What kinds of fruits are there?

Fruit type Edible plant name Pericarp fleshy drupe The mesocarp of mango (Ururaceae), peach and plum (Rosaceae) is fleshy or fibrous; Endocarp is composed of stone cells and is a hard core. Pericarp and mesocarp olive (Oleaceae), jujube (Rhamnaceae) pseudolitchi, longan (Sapindaceae), endosperm coconut (Palmae) berry, endocarp persimmon (persimmon), kiwifruit (Actinidiaceae), fleshy endocarp and placenta banana (Musaceae) are mainly derived from placenta tomato (Solanaceae) and citrus fruit (composed of hairs on the wall of atomic room) The "orange complex" on the orange peel of citrus, pomelo and lemon (Rutaceae) is the vascular exocarp leather in his mesocarp. Cucurbita moschata and Cucurbita melongena (Cucurbitaceae) are developed from ovary wall and receptacle. Cucumber with pericarp and placenta (Cucurbitaceae), melon with endocarp and cantaloupe (Cucurbitaceae) are mainly developed from placenta. Watermelon (Cucurbitaceae) pear fruit is mainly developed by healing calyx tube and carpel, and apple, pear and loquat are developed. Hawthorn (Rosaceae) is developed from calyx tube (flower tube or receptacle tube) and ovary wall. The dried fruit achene seed sunflower (Compositae) has small fruit, hard skin and easy separation from seed coat. Nut cotyledon lotus (Nymphaeaceae), water chestnut (Ranunculaceae) and chestnut (Zelkovaceae) have large fruits and hard skins. Woody caryopsis endosperm rice, wheat and maize (seeds of arbor pods (mainly cotyledons) have seed coat healing, soybeans and peanuts (Papilionaceae) split along the back seam, inflorescence axis pineapple (Bromeliaceae) and Ficus (Moraceae) originated from the whole inflorescence calyx, inflorescence axis mulberry (Moraceae) aggregate fruit changed from receptacle hypertrophy to raspberry, and strawberry (Rosaceae) developed into a flower together with free pistil. And /yaoyongzhiwuxue/3/a35_22.htm Look at the following kinds of fruits. There are all kinds of fruits in plants. Some fruits are developed from the whole inflorescence, and these fruits are called multi-flowered or compound fruits; Others are called aggregate fruit, which is a flower with multiple free pistils (pistils) developing into multiple fruits. In addition, the fruit of most plants is developed from a pistil (single pistil or compound pistil) in a flower, which is called a single fruit. Single fruit can be divided into fleshy fruit and dried fruit according to whether its peel is fleshy or dry. Dried fruit is divided into cracked fruit and closed fruit according to whether the skin cracks after the fruit matures. In this experiment, through the observation of physical specimens and some permanent slices, we can understand the different types and main characteristics of fruits. (1) Observe physical specimens such as mulberry, fig or pineapple. Mulberry is a compound fruit developed from the whole inflorescence, and the fleshy part is the metamorphosis of calyx and pedicel (Figure 50-l, B). Ficus carica is developed from the whole cryptocephalus, and the edible part is the inflorescence axis metamorphosis, the inflorescence axis is swollen and fleshy, and the female and male flowers are inserted in the central concave part of the inflorescence axis. After pollination, the pistil develops into many small nuts, which are enclosed in the axis of fleshy inflorescence (Figure 50- 1, c). The edible part of pineapple is mainly fleshy inflorescence axis. The flowers above are sterile (fig. 50- 1, a). Permanent slices of young fruits of mulberry or fig were taken for supplementary observation. Mainly understand the inflorescence axis structure and the flowers planted on it, and understand the source of gathering flowers and fruits. (2) aggregate fruit observed strawberry and lotus root fruit specimens. The edible fleshy part of strawberry is the metamorphosis of receptacle, and there are many achenes on it, which are developed from various free pistils (Figure 50- 1, e). The receptacle of the lotus is in the shape of a shower head, and a plurality of fruits developed from pistils in vitro are embedded in the receptacle, namely edible lotus seeds (Figure 50- 1, d). Permanent slices of young strawberry fruits were taken for supplementary observation. (3) The type of fleshy fruit is a single fruit, and the epidermis will become fleshy when it matures. Due to different sources of pericarp and different edible parts of fruit, fleshy fruits can be divided into the following categories: 1. Pears, such as apples and pears, are fake fruits developed from ovaries and receptacle. Edible fleshy parts include receptacle, exocarp and mesocarp, and endocarp is leathery (Figure 50-2, a). Drupe such as peach, plum, plum and plum are real fruits. The exocarp is thin, the mesocarp is thick and fleshy, which is the main edible part. Endocarp is stony, forms a hard core and contains seeds (Figure 50-2, b). Berries such as grapes and tomatoes are real fruits. The exocarp is thin, and the mesocarp and endocarp are succulent and edible parts (Figure 50-2, c). 4. Preserved fruits, such as cucumber and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) are false fruits, which are developed from ovary and receptacle. The edible parts of cucumber include receptacle, ovary wall and placenta, and its young seeds are also edible (Figure 50-2, e). The edible part of watermelon is developed from the swollen placenta and meat. Citrus fruits, such as citrus and watermelon, are real fruits. Exocarp is slightly thicker and usually covered with oil glands. The mesocarp is loose and has many branched vascular bundles. Endocarp encloses several chambers inward, and these chambers are orange petals. There are many juicy saccular hairs on the endocarp, which are edible parts (Figure 50-2, D). (4) The type of dried fruit is another single fruit, and the skin will dry when it matures. Dried fruit is divided into cracked fruit and closed fruit according to whether the peel is cracked or not. 1. When the fruit is ripe, the epidermis will crack, mainly including the following kinds: (1) the fruits of leguminous plants such as soybeans and peas. It is developed from a single carpel and pistil, with marginal placentation and adventitious ovule. When the pod matures, it will split along the dorsal abdominal seam at the same time (Figure 50-3, a). The pods of peanut (Figure 50-3, b) and Sophora japonica do not crack when they are mature. (2) Pods such as shepherd's purse, February orchid, rape (rape), radish and other cruciferous fruits. It is developed from an ovary with two carpels and a false diaphragm in the middle, and seeds are planted on both sides of the false diaphragm. When the pod matures, the fruit splits from bottom to top along the abdominal seam. According to the different aspect ratio of fruits, there are silique (such as rape, radish (Figure 50-3, c) and pod (such as shepherd's purse, (Figure 50-3, d)). (3) Capsules, such as cotton, morning glory, plantain, lily and poppy, are common fruit types. Developed from an ovary with two or more carpels. There are many ways of fruit cracking when it is ripe, the common one is petal cracking, and there are other different ways, such as lid cracking, hole cracking and tooth cracking (Figure 50-3, E and F). (4) When the fruit is aggregate fruit, such as star anise, oleander, magnolia grandiflora, etc. It is developed from multiple individual pistils. When it matures, each fruit can be split along the back suture or abdominal suture (Figure 50-3, g). 2. There are mainly the following kinds: (1) Achenes such as sunflower and buckwheat. The ovary is composed of one or three carpels, forming a daughter compartment, in which only one seed is born. When ripe, the fruit does not crack, but the peel and seed are easily separated (Figure 50-4, a). (2) Dianthus, such as wheat, corn and rice. The ovary consists of 2-3 carpels, 1 locule and 1 seed. When mature, the pericarp and seeds are healed together, making it difficult to distinguish and peel (Figure 50-4, B, C) (3) Samara such as elm, Acer truncatum, ash, etc. An ovary consists of two or more carpels, usually one chamber, containing a seed. Its characteristic is that the pericarp extends outward into a wing shape, which is beneficial to the diffusion of fruit (Figure 50-4, D, E). (4) Nuts, such as hickory and Quercus variabilis. An ovary consists of two or more carpels, usually one room, containing seeds. The pericarp is hard and often surrounded by involucre (or shell bucket) outside the fruit (Figure 50-4, F, G).