not crows. Because crows may crow at dusk, but they are resident birds, and their familiarity with the living environment makes them less sensitive at night and almost all fall asleep. So the blackbird in the middle of the night can only be a blackbird.

So when it comes to ebony birds, we can't help but talk about the Chinese tallow tree, whether the bird is named after the tree or the tree is named after the bird. Many places have different opinions. But I tend to name birds after trees.

China is the oldest textile printing and dyeing country. Pigment is extracted from plant minerals and accompanied with the initial life of human beings. Sapium sebiferum provides black dye, which is an important plant for extracting black dye in ancient times. Then its utilization time far exceeds the historical written records. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, there was a poem "Shrike flies at dusk, black mortar tree in front of the door". Black mortar, that is, black stone dyeing tool, is used to pound textiles for coloring. Then at least during or before the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Chinese tallow trees provided dyes, and the blackbirds that stayed on them at midnight were called blackbirds.

Sapium sebiferum, like maple leaves, will turn red in autumn, even redder than maple leaves. Why were there not many poems about ebony birds and Chinese tallow trees in the Tang Dynasty?

First, about blackbirds, most of them write poems such as night cries, but there are actually quite a few.

Second, Chinese tallow is an important cash crop, and its ornamental value gives way to its practical value. Moreover, what it lost to the maple tree was that there was no Qu Yuan to crown it.

Third, there must be butter in the red leaf poems of the Tang Dynasty, but it was not separated.

Then the time came to the Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty was a stage in which agriculture and gardens were highly valued and intensively cultivated. Sapium sebiferum has explored aesthetic value from practical value and economic value, and has become a new source of poetry.

"May 9th was an old dyer, and made the iron soap scarlet by mistake.

Xiaofeng stole wine all night, but she was lonely and unbearable, covering up her drunkenness. "Two Poems on Autumn Mountains by Yang Wanli in Song Dynasty is one of them.

As a pragmatic official with real talent and practical learning, Yang Wanli's love for Chinese tallow tree is self-evident. Sapium sebiferum is a natural and experienced expert in printing and dyeing, and printing and dyeing is his occupation. But this time, he must have drunk too much. He dyed it black, but he was drunk and dyed it scarlet in autumn.

It is about the color of tallow in autumn, extremely bright red. Yang Wanli uses scarlet to express it, which is pungent, warm and mature.

On the contrary, the red of maple becomes a companion mistake, like a child hiding behind a pine tree after drinking. Then we can see that in Yang Wanli's eyes, tallow is vigorous and gorgeous, more vigorous and redder than maple.

Then Lu You also wrote:

"The black mortar is redder than the maple leaf, and the garden is in mid-September."

"The phoenix tree has been frosted in the morning, and the black mortar is still fighting for the sunset."

So what kind of red is the autumn leaves of tallow? Lu You wrote clearly that it is a kind of sunset red. Moreover, in the Song Dynasty, a new autumn aesthetic was invented, that is, the sunset was tallow.

Look at the late autumn sapium sebiferum leaves are redder than maple trees. This is a visual feast, a gorgeous golden red, like fire!

"Drunk, forget the route, you can ask where the traveler is.

Just look for the ancient temple and cross the southwest tallow. "In the Song Dynasty, Xin Qiji's" Yulouchun "

Sapium sebiferum is like a tree in the sunset, which makes Xin Qiji feel bright when he is drunk. He lost his way in the mountains, but he would clearly tell people that there are ancient temples, streams and a huge Chinese tallow tree where he wants to go back.

This poem is a little tribute to Du Mu's Tomb-Sweeping Day. "Excuse me, where is the restaurant? The shepherd boy refers to Xinghua Village. " Here in Xin Qiji, apricot blossom has become a more beautiful autumn color and a landmark of the mountain.

So this isn't about blackbirds and crows?

"Square pond winding path, swamp moving forest flowers, bamboo courtyard monk sunset.

Xiqiao orchard is late-ripening, and a pair of black mortar hits crows. "[Song] Shi Yongxin is ripe.

The blackbird and crow appear here at the same time, which is a mountain orchard under the jurisdiction of a temple. In late autumn, monks watch the disputes between lovely animals. In the tree, a pair of blackbirds chased the crow. Because blackbirds like to nest on Chinese tallow trees and have a strong sense of protecting their families, it is estimated that the larger crows have to flee in the end.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Sapium sebiferum became an economic tree species in rural families. Where is your home? Sapium sebiferum becomes the best coordinate to find.

"There are two Chinese tallow trees outside the door, remind me to send them to the sender." Xie Zhen's farewell song

This is a farewell to my lover. I will write to you often, but don't forget my home. There are two Chinese tallow trees in front of my house. Be sure to come back in three to five years. Remember to marry me.

Of course, the most beautiful Chinese tallow tree in poetry is the hometown of Chen Yuanyuan.

"The news came from Manjiang Township, and Sapium sebiferum was flushed with ten degrees of frost." Wu, Yuan Yuan Qu in Qing Dynasty.

Even people in Chen Yuanyuan's hometown are paying attention to the development of Chen Yuanyuan. Her hometown, Musashi, Jiangsu, is full of red clouds. At this time, the fate of this woman fell into the hands of Wu Sangui. She is like a weather-beaten Chinese tallow, so beautiful red that it should not be far from withering. And the people in her hometown just sigh at the tenacious Chinese tallow. Can she get rid of the dusty fate?

In fact, many people have seen Chinese tallow, but they just don't know its name. They just didn't know it had so many allusions. Look at the red leaves in your hand. Do you know which one is animal fat?

For the record, Wu on a frosty night is not a crow!