Beijing Shougang is moving. Where will it move? What will happen in the future? Please analyze and elaborate! thank you

Caofeidian, originally a small island in Bohai Bay that has been silent for thousands of years, covers an area of less than 4 square kilometers at high tide. At present, a large-scale steel project attracting worldwide attention is under way.

On the morning of April 7, the reporter of Outlook Newsweek drove here. In the strong sea breeze, cutter suction ships are rolling on the sea surface, engineering vehicles are shuttling back and forth, oil terminals are piling, and huge ships carrying hundreds of thousands of tons of iron ore are entering the port. ...

On the GPS satellite navigation system of the interview car, it is very accurate to show that we are now driving at sea level. A year ago, the land under the reporter's feet was still the sea of Wang Yang, and the electronic map obviously had not had time to adjust.

A 3 10 square kilometer industrial zone is coming out. A modern city with four pillars of "big port, big steel, big chemical industry and big electric energy" is rising rapidly here. Among them, "Big Steel" means to build a large-scale modern steel joint enterprise with an annual output of10 million tons of fine plates, sustainable development and international competitiveness.

The predecessor of this steel joint venture is Beijing Shougang. In Caofeidian, Hebei Province, this steel joint venture has a new name: Jingtang Iron and Steel United Co., Ltd. Its asset group is: Shougang Holdings 5 1%, and Tangshan Steel holds 49%.

In February, 2005, the National Development and Reform Commission officially approved Shougang's relocation plan, and agreed that Shougang would implement production reduction, relocation, structural adjustment and environmental management, and build a new Shougang in Caofeidian, Tangshan, Hebei. Shougang will move on 20 10.

The National Development and Reform Commission's reply on Shougang's relocation said: "For Shougang's new Caofeidian plant in Tangshan, Hebei Province, it is required to build an internationally advanced steel joint venture in accordance with the concept of circular economy and the reality of Shougang's relocation and Tangshan's steel industry. Through the relocation of Shougang, it is necessary to speed up the pace of structural adjustment of the steel industry in Hebei Province. "

The Beijing Municipal Planning Commission, which is specifically responsible for the reconstruction planning of Shougang Industrial Zone, revealed in an exclusive interview with Outlook News Weekly. After the relocation of Shougang, the functions of the former site of the industrial zone have been initially positioned as "comprehensive service center in the western part of the city" and "post-industrial cultural and creative industrial zone".

Since then, with the decline of Shougang's production capacity and the acceleration of the construction of "new Shougang", Shougang is making the final "curtain call performance" in Beijing.

The relocation of Shougang and the construction of new Shougang provide the best incision and perspective for the special investigation of "heavy industry fading out of metropolis" in Outlook News Weekly. With the rapid development of economy and the rapid expansion of cities, what function should our big cities occupy the commanding heights in the new round of international competition and become the home where people live in harmony with the environment?

Shougang or the capital?

The construction and relocation of Shougang has influenced several generations of central decision makers and ordinary people.

Shougang was founded in 19 19, only 20km away from Tiananmen Square in the center of Beijing. After the founding of New China, the central decision-makers think that Beijing should undertake more production functions, and Shougang will usher in a period of rapid development in order to build itself into the "economic center" of the country.

From 1980s to 1990s, Shougang's output soared from 1 10,000 tons to 8 million tons, ranking first among all steel enterprises in China. With the rapid expansion of production scale, the air pollution is becoming more and more serious. In the worst period in the early 1990s, within 86 square kilometers of Shijingshan District, Shougang's dust emission averaged 34 tons per square kilometer per year.

In fact, as early as 1986, when Shougang's output was only10.5 million tons, some experts warned that Shougang was going to move, or the capital was going to move. At the end of 1990s, there was a discussion about whether Shougang should move its capital, followed by a long argumentation process.

194 Shougang steel output reached 8.23 million tons, and the dust fall in the factory area also reached 29 times that in the urban area. People began to pay attention to this contradiction, and some people suggested that Shougang be moved out of Beijing.

During the period of 1995, Shougang announced that it would limit its steel production to about 8 million tons, and shut down special steel companies with annual profits of more than 1 100 million yuan and some heavily polluting enterprises built in urban areas. Since then, Shougang has spent 30% of its production profits every year to control pollution.

During the period of 1999, Shougang made a decision to reduce production by 800,000 tons again, and shifted its development focus to high-tech industries through high-tech transformation. The environmental quality of Shougang has obviously improved. By 200 1, Shougang has further reduced pollution by improving production technology and strengthening environmental protection. In 2002, Shougang's investment in environmental protection reached 246.5438 million yuan, almost equivalent to 50% of Shougang's profit that year.

In July of 20001year, Beijing won the bid for the Olympic Games, and the decision-makers finally made up their minds to move Shougang out of the capital.

The relocation was finalized and Shougang responded positively. Zhu Jimin, chairman of Shougang, told this reporter: "Since 2002, we have organized a large number of experts, including more than a dozen academicians of China Academy of Engineering, to systematically demonstrate how Shougang carries out structural adjustment and relocation, with a view to exploring a new model for the relocation and transformation of large industrial enterprises."

Multi-interest game

The complex mentality of Shougang, a large industrial enterprise, which is hard to give up, is undoubtedly an important factor for the local government to consider, except for the feelings accumulated over the past decades.

In 2004, before Shougang cut production, the group paid 2.8 billion yuan in taxes and realized sales income of 665.438+0.9 billion yuan. Shougang's sales revenue contribution accounts for more than one tenth of Beijing's industrial sales revenue above designated size.

"The relocation of Shougang will indeed have a greater impact on Beijing's economy." Wang Qinghai, general manager of Shougang, said: "In recent years, Shougang's steel industry has provided Beijing with industrial added value of more than 8 billion yuan every year. The tax paid by Shougang accounts for 1/20 of Beijing's fiscal revenue. After the relocation, this part of industrial added value and local fiscal revenue will be transferred to Hebei. Other Shougang industries, retired employees, and retired employees leaving Beijing all need to spend some manpower and material resources to solve them. "

Behind the relocation of giant enterprises is the huge interests of local governments. In 2003, Shougang's 2,000,000-ton steel joint project was settled in Qian 'an, Hebei. According to the principle of "territorial tax payment", the tax revenue generated by Shougang1100,000 tons steel joint project alone will reach 71100,000 yuan, which is 50 million yuan more than the fiscal revenue of Qian 'an in 2003, which can be described as "rebuilding Qian 'an".

Since then, in Funing County, Qinhuangdao, the first phase of Shougang's "Qinban" project is expected to have a tax revenue of over 500 million yuan. In 2003, the fiscal revenue of Funing County was 355.39 million yuan. This is equivalent to creating another "one and a half Funing".

"Shougang's iron and steel related industries moved to Caofeidian as a whole, which is equivalent to creating another Tangshan." Talking about Tangshan Shougang, the relevant person in charge of Tangshan City was very excited. "Shougang's new plant will start trial operation in early 2008. The first phase has an annual output of 8 million tons of fine steel, and the annual industrial added value can reach 20-30 billion yuan. Coupled with the promotion of related industries, compared with the current economic aggregate of Tangshan, it is tantamount to recreating a Tangshan. "

However, when interviewed by this reporter, we constantly heard comments from relevant officials. It is impossible for all the local taxes after Shougang's relocation to be given to Hebei Province. Zhao Yong, secretary of Tangshan Municipal Party Committee, made it clear to reporters that all industries transferred from Beijing and Tianjin to Tangshan can be "shared" according to a certain proportion, and GDP can all belong to the original territory. The leaders in the hinterland of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei who are eager for development hope to encourage heavy chemical industry to move out of big cities in this way.

However, tax experts pointed out that Jingtang Iron and Steel Company is a joint-stock enterprise established by Shougang and Tangshan Iron and Steel Co., Ltd., and it should definitely implement the principle of "territorial tax payment", that is, pay income tax at the place where the enterprise is located.

"Shougang occupies our minerals, pollutes our environment and consumes our water resources. It can't be unrelated to the local government. It must take care of the local government in taxation. " An official of the Hebei Provincial Development and Reform Commission said. For Tangshan, mining and smelting will inevitably increase local pollution and environmental burden. If the tax is turned over to the local authorities, it will also provide an economic basis for environmental governance.

Beijing's attitude towards the ownership of local tax in Caofeidian New Steel Plant is very clear. On March 7, 2005, Beijing held a special meeting on the relocation of Shougang. Liu Qi, secretary of the Municipal Party Committee, and Wang Qishan, mayor, made it clear at the meeting that Beijing will correctly treat and deal with Shougang's relocation from the perspective of the overall situation of the country, Beijing's future and the development of the Bohai Economic Circle.

However, the Ministry of Finance and State Taxation Administration of The People's Republic of China have been slow to give the outside world an open statement on how to distribute tax revenue.

Interestingly, in order to make up for Beijing's "loss", the relocation plan of Shougang approved by the State Council left a foreshadowing: "Building a 6,543,800+5,000-ton cold-rolled plate project in Shunyi". Shougang's 65,438+500,000-ton cold-rolled plate project is located in Liqiao Town, Shunyi District, Beijing, with a total planned area of 733,700 square meters. The total investment of the project is expected to be 6.4 billion yuan, and the annual sales income is expected to be 7 billion yuan (excluding tax). It is planned to be completed and put into operation before the end of 2007. The designed annual output of the project is 6.5438+500,000 tons of cold-rolled plates, and the products are mainly used in automobile, construction, household appliances and other industries.

Beijing builds a "soft industry"

Zhang Xiaode, a professor at the National School of Administration, said in an interview with Outlook News Weekly that with the "hard industries" such as steel and chemicals moving out of Beijing, Beijing will "replace" the huge space for developing other industries. In fact, in recent years, with the optimization and adjustment of industrial structure, the "soft industry" represented by producer services and cultural creativity in Beijing is rising rapidly.

After the founding of New China, the road of Beijing's development is actually the road of an industrialized city, and it is also the road of an industrialized city with heavy chemical industry as the mainstay.

Statistics at the end of last century show that the labor force engaged in industrial production in Beijing accounts for more than 40% of the total labor force, much higher than that in Shanghai and Tianjin. In the output structure of industrial production in Beijing, heavy chemical industry accounts for 62% and light industry accounts for 38%. According to national statistics, there are 164 industrial categories, and there are 147 in Beijing, accounting for more than 90%. Beijing has its own system in all industrial fields. Moreover, in the process of industrialization, the pursuit is big and complete, small and complete.

Since the founding of New China, the development history of Beijing's industrial layout can be roughly divided into three stages: the first stage, from the early days of the founding of the People's Republic to the end of 1950s. Initially formed a cotton textile zone in the eastern suburb, an electronic industrial zone in the northeastern suburb, a mechanized work area in the southeastern suburb and a metallurgical machinery heavy industrial zone in the western suburb. The above-mentioned industrial zone was located outside the urban area at that time, which did not contradict the functions of the city and provided material guarantee for solving urban employment and urban construction.

In the second stage, from 1960s to 1970s, based on the planned economic system and the economic situation at that time, Beijing's industry tilted towards the basic raw material industry from the industrial structure. Although newly-built large-scale enterprises began to be laid out in the suburbs, industrial enterprises that have developed into urban areas and urban fringe still have considerable investment. Therefore, while realizing the total growth of industrial economy, the contradiction between the regional expansion of urban centers and urban functions is gradually emerging.

The third stage, from the 1980s to the present. With the continuous development of China's socialist market economy and the two adjustments of Beijing's urban planning, enterprises have been relocated and industrial science and technology parks distributed in suburban counties have been established to solve the problem of pollution disturbing the people and create an early environment for Beijing's industry to implement unified layout adjustment.

In 2000, Beijing proposed to adjust the industrial layout. It is hoped that through adjustment, an industrial layout that meets the international requirements of urban ecological environment modernization, matches the status of a famous historical and cultural city and a modern international city, and matches the economic space and environmental conditions of the capital will be established.

In Beijing's industrial layout adjustment plan, it is proposed to speed up the relocation adjustment of existing enterprises in the central city. Accelerate the relocation of 134 enterprises with a total area of 6130,000 square meters in the central city and surrounding areas. On this basis, it is planned to make all industrial enterprises within the Fourth Ring Road enter the implementation stage of relocation and transformation in three to five years.

After all the above plans are completed, plus the land occupied by enterprises that have moved out since 1985, the planned central city will replace about 8 million square meters of land, and the proportion of industrial land will be reduced to 7%, basically solving the problem of industrial enterprises polluting the masses in the planned central city. At the same time, through relocation, an industrial layout system is formed that reflects the prosperity of the central city and the strength of the suburbs, with orderly and relatively concentrated distribution and reasonable industrial structure and regional economic structure.

In 2004, Beijing revised the overall urban planning, determined the position of "national capital, world city, famous cultural city and livable city", and adjusted its industrial structure to "city internationalization, economic service, regional integration and light industrialization".

Since 2006, Beijing has established an energy consumption and water consumption bulletin system and an energy-saving monitoring and evaluation system, and has broken down the goal of reducing energy consumption per 10,000 yuan of GDP by 20% during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period to all districts, counties and key energy-consuming enterprises. Energy-saving monitoring and law enforcement inspection were carried out for 135 units with an annual comprehensive energy consumption of more than 20,000 tons of standard coal in the city, and cleaner production audit was initiated for 105 enterprises. Shougang's relocation and adjustment started, Beijing Coking Plant officially stopped production, and 27 kinds of traditional industrial products such as synthetic nitrogen, calcium carbide, sulfuric acid, oil to gas were withdrawn from production, and small cement, small glass, small paper and small steel were basically eliminated.

Stopping production or moving these "hard industries" has eliminated the "hard injury" of Beijing's urban development, and a brand-new industrial system is emerging in this increasingly international metropolis. Six high-end industrial functional zones, such as Zhongguancun Science Park, Financial Street, Beijing Economic and Technological Development Zone, Business Center, Airport Economic Zone and Olympic Center, have become the leading driving forces of the city's economic growth, accounting for nearly half of the city's industrial added value, more than 70% of the added value of the financial industry and more than half of the added value of the information service industry.

"Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei" perspective

Shougang's relocation is a landmark event of inter-regional industrial transfer in recent years. Observing this event from the perspective of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regional industrial cycle, we can find that Shougang's relocation is a necessity of industrial history.

In the new round of Beijing-Tianjin master plan approved by the State Council recently, one of the highlights that has attracted much attention is that Beijing no longer emphasizes "economic center", but defines its development goals as "national capital, international city, famous cultural city and livable city"; Tianjin, on the other hand, proposed to build "the economic center of northern China".

On the other hand, Hebei has been actively implementing the plan to undertake the gradient transfer of Beijing-Tianjin industry.

The economic development of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei has its own strengths. Beijing has advantages of knowledge economy, Tianjin has advantages of processing and manufacturing, and Hebei has advantages of heavy chemical industry and resources. The advantages of the three parties are highly complementary. Strengthening the deeper cooperation between Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei will be more conducive to the rational division of labor among the three parties, complement each other's advantages and enhance the overall competitiveness of the region.

This understanding caused a strong buzz in the three places and gained a high degree of understanding at the top. In 2004, Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei finally started a dialogue, involving the coordinated development of ecology and economy among the three parties. One of the focuses of the dialogue is industrial transfer.

Under the new urban orientation, Beijing has begun the industrial transfer represented by the relocation of Shougang, and at the same time, it has given full play to its historical and cultural advantages, focusing on developing cultural and creative industries, headquarters economy and modern high-end service industries; Tianjin has undertaken major projects such as Airbus A320 assembly line and million-ton ethylene project. Surrounding cities such as Tangshan, Baoding and Langfang are striving to build industrial transfer zones in central cities.

Zhang Xiaode, a professor at the National School of Administration, said that the government has played a very important role in resource allocation in the process of urbanization. /kloc-In the past 0/0 years, big cities in China have taken an absolute advantage in attracting investment, and "winners take all". From labor-intensive to high-tech industries, big cities occupy all industries, which are highly developed and concentrated, and small and medium-sized cities are marginalized. With the development of economy, pollution, traffic, population pressure, resource shortage and other diseases in big cities are prominent, and the managers of big cities suddenly realize that only by developing small and medium-sized cities can the pressure of cities be truly alleviated and heavy chemical industry transfer begin. From this perspective, Shougang's relocation to Caofeidian has a historical demonstration significance.

Chang Qing, deputy director of Beijing Industrial Promotion Bureau, said that Beijing will play a leading role as a central city. Deepen the economic cooperation of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan area, actively optimize the development environment, and make Beijing a gathering place for large companies, headquarters of large enterprises at home and abroad, and R&D and sales institutions to promote the coordinated development of regional economy. Establish a regional coordinating body and form an effective regional cooperation mechanism. Promote the formation of a relatively complete industrial supporting system between Beijing industry and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, and strengthen the production cooperation of key industrial chains such as automobiles, electronics and communication equipment between regions. Encourage the development of trans-regional large enterprise groups, promote the optimal allocation of resources and the complementarity of regional functional advantages, guide industrial transfer, and gradually form a new pattern of regional industries with reasonable layout, mutual promotion and coordinated development.

Shen Xiaoping, director of the Development and Reform Commission of Hebei Province, said that the relocation of Shougang brought opportunities, and Hebei Province should complete the transformation from a big steel province to a strong steel province.

But this does not mean that the relocation of Shougang is equal to the increase of pollution in Hebei Province. Shen Xiaoping said that steel is one of the leading industries in Hebei. Although Hebei's steel production accounts for about one-fifth of the country's, it is still not a strong steel province. Hebei Province will take Shougang's relocation as an opportunity to strengthen the adjustment and integration of steel enterprises, promote the development of steel industry in the direction of high-end, high-quality products and deep processing, and promote the optimization and upgrading of steel industry.

Experts told this reporter that a Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei economic region with clear industrial division of labor, complementary functions and interdependence will be more competitive in the international industry after the relocation of Shougang. In May 2006, the State Council issued the Opinions on Promoting the Development and Opening-up of Tianjin Binhai New Area. At the same time, the development plan of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan area was completed, and the "roof of the world" of China's economic growth began to appear.