Do you know the folk customs of Manchu?

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Dress

Manchu men wear winter clothes.

Manchu costumes inherited the tradition of Jurchen, and were still white in the early days [reference 162]. Because of the need of hunting life, both men and women wear robes. During the customs clearance period, fur products were mainly used. After entering the customs in Qing Dynasty, it was divided into four materials: single, clip, leather and cotton [reference 163]. The main features of Manchu robes are round neck, narrow sleeves, twisted lapels, buttons and clothes connection. The front end of the narrow sleeve is connected with a half-moon sleeve head, commonly known as horseshoe sleeve, which is also called arrow sleeve because of its horseshoe shape (Manchu:, Mulinde: Waha). You can roll up your sleeves when you wear them at ordinary times, and put them down when you are fighting or hunting. You can also keep out the cold in winter [reference 164]. The style of women's robes is basically the same as that of men's robes, but there are more decorations [reference 165]. Manchu people usually wear a navel-long double-breasted jacket outside their robes, which is called mandarin jacket because it was originally worn when riding horses. Sleeveless jacket is called vest or vest, which is mainly the "military uniform" of the Eight Banners. Later, with the implementation of the policy of changing clothes in Qing dynasty, it became popular and became a kind of "dress" [reference 165]. In modern times, robes and mandarin jackets also evolved into cheongsam and Tang suit, which are regarded as one of the representatives of China elements [reference 166]. Manchu people dressed in traditional costumes can still be seen in celebrations or some traditional festivals in Manchu settlements in Northeast China [reference 167][ reference 168].

Like other northern nationalities, the traditional hairstyle of Manchu men is braiding. The difference is that the hairstyle of Manchu is half-shaved and half-left, and the surrounding hair is shaved off, leaving only the second half of the skull, and then braided [reference 169]. This hairstyle was once popularized to other ethnic groups in the Central Plains with the shaving policy of the Qing court. After the founding of the Republic of China, braided hair was officially abolished. Manchu women shaved their heads like men when they were young, and the style was roughly the same [reference 170]. As an adult, I began to grow many styles of hair, two heads being the most common one. In this hairstyle, the hair should be tied to the top of the head and divided into two locks, each of which is tied into a bun, and then the rest of the hair at the back becomes a long flat bun with a dovetail shape. Usually insert a hairpin named "Dafang" with a length of about 30 cm and a width of about 2-3 cm. Flags worn on important occasions are about 30 cm long and 10 cm wide, mostly made of green satin [reference 17 1]. After Xianfeng, the styles of the two handfuls gradually increased, and the swallowtail became bigger and bigger, which gradually evolved into a new hairstyle "big wings". The large pull wing is a six-fold fan-shaped crown, the skeleton is copper wire, and the surface is black satin [reference 172].

Manchu people have a tradition of wearing hats, which is different from the custom of Han people's "initial crown in the 20 th century" Manchu people wear hats since childhood [reference 173]. According to the cold and summer, there are two kinds of warm hats and cool hats, and the top of the hat has red tassels [reference 174]. After entering the customs, it also absorbed the Liuhe hat of the Ming Dynasty, commonly known as "Guapi hat" [reference 175]. In addition, there are different styles of hats such as felt hat, hood, leather hat and earmuffs [reference 176]. In terms of shoes, Manchu men wore boots, cloth shoes or straw sandals in the Qing Dynasty [Reference 177], while Northeasters used to wear a kind of shoes called Humou, which was made of cowhide or deerskin and sewed with Humou grass to keep out the cold in winter [Reference 178]. Women don't have the habit of foot binding. Female flag shoes are usually divided into flat shoes and high-top shoes. Flat shoes are mostly square, divided into pinch and cotton mouth. High-top shoes are mainly divided into horseshoe shape, flowerpot shape and ingot bottom according to the different soles, while the uppers are similar. There is also a kind of casual shoes, also called embroidered shoes, whose heels are thinner than flag shoes, making them easier to walk [reference 179].

Manchu women have the custom of "three pincers in one ear" [note 23][ reference 18 1], which developed into "five pincers in one ear" during Qianlong period [reference 182]. Today, it can still be seen in older Manchu women [reference 183], and other women's jewelry is similar to that of Han nationality. Men also have the habit of getting their ears pierced. There is a saying that getting ears pierced at a young age is good for feeding. Unlike women, men usually wear only one copper ring, but most of them no longer wear it in adulthood [reference 182]. Due to the custom of riding and shooting, Manchu men also wear fingers. Before entering the customs, the fingers were mainly pulled with deer bones, especially those with eyes. After entering the customs, it gradually developed into pure ornaments and added new materials such as jade and ivory. At that time, Manchu paid special attention to fingering, and almost everyone had one [reference 184].

prescribe a diet

saqima

The traditional drinking noodles of Manchu people are more particular. Except for not eating dog meat, many habits are the same as those of Han people. Manchu staple food is mainly grains, generally pasta and sticky food, which tastes sour and sweet. Pasta is mainly bobo (Manchu:, Mulinde: efin), which is a general term for block pasta in Manchu [reference 185]. Manchu people in Qi Jing have the habit of eating a piece of cake every day after lunch and before dinner [reference 186]. Bobo has different tastes, among which Saqima (Manchu:, Mulinde: Saqima) is the most famous [reference 187]. Manchu people also take rice as their staple food, including sorghum rice, millet, barnyard grass rice and preserved rice [reference 188]. Among them, Manchu rice has more ethnic characteristics, which can be wrapped in staple foods such as rice, glutinous rice or millet porridge with cabbage leaves or perilla leaves, and then wrapped in egg fried sauce to eat with meat or other vegetables. There is a difference between Beijing national flag and customs practice. Manchu rice is generally eaten on the traditional festival "No Food Day" [reference 189].

Pork is a common ingredient in dishes. Manchu people call pork "white meat" and "blessing meat", which is traditionally a food for worshipping shaman gods. Eat separately after the ceremony. Manchus in Northeast China cooked a famous stew "Cauldron Meat" [Reference 190]. There's another way to eat in the barracks of Beijing Bannekers called "White cook the meat". They boiled pork in boiled water, then sliced it and dipped it in soy sauce. The remaining pieces can be cut into minced meat and boiled rice, which is called "boiled rice with white meat" [reference 19 1]. Pig blood can also be mixed with seasonings and poured into the intestines to make "white meat and blood sausage", which can be eaten with another traditional dish-stewed sauerkraut [reference 192]. Venison is also one of the traditional Manchu dishes, which can be stewed and roasted. Manchu people in the suburbs of Beijing have the habit of eating roasted venison on the Double Ninth Festival [reference 193]. Manchu people also have hot pot, which was developed by the picnic method commonly used by Manchu ancestors [reference 192].

Like other northern nationalities, Manchu people also like drinking. At first, it was not only for entertainment, but also related to the cold in the north. Wine can play a certain role in keeping out the cold [reference 193]. Manchu people traditionally drink yellow wine and soju [reference 194].

Civilian residence

Soren pole of Shengjing Forbidden City

Manchu traditional houses are generally built in the sun, mostly with grass roofs and square chimneys with Manchu characteristics on one side. Generally speaking, there are two ways to build fences: earth buildings and mud piles. Indoor three-sided kang, such as "moo" shape [reference 195]. Manchu customs are more expensive in the west than in the south. Manchu families are used to offering sacrifices to gods, heroes and their genealogy in the Western Wall, so Xikang is also called "the health of Buddha". During the visit, guests should not sit on Xikang, nor should they casually put sundries on it. If they violate it, it will be regarded as disrespect for their ancestors [reference 196]. The house is divided into three rooms: the upper room, the lower room and the hall. The door is in the middle, with three windows on each side. There are screen walls and Soren poles in the yard, and some people have flower beds and octagonal pavilions. There is Ma Shangshi and others in front of the courtyard [reference 196].

Etiquette and custom

Manchu is a nation that pays great attention to etiquette, and there are many manners. When a man salutes, whoever wears an arrow suit first puts on a horseshoe sleeve robe, hangs the sleeve head down, slightly moves his left foot forward, bends his right leg, slightly lowers his head, and then gradually gets up. In addition to the elders at home, other relatives and friends need to bow half in return, and the same should be done by their peers [reference 197]. In addition to the greeting ceremony, there are kowtows. Manchu pays great attention to salute, with the ancestor kneeling three times and knocking nine times, and the parents kneeling three times [reference 198]. Every new year, the younger generation kowtows four times, while the older generation sits and suffers. When you hit the third one, your elders will say some words of blessing, or you won't dare to get up [reference 199]. Women kowtowed three times with hail ceremony, hands leg press; Or kowtow three times with leg press's hands, then kneel down, nod your forehead with your hands and stroke your temples [reference 198]. Manchu people have great respect for their elders. On weekdays, they always want to greet their elders day and night. If they are not allowed to sit, they will not dare to sit, unless they are ordered to retreat. When the guests come, the younger generation in the family should personally receive the guests and do odd jobs. Older people in Lu Yu have to make way for them, and they can't leave until they pass [see 200]. In addition to greeting each other, peers will also hold hands or shoulders. These courtesies are still very common in Manchu inhabited areas [reference 198]. In addition, Manchu also respects dogs, crows and magpies, and does not kill dogs, eat dog meat or use any dog skin products. There is a Soren pole in front of the house, and there is ground meat in the iron bucket above the pole, which is used to feed crows and magpies [reference 198].

marriage customs

/kloc-Manchu brides at the end of 0/9 century

The traditional marriage custom of Manchu is monogamy, while the upper class has always had the habit of polygamy [see 20 1]. After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, polygamy gradually became the patriarchal clan system of the Han nationality [see 202]. Manchu people pay attention to family status, but they don't care about wealth [see 203], and they rarely mention their stomachs when they get married [see 204]. In the early days, there were predatory marriage, sister marriage, inheritance marriage and other marriage customs of northern nationalities [Reference 205]. Since the reign of Tiancong, inheritance marriage was gradually banned [Ref. 206], but sister marriage continued until the late Qing Dynasty [Ref. 207]. In addition, Manchu, like Han nationality, insisted on not marrying with the same surname [see 208]. Early women also had the custom of martyrdom, and after entering the customs, influenced by Chinese culture, it gradually became a memorial service [see 209]. Before entering the customs, the status of women was almost equal to that of men [see 2 10]. After entering the customs, due to the influence of Han ethics, their status has declined, but they are still far higher than Han women. Manchu women don't feel attached to men, and always have greater right to speak in family life [reference 2 1 1][ reference 2 10]. Although there was a saying in Qing Dynasty that "Han Qi would not marry", the intermarriage between the Eight Banners stationed in the garrison and the local Han nationality was still very frequent. In fact, from the beginning of Kangxi, the Qing court allowed the flag-bearer to marry a commoner, mainly prohibiting the Manchu flag-bearer from marrying a commoner; However, after the Qianlong dynasty, the marriage between the flag bearer of the Han army and the Han people has always taken a laissez-faire attitude [see 2 12]. Manchu marriage customs in different regions are slightly different. The marriage steps of Manchu people in Qi Jing are usually divided into discussing marriage, looking at each other, labeling, shelving, dowry, wedding, getting started, paying homage to the bride, dividing the size, entering the bridal chamber, drinking, returning to the door, and living in the moon [reference 2 13]. The steps of Manchus in Northeast China are asking names, making small decisions, inviting parties, collecting lottery tickets, opening scissors, giving dowry, welcoming relatives, loading cigarettes and returning to the door [Reference 2 14].

Sports entertainment

Equestrian and archery

Ganlongdi riding and shooting map

Manchu is good at riding and shooting (Manchu:, Mulinde: Nyamnyan). Huang taiji once said, "The martial arts of our country emphasize riding and shooting first." [Reference. 2 15][ reference. 2 16] before entering the customs, even teenagers can "chase after" with bows and arrows [Ref. 2 10]. During the reign of Huang Taiji, riding and shooting was promoted to the important position of national policy and family law [reference 2 17], and was listed as "Manchu" together with Manchu, which was the top priority of emperors in previous dynasties. Even after the Qing dynasty entered the customs, there was still no slack [see 2 18]. Every spring and autumn, the Eight Banners held school shooting as usual. Not only ordinary children, but also officials of the Eight Banners set up shooting ranges at home to practice. Princes and nobles are stricter. They need to practice riding and shooting since childhood, and their poor level even affects the inheritance of titles [see 2 19]. In the early Qing Dynasty, the standard of standard bearers was very high. The bow uses eight forces, the arrow is three feet long and the arrow is five inches long, which is called "armor piercing cone". It will go through the middle, and there is room for two people to connect [see 220].

Since the mid-Qing Dynasty, archery has gradually changed from martial arts to entertainment, and has become a game of shooting scorpions, shooting cloth targets and shoot silk. The most difficult thing is to hang incense at dusk and aim at the air, all by skill [reference 22 1]. Gambling was prohibited by law in Qing Dynasty, but there were no restrictions on flag-bearers' archery and gambling. Some flag-bearers write the words "step by step, waiting for education" at their doorsteps, which means betting on arrows [see 22 1]. After the Qianlong dynasty, the riding and shooting level of the children of the Eight Banners gradually declined, but the rulers still advocated it [see 220]. The Qing Dynasty was proficient in equestrian until Emperor Xianfeng, and together with Emperor Zhi, they hunted in Nanyuan [see 220]. Hunting is a means for the Qing emperors to maintain the old customs of riding and shooting, and the most representative one is "Mulan seeking the virtuous", which is not only a test and experience for the Qing emperors to participate in the activities of Mongolian ministries, but also for the soldiers of the Eight Banners to ride and shoot. Today, riding and archery, as a tradition, is still well-known among Manchu people [Ref. 222][ Ref. 223], and there are also many traditional archery enthusiasts from other countries [Ref. 224].

Buku

Main items: Buku

Manchu wrestler zuanbuku

Buku (Manchu:, Mulinde: Buku), that is, Manchu wrestling [Reference 225], is the most important fighting skill of Manchu [Reference 226]. In the Qing dynasty, the imperial court set up a "good rescue camp" to select 200 outstanding Lux, which were divided into first-class, second-class and third-class according to their grades. Historically, there has been a saying that Emperor Kangxi captured Ao Bai with cloth soldiers [see 227]. Buku's Manchu originally meant "wrestler" or "Hercules", which originated from Mongolian "Bok" (б? х) [Reference 228]. According to the documents of Qing Dynasty, there are other nicknames, such as Bucang Opera, Bucang Opera, Bucang Performance, Shuttlecock Kicking, Jiaojiao, Sumo and Wrestling [see 228]. Although Buku fought with his bare hands, the key to his skill lies in his foot strength, so his foot strength plays a decisive role in winning or losing the game [see 225].

The history of Manchu wrestling can be traced back to Nuzhen's "Li Bai Su Shi", which is the inheritance of Qidan culture. This sport is not much different from Mongolian wrestling-Bok [see 229]. During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the Nuzhen people living in the northeast of China were widely influenced by Mongolian culture, and Bok (Buku) was one of them [see 230]. In the late Jin Dynasty, the rulers strongly advocated the performance library for the purpose of training soldiers [see 23 1]. Every year, the emperors of the Qing Dynasty competed with Mongolian ministries in front of the tall buildings in chengde mountain resort or Yuanmingyuan. After the Republic of China, Buku's tricks were integrated into Chinese wrestling and became its most important part [see 232]. Among them, the "Beijing School" completely followed the treasure sharing technique of the Qing Dynasty [see 233].

falcon

Manchu people from fishing and hunting nationalities have always been good at eagle play [see 234]. Among them, the eagle species used is Haidongqing (Manchu:? , Mulinder: Ongkoro) expensive [Reference 235]. Haidongqing's hunting ability is very strong, comparable to that of ordinary harriers [see 235]. In the Qing Dynasty, a Haidong Qing presented to the imperial court could be exchanged for 30 taels of silver, plus 10 taels of silver and 20 pieces of woolen cloth [see 235]. At that time, Ningguta area was famous for its abundance of falcons, and there were falconers specializing in falconry and training, which became one of the bases for the Qing Dynasty to contribute eagles and harriers to the court [see 234]. The Ministry of the Interior in Beijing has also set up an eagle harrier team, which is responsible for collection and training. Every autumn, the emperor and princes and ministers take a walk around Nanyuan, Beiyuan or Xiyuan, and the leader who keeps eagle harriers travels with eagle hands [see 236]. Manchu people in Beijing Banner also play eagles, and generally play games such as "hunting" and "racing", which is more entertaining than training eagle hunting in Northeast Manchu [see 236]. Noble children are even more particular. Unless they are good breeds, they don't play and don't want to buy adult eagles from the bird market. They usually catch their own eagles in the suburbs and domesticate them from scratch, which is very interesting [see 236]. Until today, the tradition of Manchu eagle training has been well preserved in some areas [see 237].

Bingxi

The skating camp performs skating and shooting in Taiye Pool.

C (Manchu:

, Mulinde: Nisul Effen) is one of the traditional sports and entertainment activities of Manchu, which was very popular during the period outside the customs, so Emperor Qianlong called it "national custom" [see 238]. Every winter, skating is one of the important activities of the royal family. The Qing court specially set up the Eight Banners Skating Camp in Jianrui Camp to perform on the ice [see 238]. Its history can be traced back to the late Jin Dynasty, and its original purpose was to train "special forces" who have been good at ice combat [see 238]. Its establishment is 65,438+0,600 people. During the Jiaqing period, this unit was transferred to Jingjie Camp and its establishment was reduced to 500 [see 238]. During the Republic of China, an old man named Wu Tongxuan was a famous skater in Beijing at that time. He was born in Wu Ya, Manchuria, and was once a member of the skateboarding place used by Empress Dowager Cixi [see 239]. By the middle and late 1940s, Wu Tongxuan, who was over 70 years old, still appeared in skating rinks all over Beijing [see 239]. There are many excellent skaters in contemporary sports, such as Zhao Hongbo and Tong Jian, the world champion of figure skating.

other

Besides falcons, Manchu people also like to keep other birds, especially Manchu people in Qi Jing. In the Qing Dynasty, Manchu people in Qi Jing were very particular about keeping birds. If you look at literary talent, you will raise red and green parrots, tiger skin Ying Ge, hibiscus, upside down, jasper and pearls. If you listen to the cry, choose thrush, lark, scarlet letter, black character, small yellow bird and so on. There are also some who specialize in appreciating various skills, such as phoenix tree and cross mouth; In addition, there are pigeon breeders [see 240]. Cricket fighting is also one of the popular recreational activities of Beijing flag bearer. During the Qing Dynasty, every summer and autumn, people from princes and nobles to ordinary children enjoyed it [see 24 1]. There is also a game called "abduction", which is called "Gasha" in Manchu (Manchu:? , Mulinde: gacuha )[ Ref .242], which is called "Galaha" by Manchus in Northeast China, which means "patella" in Manchu. Horse bones are the main crutches used by Beijing Banners [Ref. 242], and pig bones are the main crutches in Northeast China [Ref. 243]. Before the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, some people used it to gamble, so it was also called "Bo Opera" [see 243]. Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty ordered the children of the Eight Banners to shoot with horns, feathers and arrows, while the young ones shot with wooden bows and arrows. Those who are good at playing games and loitering in the market should be arrested and punished [see 244]. After that, Kashha gradually developed into a game between women and children. Until today, in some areas of northeast China, it is still loved by the local people of all ethnic groups [see 245]. Manchu also has some traditional ball games. For example, the Manchu in the military camp in the suburbs of Beijing played a kind of stone ball [Reference 242], and the Manchu in the northeast played a ball made of bear skin or pig skin and filled with soft objects, which was called "kicking shuttlecock" [Reference 246]. This sport is usually played on land, and ice players also take part in it, which is called "Cuju on the ice" [Reference 246][ Reference] In addition, there are some children's entertainment games in Manchu, such as Happy Valley [see 248].

literature

Nalanxingde lane

The literary works of Manchu are mainly fairy tales, such as Tiangong War, Nuzhen Ding Shui, Changbai Fairy and Biography of Nishan Shaman [see 249]. Among them, the most influential is the biography of Nishan Shaman. It tells the story that the Nishan shaman helped to save the son of a foreign teacher who died unexpectedly, which is widely spread in other ethnic groups except Manchu, such as Xibe, Hezhe, Ewenki and Oroqen [see 250]. The biography of Nishan Shaman includes Qiqihar edition, two different Aihui editions, and Vladivostok edition created by Manchu Dekedeng. The contents of these four editions are basically the same, among which Vladivostok edition is the most widely circulated and has been translated into many languages for publication [250].

In the Qing Dynasty, the Eight Banners literature was once prosperous. Yuan Mei, a poet, lamented that "Manchuria is elegant recently, far better than the Han people. Although in the army, you can't write poetry. " [Reference 25 1] As a result, many Chinese literary works were born. Take the ci collection of Nalan Xingde, Gu Taiqing's Poem Collection of God Blessed Pavilion, Tie Bao's Poem Collection of Eight Banners and Wenkang's novel Biography of Heroes of Children as typical representatives.

quyi

Manchu is closely related to Quyi, especially the children of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty. There are many Manchu figures in Quyi today. Traditionally, the popular folk arts of Manchu people are Peking Opera, Zishushu, octagonal drum and cross talk. Among them, octagonal drum and Zishu calligraphy are Manchu folk arts, and Peking Opera and crosstalk are closely related to Manchu in the development process.

Beijing opera

Master Cheng of Manchu Peking Opera (right) and Master Mei Lanfang.

Peking Opera is regarded as the quintessence of China. It combined the characteristics of other traditional operas, such as Hui Opera, and gradually formed an independent form of Quyi in the Qing Dynasty. At that time, from the emperor to the ordinary flag bearer, they all had a special liking for listening to Beijing opera [see 252]. In the early days, it was mainly popular in the court, and there were different plays according to different occasions, such as the promise of the moon [Note 24], the elegant performance of Fa Gong [Note 25], the celebration of the 99th anniversary [Note 26], the promotion of goodness and golden branches [Note 27], the treasure ship of Shengping [Note 28], the Spring and Autumn Period of Shi Ding [Note 29], loyalty and righteousness [Note 30] and so on. Since Jia Dao's rule, the folk box office of Beijing Banner has gradually emerged [see 253]. Famous box offices include Romantic Self-Appreciation Box Office, Happy Box Office in Cuifeng Temple, Happy Self-Appreciation Box Office, Wandering Box Office, and Elegant Box Office [see 254]. The fans are basically the children of the imperial clan and the Beijing flag, and there are many famous actors in the Republic of China in the future [Note 3 1].

However, in order to prevent the children of the Eight Banners from indulging in opera, the court banned the opening of opera gardens in the inner city, and even prohibited the flag bearers from singing on stage and "interacting with the actors" [see 255]. But this still can't stop the children of the Eight Banners from loving opera. In the 11th year of Jiaqing (1806), it was reported by Manchu Imperial censors and Shuncha that some children of Beijing Banner performed on the stage. As a result, when I tracked it down afterwards, I found that Heshun himself often went to the opera illegally. As a last resort, Heshun fabricated a reason for "unannounced visit", which was discovered by Emperor Jiaqing and dismissed from office [see 256]. During the Daoguang period, there were more violations of the rules in playing and acting, and the title was getting higher and higher. Baylor Yiqi, Shengjing General Yi Hao, Miankai, Yan Wang, Zhen Guogong Mianshun, Zhapu Deputy Ambassador Du Tongjue Luo, Deputy Ambassador Du Tongchang Ming, Yuan Langzhong Bao Ju, and Deputy Ambassador Da Chong A went to the temple to listen to music on private business. Later, the flag-bearer spontaneously organized a "box office" and became addicted to singing with other flag-bearer fans [see 259]. Since the box office is not an official performance, it is not prohibited [see 254]. After the Republic of China, there were many famous Manchu figures in the pear garden because there were no more laws to restrain Manchu from performing on stage.

There is a kind of "Qizhuang Opera" in Beijing Opera [reference number 26 1] (also known as Manchu Opera [reference number 262]), in which actors dressed in Manchu costumes play the roles of Liao and Jin. Xiao Taihou, Princess Tiejing and Princess Dai Zhan in Shiro Visiting Mother, Yanmenguan, Driving Three Passes and Yinkong Mountain are all dressed in Manchu women's costumes. Some Manchu lines, such as "Batulu" and "Erniang", are also used in flag-hanging Peking Opera to illustrate the identity of the role of Fanbang [see 26 1]. In addition, the Manchu people in the Qing Dynasty, especially in the barracks, admired Yue Fei and called him "Master Yue". Like the Han people, they are used to listening to the drama of the Song-Jin War, with Song in front and Jin behind [see 263].

Octagonal drum and disciple's book

Main items: octagonal drum and disciple's book.

Octagonal drum performance photos

Octagonal drum is the primitive folk art of Manchu. It is said that it was a performing art form for the military camp to entertain itself on the way to Jinchuan's triumph during the Qianlong period [see 264]. Originated from the Eight Banners Little snare drum, the drum body is octagonal, framed by wood, covered with python skin on one side, surrounded by bells, with silk ears at the lower end, and has four colors of yellow, white, red and blue, symbolizing the four colors of the Eight Banners [Reference 264][ Reference 265]. When playing, tap the drum surface with your fingers and make a sound, while shaking the drum body or rubbing the drum surface with your fingers to make a bell. Generally, the octagonal drum is played by three people, one is responsible for drumming and playing black boy, the other is responsible for entertaining, and there is also a lead singer [264]. The whole museum has solo performances and octagonal drums, which are widely loved by the children of the Eight Banners in the Qing Dynasty. After the Republic of China, the octagonal drum gradually declined, but the folk arts such as playing strings and cross talk derived from it are still widely loved by the public. Playing the strings is a variant of the three-person starring mode of the octagonal drum, which has two forms of performance: playing and singing and singer accompaniment [see 266]. Crosstalk, on the other hand, is an independent genre split from the whole octagonal drum [see 267]. Many immortals and crosstalk artists are octagonal drum artists.

The main songbook of octagonal drum is Zishu book. It originated from a traditional ditty called "Manchu Tune" [Reference 268], and was re-created and developed by the children of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty, so it was named "Yin Qing Zidishu" [Reference 269]. Although Zidishu is not the original art of the Han people, it combines many China cultural themes [see 270]. The content is mainly based on the allusions in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Dream of Red Mansions, Romance of the West Chamber, Legend of the White Snake and Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio [see 270]. In addition, there are some works that show the lives of the children of the Eight Banners, represented by Geng Yi, the imperial clan whose pen name is He Lv [see 27 1], and his works, Old Guards' Sigh, Little Guards' Sigh and Women Guards' Sigh, are examples of such themes [see 27 1]. Zi Dishu's program is rich in content, with more than seven words and one sentence. Singing can be divided into Dongcheng and Xicheng tunes (also known as East and West tunes) [see 272]. They interact with drums, but the rhythm is always unique [see 270].

crosstalk

Song Dongxi, Manchu singer, inheritor of Houlle.

Crosstalk is across the octagonal drum in the whole hall [ref. [267][ References. 273], mainly talking about "speaking, learning, teasing and singing", with stand-up crosstalk, mouth-to-mouth crosstalk and group crosstalk performances. Crosstalk is particularly popular among Manchu people, because it combines Manchu folk arts such as octagonal drum and Zidishu. There are many Manchu masters in the phonograph field, including A, En Xu, Yu, Guo Qiru, Chang, Hou, Wang Fengshan, Hou Wenyao, Wang Ping, Yu Qian [274] and Xu Deliang.

other

In addition to octagonal drums and regular script, Manchu also has the spoken language art "Houlle Ben" (Manchu:, Mulinde: Wulaben) popular in Northeast China [see 275]. There are two main genres. One is the folk literature and legends widely hidden among Manchu people, such as the biography of Nishan Shaman; Second, ballads and proverbs and the art of long stories with independent plots, complete structural systems and ambiguous contents [see 275]. In terms of dance, there is Manchu Yangko [Reference 276], which is still loved by people of all ethnic groups in Northeast China.

Religious belief

Manchu's religious beliefs are diversified. At first, Manchu and its predecessors were basically Shamanism. After the Qing Dynasty came into contact with the culture of the Central Plains, Manchu people were most influenced by the folk beliefs of the Central Plains, except for some shamanism customs. Buddhism and Christianity also have their own influences. Contemporary Manchu people are mainly non-religious people [see 4].

Yellow Sect

Main projects: Shamanism

Shamanism in Manchu has a long history and has a great influence on Manchu. After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, Manchu people generally accepted the folk beliefs of the Central Plains, but still retained many shamanism customs. It is mainly embodied in soul belief, soul calling, soul chasing, totem worship, nightmare belief and deification of good people [see 277]. Because the rulers of the Qing Dynasty regarded religion as a means to win over other forces, they did not give preferential treatment to their own religious shamanism [see 278]. There is no place to worship shamans in Beijing except the Kunning Palace and the Tangzi in the Qing Dynasty [see 278]. Therefore, there has always been a legend in the northeast that shamans fight with lamas and the emperor helps lamas persecute shamans. These are all manifestations of shaman's dissatisfaction with the national emperor [see 278].

Buddhism

Because Nuzhen was influenced by Bohai Sea, Korea, Liao Dynasty and Song Dynasty in the Jin Dynasty, Buddhism spread [see 279], so Manchu was no stranger to Buddhism. The emperor of the Qing Dynasty always had the title of "Buddha", and Tibetan Buddhism also regarded him as the incarnation of Manjusri Bodhisattva [see 280]. Both Nurhachi and Huang Taiji have frequent contacts with the Gelug Sect of Tibetan Buddhism [see 28 1][ see 282]. Subsequent emperors all had high attainments in Buddhism, especially the four emperors who worked in Kang Yong [see 279]. However, Buddhism is mainly a means for the upper class of the Qing Dynasty to win over the Mongolian and Tibetan nobles, which has little to do with the beliefs of ordinary Manchu people [see 278].

Folk belief

Guanyu statue

He was the "lord protector" of the Qing Dynasty.

After the Qing soldiers entered the customs, the ordinary Manchu people were most influenced by the folk beliefs of the Han nationality in the Central Plains [see 278]. The gods worshipped by Manchu people are basically the same as those worshipped by Han people except those at home [see 278], especially the worship of Guandi. In the Qing Dynasty, Manchu people regarded Guan Di as "the god of protecting the country" and always called him "Guan" (Manchu, translated as Guan Grandpa) or "Guan Laoye", but they dared not call him by his first name, and his respect was beyond words [see 278]. Even Guan Ping and Zhou Cang around Guan Di are regarded as your masters. As for Taoist gods such as Jade Emperor, Three Views, Lv Zu and Tianhou, Manchu people also believe in them. Manchu people also worship the god of wealth, but they worship more than one god of wealth. There are red robes and gauze hats in Ming dynasty, feather robes in Qing dynasty, and the god of wealth similar to fox spirits [see 283]. Manchu also worships the Kitchen God, who usually has his wife "Grandma Kitchen God" next to him. Legend has it that the Kitchen God attends a meeting in Heaven on the 23rd night of the twelfth lunar month every year, and reports to the Jade Emperor about the family situation in the past year, mainly telling his own sins. Therefore, Manchu families in the Qing Dynasty also burned incense and offered Guandong sugar on this day, which was called sending the kitchen god, and told the kitchen god to "say more good things and say less bad things" [see 284]. In addition, Manchu also believes in the Han gods such as Guanyin in white, the god of Changbai Mountain, male prostitutes, Aunt Mao and other customs of Mongolian and Tibetan gods [see 285].

Christianity

Manchu also has Christians. As early as the reign of Gan Yong in the Qing Dynasty, the imperial clan prince and the strong Depei were baptized as Catholics, and the holy name "Yue Se" and his Fujin were baptized together, and the holy name was "Maria" [see 286]. Meanwhile, several sons of Dolobel Sunu are devout Catholics [Reference 286][ Reference 287]. During the Jiaqing period, there were also flag bearers Tong Hengshan, Tong Lan and others who were devout [see 286]. The famous Manchu Christians in modern times include Lianzhi Ying, Lao She and Fu Jingbo.

traditional festival

Many traditional festivals of Manchu nationality are derived from the customs of Han nationality, such as Spring Festival and Dragon Boat Festival [reference 189]. Some are inherent in Manchu culture, such as Tianzang Festival, No Food Day and Golden Festival (Manchu:

, Mulinder: Ban Jin Ingrid), etc. The 20th day of the first month of the lunar calendar is Tim Cang Festival every year. On this day, Manchus in the northeast pay attention to cooking sticky sorghum rice and put it in the warehouse. They weave a pony out of a straw stick and put it in a rice bowl, which means that the horse takes food home and has plenty of food and clothing. Add new rice on the first day and add it three times in a row. Some people also use sorghum stalks to make two hoes and put them in their rice. This custom still exists in the countryside of northeast China [reference 189]. Every year, the 26th day of the eighth lunar month is no food day. Legend has it that Nurhachi was caught in a crisis of food shortage during a military operation. People in nearby villages came to support him after hearing the news. Because there was no tableware on the battlefield, they wrapped it in perilla leaves. Later, the army won the battle. In order to remind future generations of the hardships of starting a business, this day was designated as "No Food Day". On this day, Manchu people have the custom of eating Bao rice [reference 189]. The Golden Festival is the birth day of Manchu, which falls on October 13th of the lunar calendar every year [reference 12]. /kloc-On this day in 0/635, Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty issued an imperial edict, officially changing the clan name "Shen Zhu" to "Manchuria".