What does this "little book" mean? What does "big book" mean?

A: "Little book" refers to textbook knowledge. "Big book" refers to nature and human life.

Reading a small book while reading a big one? Author: Shen Congwen

I remember when I was a child, about two or three years old. I grew up to about five years old, and I have been healthy and fat like a little dolphin. When I was five years old, my mother told me to recognize Chinese characters, and my grandmother gave me candy to eat. By the time I recognized 600 new words, there was already a bug in my stomach, so thin that I had to steam chicken liver with herbs every day. At that time, I had followed two sisters and went to school with a female gentleman. That man is my relative, and I am so young. When I went there to study, I spent less time reading at my desk and more time playing on her lap.

By the time I was six years old, my brother Fang was two years old, and both of them had a rash at the same time. It was June and I suffered from a terrible high fever day and night. You can't lie down and sleep. You cough and gasp when you lie down. I don't want anyone to hug me. When I hug you, I feel uncomfortable. I still remember that my brother and I were both rolled up with bamboo sticks and stood in the shade of the house like spring rolls. My family prepared two small coffins for us at that time and put them under the porch. Fortunately, they all recovered after they arrived. After my brother fell ill, a strong and tall Miao woman was specially invited to take care of him, and he grew very well. Because of this, I got sick, but I completely changed my appearance. From then on, I stopped obsessing about obesity and became a little monkey.

When I was six years old, I went to a private school alone. As a rule, I still share the abuse of children in private schools. But when I first went to school, because I learned a lot at home, my memory seemed particularly good from childhood to adulthood. Compared with other children, I am very happy. After the second year, I changed to a private school. In this private school, I followed several older students and learned how stubborn children rebelled against stubborn teachers and fled those books to get close to all nature. This year's life has formed the foundation of my life's character and feelings. I sometimes play truant and lie repeatedly to cover up my punishment for playing truant. My father was very angry about this. Once he said that if he played truant and lied again, he would cut off one of my fingers. I'm still not intimidated by this. When the opportunity comes, I never miss the opportunity to play truant. When I learn to see everything in the world with my own eyes and live in different societies, school is no longer interesting to me.

My father loves me very much at ordinary times, and I used to be the center of my family. I was a little sick, so my family stayed up barefoot and waited on me by the bed, reaching out if someone wanted to hug me. At that time, the family's economic situation was still very good, and the material enjoyment seemed to be much better than that of ordinary relatives and children. My father is just a general's dream, but he has greater hope for me. He seems to have known for a long time that I was not a soldier and didn't want me to be a general, but he told my grandfather many brave and glorious stories and an experience he gained during the Boxer period. Because he likes Peking Opera, he just wants me to learn Peking Opera and be a Tan Xinpei. He thinks I don't care what I do, but I should be taller than the general. The first person who praised my wisdom was my father. However, when he found me escaping from school all day and wandering around in the sun with a group of hooligans, he couldn't restrain my little heart and forbid me from lying cunningly. My behavior really hurt the hearts of soldiers. At the same time, my four-year-old brother is extremely strong because the Miao women who take care of him take care of him very well. Although he is very young, he looks great, calm and strong, and has great self-esteem. So when his family was disappointed in me, they were extremely concerned about him. The child failed his family's expectations. At the age of 22, he became an infantry colonel. As for my father, he worked in the army in Mongolia, Northeast China and Tibet. He was only a colonel in the 20 years of the Republic of China and worked as a military doctor in the local indigenous army (later changed to the president of Chinese medicine). He left the general's hope to his younger brother and died of a minor illness in his hometown.

I have freedom outside, and my love for my family is restrained everywhere, so it seems to make me more convenient when my family ignores my life. Lead me to escape from school and try my best to know the subtle light, strange colors and movements of everything in the sun. This man is my cousin Zhang. He began to take me to his orange pomelo garden, to the mountains outside the city, to all kinds of wild children, and to the water. He taught me to lie, with a lie against my family, with another lie against my school, tempting me to run around with him. Even if he doesn't play truant, Uncle Xue will write a big word in everyone's hands every noon, fearing that the children will take a bath by the river. We can also go to hands in the air and soak ourselves in the river for half a day. Thanks to this method, my cousin came up with it. My feelings are flowing but not solidified, and a clear wave has really affected me. Most of my beautiful life when I was young was inseparable from water. It can be said that my school is near the water. I know beauty and learn to think. Water has a lot to do with me. The first time I got near the water, it was that ridiculous cousin's tie.

Now, when I was a child, I was not a child without self-esteem. I am not stupid. At that time, among a group of cousins, it seemed that only my brother was smarter than me, but I was more sensible than all the other children. But since my cousin taught me to play truant, I have become a self-respecting person. Under the domination of various teaching methods, I don't like the temperament of learning. From teachers, family, relatives and other aspects, I feel hopeless for me. At that time, my strengths were just lies. I had to escape from school to the outside air, and I had to escape punishment after playing truant. The first thing I learned and applied at the same time was to fabricate various lies based on various experiences. My heart is always beating for fresh sounds, fresh colors and fresh smells. I must know about life outside my own life. My wisdom should be absorbed and digested from direct life, but I don't need to learn from a good book or a good word. There seems to be only one reason. At that time, I had more absenteeism records than anyone else in the school.

I have been studying outside the school when I left the private school and transferred to the new primary school. When I went out to make a living, I was never so happy in my post at school. Twenty years later, I am "uneasy about current events, but devoted to the secular world, very suspicious of all conventions and concepts, but often staring at the prospects of life." The formation of this character can be traced back to the habit of playing truant in private schools when I was a child.

Since playing truant has become a habit, I don't care about anything but trying to play truant.

Sometimes the weather is bad, so it is not convenient to go out of the city to play in the mountains. I had nowhere to go after playing truant, so I went to the temple outside the city alone. There are 30 large local buildings outside the city, except temples, which are halls and ancestral halls. The open space is vast, so it is used by small craftsmen. In those temples, there are always people who twist ropes and weave bamboo poles on the front porch to make incense, so I watch them do things. Some people play chess, I think. Someone fights, and I watch boxing. Even when they scold each other, I observe how they scold and what the result is. Because since you play truant, you can't have acquaintances anywhere. You must go to a distant temple. When you get there, you don't know anyone. You have to listen to everything with your ears and see with your eyes. Until there is nothing to see or hear, I should design a way to see how I get home.

I must take a book basket when I come to school. There are more than ten broken books in it, from Bao Sentence Magazine, Studying in Qionglin to The Analects of Confucius, The Book of Songs and Shangshu, which are usually recited. It's quite heavy. It's a bit silly to hang a book basket on your elbow when you play truant. Anyone who does this can be called an unwise child. Many of these children go everywhere because they play truant. When older people see them, they will say, "play truant and go home and get beaten." Don't play here. " If there were no book baskets, you wouldn't be taught this lesson. So we came up with a way to store the book basket in the earth temple. No one looks after this place, but no one needs to worry about his book basket. Children have all the necessary reverence for the land god. They all trust puppets and hide the book baskets in shrines. There are often five or eight at the same time, but later everyone will take their own, and no one will touch other people's things. I put the book basket in that place, and I can't remember the number of times. As I thought, I must be the one with the most time.

Failure to play truant was found by either side of the school at home, and both sides had to be beaten. Before, the school had to move the bench to the Confucius memorial tablet by itself, and I was punished for falling on it. After the punishment, you should bow to Confucius' memorial tablet to show your repentance. Sometimes I often kneel down to a fragrant time. While I was kneeling in a corner of the room, I thought of all kinds of things and imagined that I had just given birth to a pair of wings and flew to all kinds of moving things by experience. According to the cold and warm weather, I think of the mandarin fish in the river being pulled out of the water, the kites flying in the sky, the orioles singing in the empty mountains and the fruits on the trees. Because it is easiest to be fascinated by all kinds of things outside the house, we often forget the pain and time of punishment. Until I was aroused, I never felt a little wronged by being punished. That's not a grievance. I should appreciate that punishment and give me a chance to practice my imagination when I can't get close to nature.

As usual, my family naturally didn't understand the situation, thinking that it was just the fault that the teacher was too lenient, so they changed my teacher. I certainly can't have any objection to these changes. For me, I have to thank my family. Because the previous school was relatively close, although it was often necessary to detour to go to school, this was not the way, and there was no excuse to take a long detour. Now that the school is really far away, I should pass through many interesting places without going around the side streets. On the way from my home to my new school, I can see an old man always wearing huge glasses in front of the needle shop, bending his head and grinding needles there. You can also see an umbrella shop, the door is open, and more than a dozen apprentices make umbrellas together. Everyone appreciates it. There is also a boot shop and a big fat cobbler. There is always a big black belly (with a pinch of hair on it! ) Put on your shoes with a splint. There is also a barber shop. At any time, there is always someone holding a small wooden plate in his hand and staying there to shave the master's head. You can also see a dyehouse, in which there are strong Miao people, standing high on the sunken stone mill, holding the crossbar on the wall with both hands and swinging from side to side. There are also three Miao bean curd workshops. Miao women with small waists and white teeth wrapped in flower handkerchiefs have been singing softly, teasing the Miao people tied to their backs and scooping soybean milk with shiny red copper spoons. After passing through a bean flour workshop, you can hear the rumble of mules in the distance, and the scaffolding on the roof is covered with white vermicelli. I want to pass some butcher's meat tables, but I can see the fashion of cutting fresh pork beating. You have to go through a shop that rents sedan chairs with funerary wares. There are white-faced ghosts, blue-faced Yan Luowang, ichthyosaurs, sedan chairs and gold couples. Every day, I can see from him how many people got married, how many funerary objects there are, how many customized works have been made, and what styles have been changed. And often stop to watch them sprinkle gold, powder and paint, and stand for a long time.

I'm glad to see those things. I understand a lot when I look at them.

Every day at school, I hang a bamboo book basket on my elbow as usual, and there are more than ten broken books in it. Although I dare not wear shoes at home, as soon as I leave the gate, I will take off my shoes and go to school barefoot. Anyway, as usual, I have extra time, so I have to make a detour to play. If you walk through the west side, you can see the prison there. Early in the morning, someone came out of the prison with shackles and sent it to the yamen to dig. If you walk past the murder site, the person who was killed yesterday has not received the body. The body must have been smashed by wild dogs or dragged into the stream. Just walk over and look at the smashed body, or pick up a small stone and knock it on the filthy head, or poke it with a wooden stick to see if it will move. If wild dogs fight there, they will pick up many stones in advance and put them in the book basket. They threw them at the wild dogs one by one, didn't go there, just looked at them from a distance and walked away.

Now that I'm at the stream, sometimes there's a little water in the stream, so I roll up my trouser legs, put the book basket on my head, hold it in one hand and take care of my trousers in the other, and walk along the stream flowing at the foot of the city until the water is knee-deep. The school is at the north gate. I went out of the west gate, then into the south gate, and then walked around the main street in the city. I can also watch a cattle killing at Nanmen Beach. When the opportunity is good, I just see the honest and poor beast put down. Because I can watch a little every day, the procedure of killing cows and the location of their internal organs are quickly fully understood by me. Further on is the small street, where there is a weaving shop. Every day at any time, several old people sit on the small stool in front of the door and break bamboo with thick-backed steel knives, while two children squat on the ground to weave bamboo. My understanding of this industry seems to be better than what I write now. ) There is also a blacksmith's shop, where both the forge and the bellows occupy the room and the door is always open. Even earlier, you can see a child pulling the horizontal handle of the bellows with both hands, and the weight of his whole body leans forward and then falls down. The bellows then roared continuously, and a smelly smoke with red light came out of the stove. When the latosolic red hot iron was pulled out and placed on the anvil, the little thing quickly waved a hammer with a thin handle, lifted it from behind and landed in front of it, sparking. Sometimes I hit a knife, sometimes I hit a farm tool. Sometimes I see this little apprentice straddling a big bench, lifting the iron sheet with a chisel on an unquenched knife, and sometimes embedding a thin steel sheet in the wrought iron. As time goes by, I won't make a mistake about the manufacturing order of any piece of iron. There is a small restaurant on the side street. There is a big bamboo tube in front of the door, which is full of chopsticks cut from bamboo. There are dried fish and sauerkraut, and a bowl of heads is put on the counter in front of the door. Luring customers to the door seems to say, "eat me, eat me casually, it's delicious!" " "Every time I look at it carefully, it's really called' munching on the door' and I'm addicted.

I am most glad that it rained, and it was a light rain. If I wear cloth shoes under my feet, or the weather in the middle of the twelfth lunar month, I will use shoes and socks as an excuse, so I have reason to take off my shoes and socks at once and walk barefoot in the street. But the happiest thing is that after the heavy rain, many places on the street have been flooded, and water has gushed out of sewers in many places. As usual, people in these places are often unable to leave, but I deliberately walked barefoot into the deep water. If there is a flood in the river, as usual, things like wood, furniture and pumpkins will drift upstream, so hurry to the bridge across the river to watch the excitement. Someone must have tied his waist with a long rope on the bridge, stayed on the bridge, watched the water and waited. When I saw a big piece of wood or something worth going into the water, I jumped forward, rode on a tree or near an object, tied a rope and swam quickly to the downstream shore. After several other people on the shore helped the people in the water ashore, they pulled the rope or wound it around a big stone tree, so the second person came to the bridge for the second time to wait. I am glad to see people wrestling in stagnant water and live crucian carp jumping in the net. As soon as the water rises, you can watch this interesting thing as usual. According to the family rules, you must wear spikes when it rains. I really don't want to wear those heavy spikes. Although someone crosses the street in the middle of the night, the sound of spikes is really nice, and I am still not interested in spikes in broad daylight.

If it rains a little in April, crickets are everywhere on the ridges in the mountains, which is really happy. These days, I think school is really boring. I can't sit still. I have to try my best to play truant and catch crickets in the mountains. Sometimes this little thing has nothing to put, so I go there and catch the first one and then the second one. After each hand has one, I'll listen to the third one. The local crickets used to be divided into spring and autumn. In spring, they are mostly in the mud and grass in the field, and in autumn, they are mostly in the rubble near others. Now, since this thing is only in the mud layer, even if there is a small thing in each hand, I can always try my best to drive out the third one to see if it is bigger than the one in my hand, that is, I will put everything in my hand and catch a new one, so I will take turns to change it and catch two small ones all day. There was white smoke above the city, and the sound of bells ringing to sell kerosene rang out in the street. At about three o'clock in the afternoon, I rushed to an old carpenter who carved a plaque and said excitedly to the carpenter, "Master, you can catch the king today!" "

The carpenter pretended to be indifferent and still sat on the high stool fiddling with his cart. He didn't even look at me and said, "No, you have to gamble!" " "I said," Can you sharpen your knife if you lose? "

"Hey, that's enough. I don't want you to sharpen your knife. You can't sharpen your knife! Last time I grinded the chisel, I also worn my guy! "

I'm not wrong. I broke his chisel last time. Sorry to say sharpening, I said:

"Master, in this way, you can lend me a clay pot and let me try who can do something for myself, ok?" It's very kind of me to say this, because he goes out early and comes back late, and I can't help it if I don't allow it.

The carpenter thought about it, but it seemed that he had no choice but to give in. "If you borrow a basin, you have to give me the defeated one as rent."

I readily promised: "That's good, that's good."