Du fu's complex of worrying about the country and the people

Du Fu (7 12-770) was born in Gongxian (now Henan). He comes from a bureaucratic family with a long tradition. Since Du Yu, the thirteenth ancestor, almost every generation has held different official positions. Therefore, Du Fu proudly called it "serving Confucianism, guarding officials, and never falling into a vegetarian career" (in the form of carving). Its matriarchal line is Cui Shi, Qinghe, which is the highest among the gentry in the Tang Dynasty. It's just that Du Fu's father, Du Xian, only made the order of Fengtian County, and this family has shown signs of decline.

This family gave Du Fu orthodox Confucian cultural upbringing and ambition to make a difference in his official career. Therefore, in his life, the idea of jumping out of the world rarely occupied his mind. In addition, the Tang Dynasty was an era of paying attention to poetry, and Du Shenyan, Du Fu's grandfather, was the most famous poet in Wuhou, which deepened Du Fu's interest in poetry. He once proudly said to his son, "Poetry is my family." (The Holy Day of Zongwu) Pursuing official career and immortal poetic titles, * * * isomorphic became Du Fu's life track.

Du Fu is early and wise. It is said that he could write poetry at the age of seven. At the age of 14 or 15, I traveled to the calligraphy field ("Zhuangyou"), making friends with the scribes and enjoying singing. For more than ten years after the age of twenty, Du Fu lived a wandering life. This is not only to increase experience, but also to make friends with celebrities, publicize their reputation and prepare for future career promotion. He went to wuyue first and was deeply impressed by the scenery and culture in the south of the Yangtze River. At the age of twenty-four, Du Fu went to Luoyang to take the exam, but failed to do so. He wandered around Qi and Zhao again, leading a dissolute life. Later, he recalled: "When Qi Zhao was dissolute, Qiu Ma was quite crazy."

(Zhuang You) At the age of 33, Du Fu and Li Bai met in Luoyang, and they traveled in Liang and Song Dynasties as heroes. Li Bai was a famous poet at that time, and his special style and outstanding talent deeply attracted Du Fu.

Du Fu called being an official a "vegetarian profession" of his family-a profession that has been attacked for generations, and his various cultural upbringing is related to it. Around the age of thirty-five, Du Fu came to Chang 'an to be an official. At first, he was confident. "He claims to be outstanding and wants Jin Lu". He believes that he can "give you the honor of Yao and Shun, and then make the customs pure" ("Twenty-two Rhymes of Wei Zuocheng"), but he has repeatedly hit a wall in ten years' imprisonment. This may be because his family background is not strong enough, while Li and others hold the power and take an obstructive attitude towards the introduction of talents. Shortly after Du Fu arrived in Chang 'an, his father died and life became difficult. In order to survive and seek an official position, Du Fu had to run under the powerful door, making poems and giving gifts, hoping to get their introduction. In addition, he also presented many gifts to Tang Xuanzong, such as "Carving Fu" and "Three Gifts Fu", hoping that Tang Xuanzong would appreciate his literary talent. As a result of all kinds of efforts, until the fourteenth year of Tianbao, You Wei led the government to join the army, that is, on the eve of the Anshi Rebellion.

In the late Tianbao period, although the Tang society maintained superficial prosperity, there were crises lurking everywhere. This is mainly manifested in three aspects: first, Xuanzong and his border generals' policy of wholeheartedly expanding their territory and resorting to war led to empty national strength and difficult people's livelihood, and many people died innocently; Second, Xuanzong indulged in pleasure, while Li, Yang and others acted arbitrarily, blocking the road of speech and making politics gloomy; Third, An Lushan, who was favored by Xuanzong, served as an envoy for three times, holding a military symbol in his hand, threatening national unity. People in adversity are easy to see the ills in reality. When the great collapse came, Du Fu saw the misfortune of the country and people through his personal misfortune. In the 11th year of Tianbao (752), Du Fu wrote his masterpiece Chedian, which recorded the tragic picture of people being driven to the battlefield to die with a serious attitude. This poem marks the transformation of Du Fu's poetry. Since then, he has written nine more poems and continued to question the disastrous border war. Write "Two Ways" to expose the extravagant life of the relatives of Princess Yang Yuhuan, whom Xuanzong loved. And the long poem "Chanting 500 Words from Beijing to Fengxian" contrasts the situation of the supreme ruling clique's drunken dream with the plight of the people's hunger and cold, and summarizes the darkness and irrationality of society with such a shocking poem as "The wine and meat in Zhumen stink and the road freeze to death".

After the Anshi Rebellion broke out, Du Fu was once trapped in Chang 'an occupied by rebels. Later, he fled to Tang Suzong alone, and was stationed in Fengxiang, where he was appointed as the left gleaner. This is the eighth-grade disciplinarian. Although the position is not high, this is Du Fu's only experience in serving in the central government. But it wasn't long before Su Zong was angered by the Shanghai Book God's strike to protect his family, and was later dismissed as the fourth duke of Huazhou, Gan Yuanchu, who joined the army. Due to the war and famine, Du Fu was unable to support his family and was disappointed in his career. In the second year of Gan Yuan (759), he abandoned his official position and went to Shu, when Shu was stable and prosperous. From the outbreak of An Shi Rebellion to Du Fu's four years in Sichuan, the whole country was in a violent shock, the dynasty was in danger, a large number of people died, and Du Fu's own life was full of danger and hardship. His poetry creation, nourished by blood and tears, reached its peak.

A large number of masterpieces handed down from generation to generation, such as Spring Watch, Moonlit Night, Sad Chen Tao, Sad Qing Ban, Northern Expedition, Qiangzhai, Three Officials and Three Farewells, gushed from the poet's thoughtful pen.

Shortly after arriving in Chengdu, Du Fu built a thatched cottage in the west of the city with the help of his friends. Later, Yanwu, an old friend of Du Fu, served as our special envoy to the east and west of Jiannan. He was very close to Du Fu and took care of his life. When I came to Shu for the second time, I recommended Du Fu as the chief of staff and Yuan Wailang (later called him "Du Gongbu"). Du Fu came to Shu to avoid chaos and beg for food. Two years ago, he lived in a thatched cottage, and his life was really comfortable. At that time, the poems describing the natural scenery around the thatched cottage also showed a fresh and leisurely charm. But this situation did not last long. Nationally, although the Anshi Rebellion ended in 763 AD, the disintegration of the Tang Dynasty did not stop. In terms of foreign invasion, there was a serious intrusion of Tubo, and even invaded Chang' an, forcing Daizong to flee hastily; In terms of civil strife, there is a general state of warlordism or semi-separatism, while political corruption and official violence are also increasing. From the central part of Sichuan, it is not only the focus of Tubo attack, but also the place where warlords are prone to scuffle.

There was a serious military rebellion between the two towns of Shu, and Du Fu once fled with his family. A violent turmoil turned into a continuous decline, which made Du Fu more disappointed with the future of the country. His later poems and emotions were even heavier than those during the An Shi Rebellion.

In the first year of Yongtai (765), Yanwu died, and Shu was once again in chaos. Du Fu's life in Chengdu has also lost its dependence. He took his family aboard and lived a life of wandering and fleeing (or shortly before Yanwu's death, Du Fu left Shu for Chang 'an because the post of Minister of Industry changed from a nominal position to a real one). The original purpose was probably to walk out of Sichuan along the east of the Yangtze River, but due to illness and war, it stayed for a long time. First I lived in Yun 'an for a while, and then I lived in Kuizhou for nearly two years. At the age of 57, I finally got out of the Three Gorges by boat, but I was still wandering on the water road in Hubei and Hunan. Finally, when Dali was five or fifty-nine, he died in a boat trip near Leiyang. Du Fu's hard wandering life ended miserably here.

In ancient times, loyalty to the monarch meant patriotism, and loyalty to the monarch and patriotism meant caring about people's sufferings. Du Fu's loyalty to the monarch and patriotism is sincere. He said, "If you are poor, you will worry about Li Yuan, but your intestines will sigh with heat ..... The sunflower fire leans towards the sun, but its physical properties are hard to take away" ("Sing 500 words from Beijing to Fengxian"), stating that no matter how poor you are, you should appeal for people's sufferings and be as loyal to the Tang Dynasty as a sunflower to the sun. His life is down-to-earth, which is how he practices it.

Chedian is a work that sets the tone for Du Fu's later poems. During the Tianbao period of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, that is, from the 1940s to the mid-1950s, the Tang Dynasty, which maintained its apparent prosperity, was in jeopardy. The rulers turned a blind eye to this and still waged war against Tubo. This poem is about the suffering brought to the people by the use of soldiers in the northwest border.

Vehicles roared, soldiers sang, and soldiers and arrows were tied to their waists. My parents and wife will say goodbye to each other until the dust buries the bridge outside Chang 'an. On the way, holding soldiers' clothes, eating and crying, the sky rushed into the sky.

The dust was flying, crying loudly, "parents and wives are going to see me off", and the able-bodied men were recruited to the northwest border to die. What a thrilling scene! The poet also used the method of lens switching to "The heart of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is still beating for the war, and that heart is bleeding and turning into sea water" and "There are nothing but weeds in thousands of villages in Qian Qian, even though strong women have bent down to plow the fields, and the furrows in the east and the west have been broken?" , and with strong contrast to enhance the stimulation effect.

In the small-scale peasant society, boys are always more popular than girls, but the poet has come to the opposite conclusion:

If you really know that boys are a bad thing, you might as well have a girl. Who can get married and live in a neighbor's house, while we bury our children underground!

A son is a support for the aged and dying. Now he has died in battle. Naturally, it is better to have a girl. Finally, it is also possible for him to get married nearby. What could be more tragic for farmers?

In the Anshi Rebellion and the scuffle in the following years, Du Fu described the tragic images of ordinary people with no hope of survival and a dead end, so that future generations can know and hear how ordinary people rolled in hot water from the mid-1950s to the end of 1960s, how their lives were as cheap as ants, and how they pretended to die silently. Like the famous "Shihao official", the poet "threw himself into Shihao village at dusk" and just happened to meet the "official night catcher" to act as the host. As a result, "the old man went over the wall" and finally escaped, leaving the old woman to bite the bullet and come out to deal with it. The old woman said that her three sons were all soldiers;

One man attached a book, and two men died. Those who drag out an ignoble existence are dead! There is no one in the room, only a baby and a grandson. And grandma didn't go, and there was no skirt in and out.

Two of the three sons who fought in the front line died, leaving only the old couple, a daughter-in-law who was afraid to come out to see people without a complete skirt and a grandson who was nursing. It's bad enough for a family to live in this position, but the business of arresting people is still merciless, and people have to be taken to work. The old woman was desperate and had to follow her to the front to cook for the troops. So this family has experienced where you are going once. In the years when the warmth has been erased by the war, all inevitable disasters will come to the weak angrily. Yuan Mei, a poet in Qing Dynasty, cried bitterly, "Don't sing the song of everlasting regret, because the world also has its own galaxy. Shi Jiecun and his wife don't want it, and there are more tears than the Palace of Eternal Life! " Many people shed tears of sympathy for Tang Xuanzong and Yang Guifei, but Du Fu saw the old couple in Shihao Village. They are not good at expressing unbearable sadness, but only cry silently. Because they are weak.

How magnificent Du Fu Cottage in Chengdu is today! But 1200 years ago, when Du Fu lived here, it was just a hut, and that was the real thatched cottage. "In August, the wind roared and three weeds grew on my house." This is when he was fifty years old, and a strong wind lifted the roof of his hut, so "there is no dry place at the head of the bed, and the feet of the rain are like hemp." Insomnia, but he thought:

There are thousands of buildings, and the earth is cold and the wind and rain do not move. Oh! When I suddenly see this house in front of me, I will freeze to death alone!

Poets always push themselves and others like this, so that their eyes, which have never been squashed by suffering, support a shade [shade] and strive to shelter others from the wind and rain. It was not until he was cornered that Du Fu wrote in Wu Lang [Zailang]:

I never stopped any of my neighbors before I came to the hall, because she was a five-year-old woman. If it weren't for poverty, how could such a thing be done? It is because I am afraid of her that I turn a blind eye to her. It's unnecessary to see you defending you, but it's very real that you planted in the fence. I called for poverty to the bone, and I was thinking about the tears of soldiers.

This woman, with no food and no children, came to Du Fu's house to eat dates to satisfy her hunger. It was only an autumn and the poet remembered her. The following year, the poet lent his house to a relative named Wu. I also wrote this poem specially, saying, "Why don't poor people have this?" Only fear becomes intimacy. "If it weren't for poverty, why did this woman want these dates? Because of her fear, you must try to be nice to her when you come on a date. You built a fence to stop her from dating. Is this too subtle? In this war-torn era, everyone has not even been drained! Still think more about people who are struggling in suffering and treat others with more love! This poem has almost no skill and is pure truth. When the poet cares for the poor at the bottom with such a broad mind, he himself is a poor man without complaint. Three years later, he died poor on a boat in Xiangjiang River.

Su Shi, a great poet in the Song Dynasty, said that Du Fu was the first poet because he really had a strong patriotic thought of loyalty to the monarch, which was in line with the development trend of feudal society, so later generations dared to learn from him. On the other hand, Du Fu's poems stand up to scrutiny, which makes later generations happy to learn from him. His grandfather Du was a famous poet in the early Tang Dynasty, which made him have a special interest in poetry. He said to his son, "Poetry is my home" ("Holy Day of Zongwu"), and he simply regarded poetry as the ancestral home. For Du Fu, writing poems is a way to transfer and store life, and a means to get himself out of misery and humility. He declared that "the language is not astonishing and never dies" ("Talking about the value of the river as the sea"), which shows that his poems have been repeatedly scrutinized and tempered; Because of the superior ability to control the language, coupled with meticulous carving, it is particularly intriguing. Especially in his metrical poems, almost every word is so refined that people can't think of any other words to replace it. For example:

The breeze rippled on the grassy coast, through the night, and blew to my still mast. The endless plains are dotted with drooping stars. The moon runs with the river. I hope my art can bring me fame and liberate my sick old age from the office! . Flying around, flying around, what am I like, just a sandpiper in the vast world! . ("Express my feelings at night")

In the poem, the words such as "the stars are leaning down from the clearing, and the moon is rushing to the river", "vertical" and "surge" are used specially, which is particularly dynamic. "Ye Ping is very wide", and the sky looks very low, as if the stars are falling into the distance; On the other hand, people will have a wider impression of Ye Ping because they feel that the stars are falling. The scattered moon shadows are flickering and seem to push the river forward, making people feel that the river seems to flow faster. These two words were very common, but they were used properly, which made these two poems come alive at once and have more layers. Du Fu's ability to master language made his descendants admire him deeply.

A remarkable feature of Du Fu's Seven Laws is its broad realm and sonorous tone.

The wind is fast and high, the ape cries sadly, and the birds are circling in the white sand. The endless trees are rustling leaves, and the Yangtze River is rolling unpredictably. Li in the sad autumn scenery, a wanderer all the year round, lives alone on the high platform in today's illness. After all the hardships and hatred, the white hair is full, and the wine glasses are damaged. ("climbing")

Later generations think that this is the most outstanding seven laws in Tang poetry. "And I think the long river is always rolling forward", if viewed alone, is also very imposing with Li Bai's "How does the Yellow River water move out of the sky", but there is a kind of weather that kills Xiao, that is, the Yangtze River water is very hard, which is quite different from Li Bai's interest. This poem is like a river flowing through the plain, deep and broad, seemingly gentle but irresistible.

The most rare thing is that Du Fu took away the blood and tears of the times, repeatedly refined them, and wrote with heavy brushstrokes, "The wine and meat in Zhumen stink, and the bones on the road freeze to death" ("Reciting 500 words from Beijing to Fengxian"). As long as there is unreasonable opposition between the rich and the poor in the world, these two poems spelled with rubies will always make people feel alert.