On the relationship between content and melody with words.

The meaning of rhyme has long been said by the ancients. At the end of Song Dynasty, Zhang Qian emphasized rhyme selection in etymology.

Make a slow word, look at the title, choose the title first, and then decide. Once you know the meaning of life, consider how the head begins and how the end ends, then choose the rhyme and describe the song.

Xie Zhen in Ming Dynasty also emphasized rhyme in his Poems of Four Styles: poetry should use rhyme. For example, Autumn, Boat, Plain, etc., writers are naturally surprised; Such as eyes, Europe and vulgarity, irony is silent; Such as lottery, search, difficulties and dangers. , intended to make it difficult to detain. ..... "The Record of the Remaining Teachers" said: "Body, will, spirit and rhyme are indispensable." So is writing poetry. Your body is white, your ambition is lofty, your spirit is vigorous, and your rhythm is meaningful.

Kuang Zhouyi also said in "the wind blows the thorns":

To chant things, you must first choose rhyme. I haven't tried choosing rhyme, although the meaning is excellent, and it is just the right code. I want to use it, but I can't. If you don't need to use it, what you don't agree with rhymes, and even involves new ideas, which is far-fetched and detrimental to style. Its shortcomings are the same as those of those who are strong and rhyme.

Zhou Ji in Qing Dynasty pointed out the difference between rhyme and meaning in Preface to the Catalogue of Selected Poems of Song Sijia: the rhyme in the east is broad and flat, the rhyme in the first branch is delicate, the rhyme in the fish is lingering, and Xiao Youyun feels with emotion. Every voice has its own feelings, so don't use it casually.

Mr. Chen Shaosong, a modern man, made a brief analysis of each rhyme, and thought that the rhyme of East and Winter was broad, vigorous and calm. The true text invades the rhyme and is calm; Branches have the same rhyme, subtle and delicate; First, delete the salt rhyme, melodious and steady; Fish rhymes with fish, lingering and deep; Rhyme is hard to spit; Small, easy to rhyme, fluent; Deep rhyme, broad and profound; Yangjiang and other rhymes, unrestrained and passionate; Hemp rhyme, joy and happiness; Wait a minute.

In my opinion, 30 tones have their own characteristics. Not everyone has feelings. For example, rhyme is lingering, and others will give examples that are not lingering, such as "Goose Goose, Xiang Tiange". White hair floating green water, red palm clear waves. If Yang Yun is unconstrained style, others will give some examples that are not unconstrained style, such as "The foot of my bed is so bright, will it have frost?" ".Looking up, I found it was moonlight, sinking again, and I suddenly thought of home. "Because pronunciation is not directly related to emotion, pronunciation is only related to a certain image and a certain feeling, which is the iconicity of pronunciation mentioned earlier. The rhyme is half open and half closed, which is unsightly. With the opening of rhyme and nasal sound, it looks big and long. These are all personalities. Just like people, there are impatient and chronic people, but impatient people also have happiness and sadness, and chronic people also have happiness and sadness, but the happiness of impatient people is different from that of chronic people, and the sadness of impatient people is different from that of chronic people. Rhyme can express joy and sadness, and Yang rhyme can also express joy and sadness, but it is also joy. Rhyme must be more convergent than Yang rhyme, and Yang rhyme is also sad. Yang rhyme must be deeper and wider than Song rhyme. What kind of emotion should be expressed and what kind of rhyme should be chosen in poetry is not based on the sadness and joy of emotion, but on the way and style of sadness and joy. This is a rhyming choice. Therefore, the 30-level rhyme should be chosen according to the poetic context and cannot be misused.

Therefore, when we see what rhyme a poem uses, we can probably know what kind of emotional style this poem is.

For example, many people don't rhyme when reading the poem "Sleeping at night by the Maple Bridge", that is, the rhyme is not long, so you won't feel anything, so don't mention him. Some people procrastinate a little when reading rhyme, but their mouths are wide open: "Heaven", "Sleep" and "Boat", and the vowel ι n procrastinates, which is caused by the influence of western singing in the past hundred years. China's ancient singing was stressed, emphasizing clear pronunciation and mellow voice, and every sound was treated equally. So as a rhyme ending, it is "n" instead of "ι n". If you drag the rhyme like this, you will suddenly feel the sentimental atmosphere of this poem. Similarly, Qingming also ends with a nasal sound, with the same effect. Of course, this does not mean that the vowels and endings of nasal sounds are sentimental, but that these rhymes are deep and subtle. Occurring in a Spring Day is a happy poem, but the rhyme "first" expresses this happiness in a more subtle and restrained way, rather than being enthusiastic and unrestrained. You can recite it.

Another example is Li Bai's Silent Night Thinking. In class, I always ask the students first: When Li Bai wrote this poem, was he alone or was there someone else around him? Every time the students immediately answered in unison: one person! But when I asked them to prove it, they couldn't find any conclusive evidence. In fact, there may be others around Li Bai. Naoki Maeno, Anqi and others once wrote this poem when Li Bai got married in the 15th year of Kaiyuan. People around you may be asleep, or they may be silent. In short, there is no one around you. At this time, it is necessary to reflect. Why do you answer that Li Bai is a person without evidence? Because the feeling that poetry gives people is a person's feeling, to be precise, it should be loneliness. This is the deeper connotation of this poem. So, where does the loneliness of poetry come from? Everyone will say that it is caused by the words silence, night, thinking, bed, frost and hometown. I said yes, these words can cause loneliness, but "thinking about loneliness at night" is an old topic in Yuefu in the Southern Dynasties, which was not created by Li Bai, and words such as bed, frost and hometown do not necessarily point to loneliness. In short, loneliness, although there is evidence, is not sufficient. What are we missing?

Sound! We are used to understanding poetry from its meaning, but forget the sound. Look at the rhyme first. This poem uses the rhyme "Yang" and has three rhymes. In addition, "bed" is also a word that rhymes with "Yang". There is no meaningful difference between the two pronunciations of the word "Wang", one of which is "Yang" rhyme. Read the word "Shang" twice. Nouns are disyllabic, so are verbs. Here, it is disyllabic. Although it is not the rhyme of "Yang", it is the same vowel. That is to say, there are twenty words in this poem, but six words with "ɑng" vowels are used, of which four or five are flat "Yang" rhymes, three are rhymes and one is the beginning, and every sentence has ɑng. Don't you think Li Bai is emphasizing the rhyme?

The characteristics of ɑng rhyme come from both. First, the rhyme belly is the biggest opening, which shows that it has the characteristics of openness. Second, the rhyme ending is a post-nasal sound, and so is the medieval sound. The characteristic of the retronasal sound is that the opening degree is consistent with the rhyme, so compared with ι n, ι i, ι o and ι with the same rhyme, ι ng not only has the largest opening degree, but also has the longest retention time. Conclusion: ng is the most common vowel in Chinese.

Generally speaking, positive and intense emotions are often expressed in an open voice, while deep and soft emotions are often expressed in a closed voice. The same is true of poetry. Because the length of rhyme and the pronunciation of rhyme often determine the emotional style of poetry, we must choose rhyme carefully when writing poetry. Poems that are cheerful or excited (not necessarily happy, but also sad) generally use open rhyme, while poems that are depressed or gentle (not sad or happy) generally use closed rhyme. You can think about this, so I won't give examples one by one.

This poem is a melancholy poem, obviously belonging to the latter, and it should be closed rhyme. But Li Bai uses the opening rhyme, and it is the biggest rhyme in the opening, and it uses six words! Why are you doing this? We try to change the rhyme to a word with similar meaning but closed mouth, and then drag it out to read:

Moonlight before bed-

The moon moves in front of the bed-

The moon shines before the bed-

The moon is flat in front of the bed-

Now, read it again:

There is such a bright light at the foot of my bed-

I feel it: the environment is open with the word "light"! There is a big moonlight in front of the bed! The more open the environment is, the more moonlight there is, and the smaller Li Bai is, because in the world of poetry, there is only him and moonlight. Liuyun ensures that more than half the time of poetry is spent in ɑng-ɑ ng-. As long as you recite it, you can feel that the world is so open, so quiet and so lonely. This is a contrast, comparing your loneliness with the big environment and moonlight. What a clever technique this is, so he is a "poetic fairy". This is really something that ordinary people can do.

Since the last century, the academic circles have been controversial about the interpretation of the word "bed" in The Bright Line at the Foot of My Bed. To sum up, there are three kinds of sayings: sleeping, sitting and well site. Most people think it is a bed, but many people have raised questions, such as how the moonlight shines into the bed. How to bow your head and look up in bed? Why is there frost in the house? And so on, so there is the solution of Hu bed and well bed. Judging from the rhyme and pronunciation of the poem, the artistic conception of this poem is very open, so Li Bai should be outdoors. As for whether it is a Hu bed or a well bed, we can discuss it again.

Another example is the poem "In the Lodge of Herons". Now it is said that it means to be aggressive and live up to expectations, so that everyone who wants to make progress can say, "Go up a storey still higher and wish you success!" However, Xin Qiji's Ugly Slave said: "Teenagers don't know the taste of sorrow and fall in love with the building. I fell in love with the floor and said I was worried about giving new words. " Yan Shu's "Butterfly Love Flowers": "Last night, the west wind withered the green trees, and I went to the tall building alone to look at the horizon." Qin Guan's Memory of Wang Sun: "Liu Wailou lost his soul." Li Yu's Langtaosha: "Don't lean on the fence alone." Bai Juyi's "Sauvignon Blanc": "I can't help but return, and the moon family leans on the building." These are words. The poem is Xie Lingyun's "Looking at the South Building for Late Guests": "Who wants to go upstairs, Linjiang is late." Du Fu's "Climbing the Building": "Flowers, as high as my window, hurt the wanderer's heart, because I look from this height and feel sad everywhere." Lu You's Autumn Hope: "It's better to go upstairs and remember my hometown than to hate being thin." It seems that "going upstairs" in ancient poetry is not a happy thing. Because people in Philip Burkart feel homesick and sad when climbing stairs. The source of this image is probably RoyceWong's Ode to the Building. This poem was written in a sad way, and from then on "going upstairs" was fixed as a sad image. So in ancient times, you couldn't "go up a storey still higher and get what you want".

Why is there such a big joke? Just because you don't recite, you won't understand poetry from the perspective of sound. When reading a poem, you must first look at the rhyme. The rhyme used in this poem is "iou/ou/ou". I will list the rhyming words:

Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou New York Show Shame on Autumn Week Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou Youyou

Do you think these words have the same meaning? As far as "semantics" is concerned, it is not. However, if we look at all the meanings, we will find one thing in common: softness, that is, the meanings expressed by these words basically have slow and soft meanings. This is an obvious example of the correlation between pronunciation and semantics in Chinese.

The mouth shape of vowel "iou/ou" changes from open to closed. When rhyming, its pronunciation is long and soft, and the feeling of this sound is attached to all rhyming words, which is iconicity. Therefore, it is impossible to work hard with the poems written by Youyun. Everyone thought, if on the battlefield, the general shook his arm and shouted, "Brothers! It's time to be loyal to our country! Let's-leisurely-"It's not over yet! When you charge, you must shout: Kill! Let's go Let's go Because these are all open sounds. Silent voices can only express resentment and efforts at most, but can't express clear initiative and efforts. Most of Youyun's poems express lingering feelings of sadness and yearning, such as "There is a sad mist on the waves of the river", "Everything is quiet in the village under the Yangtze River", "Those who abandon me can't stay yesterday", "I miss you and hate you", "Just like a river flowing eastward" and "Autumn is crisp and good" and so on. There are also positive emotions, but they are all relatively soothing and peaceful. For example, Ercao's name is destroyed and he does not waste rivers and mountains. "Poetry has a great momentum, but rhyming still makes the style of the whole poem longer, not high-spirited. To understand this, you need to recite. When you recite, drag the rhyme to more than a quarter of the whole sentence, and you will feel it.

If being at heron lodge doesn't mean hard work, what does it mean? We will answer this question later when we talk about rice.

We all know that modern poetry rhymes to the end, and ancient poetry can rhyme. Why change the rhyme? Is it because there is not enough rhyme? Of course not, but because the mood to be expressed in the poem has changed. Therefore, the change of rhyme is a sign of the segmentation of ancient poetry. Nowadays, Chinese classes often talk about paragraph division, which was rarely talked about in ancient times. It all came out in one back. The internal clues and structure of poetry are embodied by external voices.

Rhyme changes are generally between the rhymes of different tones, and a few are between homophony but different opening and closing sounds, indicating that rhyme changes are for the turning point of poetic artistic conception, so they are generally between the opposite tones (different tones or different opening and closing sounds).

Rhyme is not only a factor of opening and closing stress, but also many other factors, the most important of which is tone. The meaning of tone is more than rhyme.

Please read the article "The Meaning of Teacher Jian Xu's Voice" in detail.