Why did Li Chuangwang fail?

1. Niu Jinxing was used wrongly, and even Yan Li was killed by mistake.

2. Dashun Wang Chaogang was founded, and after years of fighting, everything was flourishing. At a time when the Qing court was at its peak, the soldiers were stronger than Ma Zhuang, and there were many talents under the account. I imagined out of thin air that even if Wu Sangui didn't surrender to Manchuria, but was attacked by Li Zicheng and Dourgen on both sides, how many qualities could he have of Li Zicheng?

I think it's ok to be a commander in chief or a general, and it's a bit difficult to let him lead the show.

Wu Shangui's words are also talents of generals, and he can be turned off and off, so I think he can be forgiven. But later, after the switch, I felt that it was unforgivable to pursue Nanming so hard, and even what I did later, I felt that it was all for my own selfish desires!

Li Zicheng (September 22, 166-1645? ), a native of Mizhi, Shaanxi, China, was one of the leaders of the peasant uprising army in the late Ming Dynasty and the founder of Dashun regime.

Li Zicheng teenagers like guns, horses and clubs. After his father died, he went to the post station in charge of delivering official documents of the Ming Dynasty as a post-bearer. There were many disadvantages in the post station system in the late Ming Dynasty. In the first year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (1628), one third of the post stations in China were abolished, and Li Zicheng went home to farm out of work. Because he couldn't afford the usury of Juren Ai Zhao, in the winter of that year, Li Zicheng was sued by Juren Ai to Mizhi County. Yan Zibin, the county magistrate, "swam around the city armed and put him to death", and after being tortured, he was exposed to the sun. After being rescued by relatives and friends, at the end of the year, he killed the creditor Ai Zhao and his adulterous wife Han Jiner and his lover Gai Huer. In February 1629, he and his nephew Li Taitai defected to Yang Zhaoji, the general commander of the garrison in Ganzhou, Gansu, and were promoted to be the general manager.

In p>1629, in Yuzhong (now Yuzhong County, Lanzhou, Gansu Province), he killed the kingdom of generals and the local county magistrate because of the problem of unpaid wages, and rebelled and revolted.

Li Zicheng moved to Hanzhong after the uprising and joined the rebel army in Wang Zuo. After Wang Zuo was surrendered by the imperial court in 163, Li defected to Zhang Cunmeng's rebel army. During this period, the late Jin Dynasty entered the fortress for the first time, Beijing shook, and the general Yuan Chonghuan was executed by the emperor in the year. In April 1631, Zhang Cunmeng was defeated in northern Shaanxi and surrendered to the Ming Dynasty. Li Zicheng led the rest of the troops to cross the Yellow River eastward, and went to his uncle, Gao Yingxiang, who was called the "Braveheart".

after p>1634, the Jin army entered the fortress for the second time. In 1635, Gao Yingxiang, Zhang Xianzhong, Lao Huihui, Luo Rucai, Geliyan, King Zuo Jin, King Gai Shi, Shooting Collapse Heaven, King Heng, King Hun Hundred Thousand, King Guo Tianxing, Dragon Jiu and King Shun held a "Xingyang Conference" in Henan, and Li Zicheng put forward the general plan of "dividing troops and attacking the war in four ways". After the meeting, Gao Yingxiang and Zhang Xianzhong led his troops to capture Fengyang in South Zhili, dug up the ancestral graves of the royal family, burned down the "Imperial Temple" where Zhu Yuanzhang once became a monk, killed more than 6 eunuchs, and beheaded Jason Chu, the commander of Zhongdu. Zhang Xianzhong was at odds with Li Zicheng, but split up and left.

after p>1636, the gold was changed to Qing dynasty. The Qing army entered the fortress for the third time. When Gao Yingxiang attacked Xi 'an, he was defeated and killed by Shaanxi Governor Sun Chuanting. Li Zicheng was promoted as the "King of Breakthrough" and continued to fight in Sichuan, Gansu and Shaanxi. Ming History called him a thief.

in the tenth year of Chongzhen (1637), Yang Sichang mobilized 1, soldiers and increased his salary by 2.8 million. He put forward the strategy of "four corners, six corners and a net on all sides" to limit the mobility of the rebels, and finally annihilated them. This move has achieved considerable results in two years. Zhang Xianzhong was defeated, and Li Zicheng was ambushed and defeated by Hong Chengchou and Sun Chuanting in Nanyuan, Tongguan, Weinan, and took Liu Zongmin and other remnants of 17 people to the Shangluo Mountain in the southeast of Shaanxi. In August of the 11th year of Chongzhen (1638), the Qing soldiers entered the customs from Qingkou Mountain (now northeast of Yu 'an, Hebei Province) and Qiangziling (now northeast of Miyun, Beijing) and launched the fourth entry operation. Yang Sichang, in order to implement his strategy of "keeping the country at home and keeping the outside world at bay", advocated peace with Qing Dynasty, but was strongly opposed by Lu Xiangsheng, the governor of Xuanda University and the commander-in-chief of Qinwangbing. Chongzhen and the war were uncertain, and Hong Chengchou and others were rushed to the east to serve him, but Li Zicheng survived.

In p>1639, Zhang Xianzhong revolted again in Gucheng (located in Xiangfan, Hubei), and Li Zicheng led thousands of troops from Shangluo Mountain. In 164, Li Zicheng took advantage of the main force of the Ming army to pursue Zhang Xianzhong in Sichuan, and took in the hungry people. The team grew to tens of thousands, and put forward the slogan of "all fields are free of taxes", that is, the folk song "Welcome to the king, don't accept food." "In January 1641, he conquered Luoyang and killed Fu Wang Zhu Changxun, the son of Emperor Wanli, and was called" Marshal Fengtian who advocated righteousness ". After that, Kaifeng, the provincial capital of Sanwei, failed within a year and a half, and the last time in 1642, the Yellow River burst its banks and destroyed Kaifeng. Killed Shaanxi Governor Fu Zonglong and Wang Qiaonian successively. At the same time, the Ming Dynasty was unfavorable to the war in Qing Dynasty. In March, Hong Chengchou fell to Qing Dynasty. In November, the Qing army entered the fortress for the fifth time and went deep into Shandong, plundering 36, people.

In January p>1643, Li Zicheng was called Xinshun King in Xiangyang. In May, Zhang Xianzhong established the "Daxi" regime in Kewuchang. In October, Li Zicheng breached Tongguan, killed DuShi Sun Chuanting and occupied Shaanxi province. In January, 1644, Li Zicheng proclaimed himself emperor in Xi 'an, and was named "Dashun".

in January p>1644, Li Zicheng marched eastward to Beijing and conquered Taiyuan and Datong, and Ming officials came to surrender one after another. In the middle of March 17th, Cao Huachun, the eunuch guarding the city, took the lead in opening the Guangning Gate on the west side of the outer city, and the peasant army entered the southern suburb of Fuxingmen today. On 18th, Li Zicheng sent Du Xun, the eunuch who surrendered in Changping, into the city to hold secret talks with Chongzhen. According to the four-year volume of "An Examination of the Chronicle of Xiao Tian", Li Zicheng proposed the following conditions: "To invade the northwest area and divide the king and reward the army with millions, and retreat to Henan ... Since the invasion is sealed, I am willing to curb the bandits in the imperial court, especially to help suppress the Liao vassals with strength. But not in the imperial edict and worship. On March 19th, Emperor Chongzhen hanged himself in Jingshan. Li Zicheng stayed in the Forbidden City and made Dou Meiyi, a maid of honor, his concubine. When Dashunjun entered the city, the order in Beijing was still good, and the shops were open as usual. However, since March 27th, Dashun Army began to raid Ming officials and ransack their homes everywhere, and the atmosphere of terror gradually became dignified and people were worried. Li Zicheng's foot soldiers plundered, and I was arrogant.

It is said that after Li Zicheng entered Beijing, he found out from the palace "thirty-seven million ingots of silver and ten million ingots of gold", and "thirty-seven million ingots were not used for years in the old town treasury, all of which were five hundred (ten? ) two, engraved with the word Yongle "("Ming Ji Bei lue "Volume 2). At that time, Xu Zhongxi borrowed Tan Qian's words in A Brief Introduction to the Year of the First and Second Year of the Ming Dynasty, saying, "If you lose the odd zero, you can send more schools for two years. Today, you will pass the exam, and tomorrow, the house will be full of excitement, but the key will remain the same. Why didn't the first emperor see the legacy?" It's too much to pursue. But the credibility is not high. Ji Liuqi thinks: "If you say that there is so much gold, you need 18.5 million mules and horses to carry it, that is, you have to pay back the money, and it is not enough to count the months, so you know that your statement is not credible." According to Liang Fangzhong's estimation, from 139 to 1486, the total domestic silver output in China was only 32 million. Before the Ming Dynasty, although a large amount of silver flowed in, it was only 45 million taels.

On April 13th, 1644, Wu Sangui, a Ming general stationed in Shanhaiguan, led 2, troops to fight a stone battle. On the 22nd, Wu Jun was defeated. Wu Sangui was surrendered to Regent Dourgen of the Qing Dynasty, and the two armies joined forces to defeat Li Zicheng. On April 29th, Li Zicheng proclaimed himself emperor in Beijing and fled to Xi 'an the next day. Burn some buildings in the Forbidden City and Beijing before leaving. Due to the establishment of Emperor Hongguang's court in Nanming and the retreat of Dashun Army, many former Ming generals who surrendered to Dashun returned to Nanming or Qing Dynasty, so Li Zicheng became increasingly suspicious and finally killed Yan Li and others, causing people to be separated.

In the second year of Shunzhi (1645), the Qing army invaded Tongguan, and Li Zicheng entered Hubei via Xiangyang, trying to unite with Zuo Liangyu, the general commander of the Ming Dynasty in Wuchang, to fight against the Qing Dynasty. Zuo Liangyu went east to Nanjing to conquer Ma Shiying on the "Qingjun side" of the Nanming court and died. Li Zicheng entered Wuchang in April, but was defeated by the Qing army. He was defeated again in Jiangxi in May, and was killed by local armed forces loyal to the Ming Dynasty in Nanjiugong Mountain, Tongshan County, Hubei Province. In addition, it is said that Li Zicheng escaped and became a monk, named Feng Tianyu, and became a monk at Jiashan Temple in Shimen County, Hunan Province. Li Zicheng lived in seclusion in Qingcheng Mountain, Lanzhou, Gansu.

Li Zicheng, whose real name is Hongji, is from Li Jiqian Village, Mizhi County, Shaanxi Province (this village still exists today and contains the Li Zicheng Memorial Hall). Li Jiqian Village was founded by Li Jiqian, the leader of the Tangut, and Li was his descendant.

Li Jiqian was the leader of the Tangut Qiang in the early Northern Song Dynasty! His ancestors helped the Tang government to suppress Huang Chao at the end of the Tang Dynasty, so they were given the surname Li by the Tang Emperor, thus obtaining a Chinese surname.

Li Jiqian fought against the Song Dynasty all his life, constantly carrying out armed rebellion on the border of the Song Dynasty, and his son Li Mingde also fought against the Song Dynasty all his life. Until Li Yuanhao, the son of Li Mingde, established the Xixia Kingdom, he still invaded the border of the Northern Song Dynasty many times and slaughtered the soldiers and civilians in the Song Dynasty.

Unexpectedly, hundreds of years after the demise of Xixia, Li Zicheng, a descendant of the remnants of the Tangut, continued to harm my country! Later, after the failure of Li Zicheng, Wu Sangui bloodbath Li Jiqian village, also be regarded as dog-eat-dog, this Tangut Qiang descendant was slain!

Li Zicheng, as a major leader of the peasant army in the late Ming Dynasty, once occupied Beijing with millions of soldiers, facing south and facing north, and ascended the throne and sat in the temple, but in the end he was completely defeated. When commenting on the reasons for his failure, most people only focus on his unkindness to the people after he entered Beijing, killing generals by mistake, and Wu Sangui leading Qing soldiers into the customs, but few people pay attention to the huge loopholes in the construction of Dashun regime. It was the real reason for his failure. Foolishly, I thought that the former could only be regarded as the fuse for the collapse of Dashun regime, just like the impact of Sarajevo incident on World War I. Even after he entered Beijing, he was kind to the people, and there were no subsequent series of adverse events, such as the wrongful killing of generals and the entry of soldiers into the customs. If all aspects of regime construction were still not in place, the world would be in chaos and it would be just around the corner to be ousted.

Li Zicheng has never been able to get rid of the rogue habit since the beginning of the uprising. I only know how to recruit, but I don't know how to comfort the people; He only knows how to conquer and rebel, but he doesn't know how to cultivate the backbone of his political power construction. First of all, he only knows how to attack the city and rob things and kill corrupt officials, but he never pays attention to building his own base area. He once captured Luoyang several times and killed Fu Wang in the Ming Dynasty, but later he voluntarily gave up this central hub city. Note that he has enough strength to defend the city (after Luoyang city was broken, the whole country shook, his peasant army followers gathered, and he seized a large amount of grain hoarded by Fu Wang, which can be called a soldier. Only a few hundred people were sent to stay, and when the loyalist encirclement and suppression troops came, of course, these hundreds of people could only abandon the city and flee, so Li Zicheng has never been able to form the potential of taking the land as the king. Secondly, at that time, all the people knew that opening the door to meet the king, and when the king came, he didn't accept food. But as a political leader, the people in the site didn't accept food. What did your army eat, and did you just live by robbing the loyalist of food? That's not a long-term solution. It's absolutely impossible to just break down the city, open the warehouse for relief, recruit tens of thousands of hungry people as soldiers, and then leave. You must stand firm: establish a government (of course, first of all, you must have certain armed forces to defend this site at least), appoint officials, let the people pay taxes for you, support you in your fight, bind you together tightly through various policies and systems, and build and defend the base areas at the same time, promoting each other. Only this at once won the peasant class, which accounts for the vast majority of China's population. Without the support of political power, he claimed to have several provinces but didn't really take root firmly. Therefore, it is not surprising that his million-strong army retreated again after the Qing soldiers chased him, and quickly collapsed within a few months. On the contrary, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Uprising in the late Qing Dynasty paid great attention to defending the land, so he persisted in the struggle for more than ten years. Thirdly, although Yan Li gathered under Li Zicheng's account in the later period, Song and other intellectuals made suggestions for him. The above situation has changed to some extent, and he has also established some fixed strongholds, which makes him feel like a king, but the situation has never been fundamentally reversed. For example, most of the officials he appointed in the territory (excluding the army) were surrendered by the Ming Dynasty, and the cadres he trained were extremely scarce. These officials were almost all corrupt speculators, and they were not at all with him. When he saw that the situation was wrong in the future, he immediately surrendered to the Qing army. It was a big mistake for him not to pay attention to the training of cadres of local political power and the screening and use of surrender officials. Also, if he knew that "the enemy is defeated without fighting, but for the sake of the soldiers", he usually took diplomatic work seriously, and there were several outstanding diplomatic talents under his command. Even if Chen Yuanyuan was robbed, Wu Sangui agreed to surrender, and did he go back on his word for just a woman?

Therefore, I flatter Li Zicheng by calling him "Emperor Dashun". He can only be regarded as an oversized mountain king who has committed crimes, a reckless warrior who doesn't know how to govern the country and politics, but has a little awareness in this respect (he recruited several literati, took time to read some books and was not bad for the people most of the time). It is not just a matter of killing and chopping, but it is ok for him to be a military commander.