Who participated in the national biology knowledge contest for middle school students, and how did they prepare?

I participated and won the third prize in Jiangsu Division (2005).

The preliminary contest is a national paper, and the topic is not too difficult. There are some high school questions that should be basically correct. The topics of the preliminary competition are very wide, involving zoology, botany, cytology, ecology, genetics, biochemistry and so on. I feel that the number of questions in each part is similar. That year, we took multiple-choice questions and true-false questions, but there were no subjective questions. Let's find a competition book to read. Basically, every competition book will introduce this knowledge. Read as much as possible. There is no need to learn by rote, and in fact there is no time. It would be better if you know more about all aspects of biology in peacetime. I watched it for a week and passed the preliminary contest. Be sure to have enough time to compete. Take your time. Multiple-choice questions often use methods such as exclusion, and answer the questions carefully and finish them all. Everyone is not ready, as long as we do our best, there is hope.

The semi-finals are produced by various provinces, and Jiangsu Province is dominated by animals and plants. I was not very interested in this aspect, so I didn't do well in the exam.

Let's talk about it after the preliminary round.

Theoretical part of the outline of the national biology competition for middle school students

(The National Biology League for Middle School Students can refer to it appropriately)

Attention should be paid to those biological concepts that are applicable to most organisms in the same group in the theoretical examination of national competitions. Test questions generally do not include special facts, exceptions or knowledge of creatures unique to a certain place, and require special or local experience. Most questions examine students' understanding of biological knowledge, scientific process skills and application. The proportion of questions that simply examine memory is small, generally not exceeding 25% of the total score. The theoretical part shall include seven parts in the following proportions:

I. Cell Biology (25%)

-Structure and function of cells

* chemical composition

* organelles

* Cell metabolism

* protein synthesis

* Transmembrane transport

:: Mitosis and meiosis

microbiology

-Bioengineering

Ⅱ. Plant Anatomy and Physiology (with emphasis on seed plants) (15%)

-Structure and function of tissues and organs

* Photosynthesis, transpiration and gas exchange

:: Transport of water, minerals and assimilates

* Growth and development

* Reproduction (including ferns and mosses)

ⅲ. Animal anatomy and physiology (with emphasis on vertebrates) (15%)

-Structure and function of tissues and organs

* skin and its derivatives

* Motor organs

:: Digestion and nutrition

* Breathe

* Blood circulation

* Excretion

* Regulation (nerves and hormones)

:: Reproduction and development

* Immunization

ⅳ. Animal behavior (5%)

* Behavior system

* the reason for the behavior

* Fighting behavior

Acquired sexual behavior

ⅴ. Inheritance and evolution (15%)

* Variation: mutation and gradual change.

* Mendelian inheritance

* Multi-allele, recombination and sex-linked inheritance

* Hardy-Weinberg law

:: Mechanisms of evolution

ⅵ. Ecology (15%)

:: Ecosystem

* Food relations

* Energy flow

:: Biogeochemical system

:: Succession

:: Demographic structure and dynamics

:: Biosphere and people

Seven. Biosystematics (10%)

-Structure and function; Evolution and ecological relationship of typical organisms in main groups.

The above topics should include the principles of scientific thinking and biological methods.

Details of national competitive examination syllabus

I. Cell Biology (25%)

-Structure and function of cells

* chemical composition

1. Monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide

2. Lipids

3. protein: amino acid, genetic codon, protein structure.

4. Chemical classification of protein: simple protein and combined protein.

5. Functional classification of protein: structural protein and enzyme.

6. Enzymes: chemical structure, enzyme action mode, denaturation and nomenclature.

7. nucleic acids: DNA, RNA

8. Other important compounds: ADP and ATP, NAD+ and NADH, NADP+ and NADPH.

* organelles

9. Nucleus: nuclear membrane, nuclear hyaluronic acid, chromosomes and nucleoli.

10. Cytoplasm: cell membrane, hyaline, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, vacuole membrane, plastid (chloroplast, colored body, achromatic body [such as powder]).

* Cell metabolism

1 1. Anaerobic respiration: glycolysis

12. Aerobic respiration: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation.

13. The alienation of fat and protein

14. Photosynthesis: light reaction, dark reaction (calvin cycle)

* protein synthesis

15. Codex

16. Translation

17. Genetic code

* Transmembrane transport

18. Dissemination

19. Osmosis, plasma wall separation

20. Positive transshipment

:: Mitosis and meiosis

2 1. Cell cycle: interphase and mitosis

22. Chromatid, equatorial plate, haploid and diploid, genome, somatic and germ cells, gamete, exchange.

23. Meiosis 1 and meiosis 1 1.

microbiology

* composition of prokaryotic cells

* Morphology

* light culture and chemical culture

-Bioengineering

* Fermentation

:: Genetic manipulation of organisms

Ⅱ. Plant Anatomy and Physiology (with emphasis on seed plants) (15%)

-Structure and function of tissues and organs

* Photosynthesis, transpiration and gas exchange

24. Leaves: structure; Stomatal function

:: Transport of water, minerals and assimilates

25. Root: structure (endodermis)

26. Stem: Structure (vascular bundle)

* Growth and development

27. Structure and function of apical meristem

* Reproduction (including ferns and mosses)

28. Asexual reproduction (formation of asexual clones)

29. Sexual reproduction

30. Flower structure, pollination and double fertilization

3 1. Generation alternation of seed plants, ferns and mosses

ⅲ. Animal anatomy and physiology (with emphasis on vertebrates) (15%)

-Structure and function of tissues and organs

* skin and its derivatives

* Motor organs (notochord, spine, appendages)

:: Digestion and nutrition

32. Digestive tract (including liver, gallbladder and pancreas)

33. Mechanical decomposition and chemical decomposition of food

34. absorption

35. Composition of food (water, minerals, vitamins, protein, carbohydrates and fat).

* Breathe

36. Respiratory mechanism

37.gas exchange

38. Respiratory organs

* cycle

39. Blood: plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

40. Blood circulation: arteries, capillaries, veins and heart.

4 1. Lymphatic system: interstitial fluid, lymph.

* Excretion

42. Structure of the renal system

43. Urine production

* Regulation (nerves and hormones)

44. Nervous system: peripheral nervous system, central nervous system (spinal cord and brain), autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system), reflex and sensory organs (eyes and ears).

45. Endocrine system: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, islet, adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex, ovary and testis.

:: Reproduction and development

46. Structure and function of male and female reproductive system

47. ovulation and menstruation

48. Fertilization

49. Formation of ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

50. Embryonic membrane

* Immunity

5 1. Antigen and antibody

ⅳ. Animal behavior (5%)

* Behavior system

* Behavior reasons

* Fighting behavior

Acquired sexual behavior

ⅴ. Inheritance and evolution (15%)

* Variation: mutation and gradual change.

* Mendelian inheritance

52. A pair of genes hybridize

53. Two pairs of gene hybridization

54. Multi-pair gene hybridization

* Multi-allele, recombination and sex-linked inheritance

* Hardy-Weinberg law

:: Evolutionary mechanism

mutation

56. Natural selection

Reproductive separation

adapt to

59. Health

ⅵ. Ecology (15%)

:: Ecosystem

* Food relations

60. Food Web

6 1. food chain

62. Nutritional grade

63. Producers, consumers and decomposers

* Energy flow

64. Biomass spire type

65. Energy Pyramid

:: Bio-geochemical cycle

66. Carbon cycle

nitrogen cycle

:: Succession

:: Population structure and dynamics

68. Age and gender structure of the population

69. Birth and death rates

70. exponential growth

:: Biosphere and people

7 1. Population growth

pollute

Seven. Biosystematics (10%)

Typical biological structure and function, evolution and ecological relationship in the following groups. When answering questions, you don't need the names of taxons under plants and animals, and the knowledge of Latin names.

door

subdivide

summary

eye

Family and genus

Prokaryote

Escherichia, Escherichia coli.

Cercospora

eucaryon

Carrageenan, Rhodophyta

phaeophyta

Diatoms (Diatoms)

Sargassum of brown algae

euglenophyta

Chlorella, Chlorella

Trichomonas garment

Trichophyton

pond scum

Mucor conjugate

Ascomycetes include ergot, Penicillium and yeast.

Agaricus of Basidiomycetes (Agaricus).

Laini fern

Moss gate

Moss plants

Sphagnum

Lycopodium powder

scouring rush

pteridophyte

Ginkgo biloba, pine and cycad of coniferous phylum.

Mulan gate

Mulan yamen

Magnolia of Magnoliaceae

buttercup

Rosaceae, Rosaceae, Malus, Prunus.

Pod genus of Papilionaceae

Syringa of Meliaceae

Quercus of FAGACEAE

Cactus, cactus

Brassica of Cruciferae

Wild sesame in Labiatae

Solanaceae Solanum

Helianthus of Compositae

Liliaceae

Liliaceae Lilium, Allium

orchid

Gramineae corn, wheat

Coconut, Palmae

Bambusa of Araceae

Amoeba of protozoa

Trypanosoma

plasmodium

paramecium

Clock worm

Porous animal door sponge

coelenterata

Hydra, hydra

Sea-moon jellyfish of the class Macromedusa

Coral red coral

flatworm

Polyhedra of Lentinus edodes.

Fasciola trematodes

Tapeworm tapeworm

Ascaris and Trichinella spiralis, phylum Linear Animals

annelida

Nereis pubescens

Earthworm with little hair

Leech medical leech

arthropoda

Crustaceans, crayfish, fleas and cyclops

Spider, Eriocheir sinensis, Eriocheir sinensis.

Trachea subphylum

Centipede of lipopoda

insecta

chlamydomonas

odonata

Orthoptera migratory locust

Isoptera

Licorice

Hemiptera insect, tortoise insect

Homoptera aphid

Coleoptera Carabidae, potato leaf beetle

Hymenoptera, bees, ants.

Anopheles Diptera, Drosophila melanogaster, Musca domestica

Lepidoptera Pieris rapae and Bombyx mori

Molluscs

Gastropoda snail

Oyster

Cephalopod squid

Echinoderm phylum

Starfish starfish

Heart-shaped sea urchin of echinodermata

Chordata

Oedogonium

Tousawyamen's amphioxus

vertebrata

The genus lamprey of the circle class.

Cartilaginous fish cat shark

fish

Sturgeon scleroderma

Cephalotaxus

Amphibia, Amphibia

Tail salamander

Frog without tail

Reptiles

The genus Tortoise.

crocodile

Agkistrodon halys.

birds

Ostrich ostrich

Penguin Penguin

Storks of the stork family.

Yanyangzi goose

Falcon falcon

chicken

Dove pigeon

Owl-like forest owl

? Black woodpecker

Passeriform sparrow

mammal

Monoptera platypus

Kangaroos in marsupials

Insect-eating animals hedgehog and mole.

Chiroptera mouse-eared bat

Rodent house mouse

Carnivora brown bears, dogs, cats.

Long nose elephant genus

Chiroptera horse

Artiodactyla is a genus of pigs and cattle.

Cetacean dolphin

Primates capuchin monkeys and macaques.

Gibbon, chimpanzee

Gorillas, orangutans, humans.

In addition, you should know the following groups:

virus bacteria

Lichen, Prunus, litmus

Basic skills of national competition experiment

The experimental examination of the national competition should focus on the ability of contestants to solve biological problems by using the following skills:

Scientific methods and skills

1.

measure

classify

Find out the relationship

calculate

6. Organization and expression of data: graphics, tables, pictures, charts and photos.

7. Expectation/Design

Make a hypothesis

9. Extreme experimental operation: scope, conditions and assumptions

10. Confirmation and control of variables

1 1. experiment: design the experiment, conduct the experiment, record the results/data, explain the results and draw a conclusion.

12. present the numerical results properly and accurately (correct number of figures)

Two. Basic biological skills

1. Observe the organism with a magnifying glass.

Use a microscope (X 45)

Use a solid mirror

4. Drawing (through a microscope, etc.). )

5. A table marked with biological terms by digital codes accurately describes the biological atlas.

Three. biological method

Participants should know and be able to use the following methods and techniques. If any technology requires special knowledge related to the procedures of special technical equipment, the test paper will provide instructions.

A. Cytological methods

1. separation and tabletting technology

Step 2 smear method

3. Cell staining and preparation.

B. methods of studying plant anatomy and physiology

1. Anatomy of plant flowers and derivation of flower patterns

2. Anatomy of other parts of plants: roots, stems, leaves and fruits.

3. Manual slicing: stems, leaves and roots.

4. Dye plant tissues (such as xylem) and prepare plant tissue blocks.

5. Preliminary measurement of photosynthesis

6. Measurement of transpiration

C. methods of studying animal anatomy and physiology

1. anatomy of arthropods and annelids

2. Preparation of whole small animals

3. Preliminary measurement of respiration

D. Behavioral methods

Decision and explanation of animal behavior

E. Ecological and environmental approaches

1. Estimated population density

2. Biomass estimation

3. Preliminary judgment of water quality

4. Preliminary judgment of air quality

F. Classification method

1. Use method of bisection table.

2. Compile a simple binary search table.

3. Identify the most common species of flowering plants.

4. Identify the species of insects

5. Identify the phylum and class of other creatures.

Four. Physical and chemical methods

1. separation techniques: chromatography, filtration and centrifugation.

2. Determination: monosaccharide, polysaccharide, lipid, protein (Fening solution or Fening reaction, I dissolved in KI aqueous solution), biuret.

3. Titration

4. Dilution method

Use a straw

Five statistical methods

1. Probability and probability distribution

2. Mean, median, percentage, variance, standard deviation, deviation, standard deviation, t test and chi-square test.