How to grow Chinese cabbage and spinach

Spinach: 1. Planting is from August to September.

2. The land should be fertile, with the best acidity, water and fertilizer conservation and good irrigation and drainage conditions.

3. Soak the seeds for 12 hours every week before sowing, then put them in a well or a refrigerator for 24 hours, then put them in a temperature of 20-25 degrees Celsius to accelerate germination, and sow after 3-5 days of germination.

4. Summer spinach should be covered with a sunshade net after emergence, shading in sunny days, and uncovered early in the later stage.

5. Water the seedling stage in the morning and evening.

Cabbage: Cabbage has wide adaptability and can be cultivated in all seasons, but it is cultivated most in autumn and winter. Summer cabbage, also called hot cabbage, is easy to cultivate. This paper mainly introduces the cultivation techniques of autumn and winter cabbage.

(1) Seeding and seedling raising: Generally, Chinese cabbages are planted and transplanted in autumn and winter. Sowing can be carried out in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Huaihe River from mid-August to mid-October, and greenhouse cultivation can be postponed to165438+1October. South China can sow 65438+February from September to June. The seedbed should avoid continuous cropping and choose loam with strong water and fertilizer conservation and good drainage. After the previous harvest, it is necessary to dig deeply and thoroughly in time, remove sundries, and disinfect the soil when necessary to reduce pests and diseases. When sowing properly, sparse sowing will easily lead to excessive growth and early jointing, which will affect the quality of seedlings. Seeding amount of seedbed is per mu 1- 1 liter. Five kilos. 1 mu seedlings can plant 6-7 mu of fields. Chinese cabbage can emerge in 2-3 days after sowing. Spawning should be done in time after emergence, generally 2-3 times. The temperature is suitable, and the seedling age is generally less than 25-30 days. The seedling age is slightly longer in late autumn and spring, and relatively shorter in South China.

(2) Planting: Chinese cabbage is harvested from young plants and eaten, so most varieties are suitable for close planting, which can not only increase production, but also make the quality tender. In the year when the virus disease recurs, it is especially necessary to increase the density greatly. The specific density depends on the variety, season and cultivation purpose. Generally, the row spacing is 26 cm× 26 cm, with about 7500-8000 plants per mu. If it is 165438+1planted in late October, the row spacing is 20cm× 20cm, and it is about 13000 plants per mu. The row spacing of pickled cabbage is 33 cm× 26 cm, with about 5000-6000 plants per mu. When planting, choose pure seedlings, strong seedlings and seedlings without pests and diseases.

(3) Field management: Chinese cabbage has shallow root distribution and poor absorption capacity. Therefore, the requirements for fertilizer and water are strict, and sufficient fertilizer and water should be continuously supplied during the growing period. Forced fertilization is mainly available nitrogen fertilizer, preferably human manure or urea. Top dressing is required for 4-6 times from sowing to harvesting, and it is required for 1 time every 5-7 days from 3-4 days after sowing, and the concentration gradually increases from light to thick. 20 days after 15- planting, forced fertilization should be carried out 1 time, and topdressing should be carried out again 1 month after planting. The amount of topdressing is per mu 1 0,000-10,500 kg of human excrement and urine or 10- 15 kg of urea. Spraying 0.75% urea solution on leaves can promote the growth and color of Chinese cabbage leaves. White armpit. Fertilization should be stopped before harvest 10- 15 days to enrich tissues. Otherwise, there is too much fat and water in the later stage, and the tissue is soft, which is not suitable for pickling. Chinese cabbage irrigation is generally combined with topdressing. Before each topdressing, appropriate intertillage can be used to loosen the soil to prevent the loss of fertilizer and water.

(4) Pest control: Chinese cabbage diseases mainly include virus disease, downy mildew, white spot disease and black spot disease. The virus disease of Chinese cabbage is caused by the spread of aphids under high temperature and dry climate conditions. First of all, we should avoid repeated cropping in prevention and control, so as not to spread the virus. Secondly, watering more at seedling stage is beneficial to soil conservation and root growth. Third, pay attention to the treatment of aphids. The diseased plots should be cleared in time; Prevention and treatment of downy mildew: Disinfect the seeds before sowing and dress them with 80% zineb or 75% chlorothalonil. Spraying 80% zineb 600-800 times solution or 75% chlorothalonil 600-800 times solution on the affected area; Spraying 600- 1000 times of 70% thiophanate or 50% carbendazim on Chinese cabbage. Black spot with downy mildew can be treated at the same time. Before sowing, the seeds are soaked in 200 times formalin solution for 20 minutes, washed with water and dried to be disinfected. The main pests of Chinese cabbage are yellow striped flea beetle, cabbage aphid and cabbage caterpillar. Can spray 80% dichlorvos 1500 times, or 40% dimethoate 800 times, or 3000-4000 times.

(5) Harvest: The harvest period of Chinese cabbage depends on the climatic conditions, variety characteristics and consumption demand in different places. Autumn cabbages in the Yangtze River basin can be harvested one after another in 30-40 days after planting. Spring cabbage should last more than 120 days. Pickled sauerkraut is harvested before and after the first frost. The average yield per mu of Chinese cabbage is 1500-4000 kg, and the highest yield can reach 5000 kg.

I. Environmental conditions

1, temperature: Chinese cabbage has strong heat and cold resistance, and different varieties of Chinese cabbage have different adaptability to temperature. Seeds can germinate normally at 30℃, and the suitable temperature for growth is 18 ~ 25℃.

2. Moisture: It needs to grow under wet conditions, and it is easy to smudge when it is dried at high temperature, but excessive moisture or accumulated water will cause the roots to be retted.

3. Soil nutrition: the requirements for soil are not strict, but clay or alluvial soil rich in organic matter is better, and nitrogen fertilizer affects the yield and quality especially in the prosperous period.

Second, variety selection

Different varieties of Chinese cabbage are needed for sowing in different seasons. If you sow in winter and early spring with low temperature, you should choose varieties with cold tolerance and late bolting, such as early-maturing Huajing green cauliflower and spring cabbage. Summer sowing should choose heat-resistant and weather-resistant varieties, such as D94 Chinese cabbage and dwarf black leaf, in order to obtain higher yield.

Third, sow and raise seedlings.

Chinese cabbage can be cultivated all year round, mainly in autumn and winter, spring and Xia San.

1, autumn and winter Chinese cabbage: from August to 65438+February, sowing or seedling raising can be carried out one after another.

2. Spring Chinese cabbage:1~ sowing in March. In order to prevent early bolting, varieties with strong winterness and late bolting can be selected. Such as: Beijing Xiaoza 55, 56, etc.

3. Summer cabbage: It is advisable to choose varieties with high heat resistance, such as Zaoshu No.5, Xiayangbai and Lv Xia, which are planted in June-July and harvested in August-September.

Chinese cabbage can be cultivated directly or transplanted.

Direct seeding: In summer, the temperature is high, the Chinese cabbage grows fast, and the planting density is high in summer, so direct seeding is generally adopted. The amount of seeds used per mu is about 250 grams. Sowing density should be appropriate to make seedlings grow evenly; Avoid sowing too closely, wasting seeds, increasing the workload of thinning seedlings, and making the seedlings delicate and unfavorable for growth. Sowing can be done by sowing, ditching, drilling and on demand.

Seedling Transplanting: Because the Miao Di is small, it is convenient for fine management, which is beneficial to cultivate strong seedlings and then transplant them to the field. Seedling raising and transplanting save seeds, and the seed consumption per mu is only 100g, with high yield per plant and good quality. Generally, in places with less land and relatively concentrated labor force, or in autumn and winter seasons suitable for the good growth of Chinese cabbage, seedling transplanting is often used, and the seedling period is generally 25 days. The row spacing of planting plants is 16cm× 16cm to 22cm× 22cm. Close planting can be used when the temperature is high, and wider spacing can be used when the climate is cool.

Fourth, on-site management

1. Water management: Chinese cabbage has shallow roots, large water consumption, and is not drought-tolerant, so it needs sufficient water during the whole growth period. In the seedling stage or just after planting, if the sunshine is strong, it is necessary to water it three times a day, that is, water it in the morning and evening, and water it at noon1-12 to ensure the normal growth of plants. Pay attention to drainage in rainy season, and don't flood the border areas to prevent diseases.

2. Fertilization: the growth period of Chinese cabbage is short, and sufficient base fertilizer must be applied before planting, and the decomposed farmyard manure per mu is 1000- 1500 kg. Topdressing is usually applied 3 days after direct seeding or 15 days after seedling age, usually once every 6 -7 days, and 3-4 times during the whole period. Thin fertilizer water can be used for the first time and the second time, and then compound fertilizer15-20kg can be sprayed or spread per mu, and the last time should be carried out before the factory is closed.

Five, pest control

Pesticide use: strictly follow the requirements of the provincial series of pollution-free vegetables standards, and it is strictly forbidden to use highly toxic pesticides with high residues.

1, a major pest occurred. 1-March: the pests and diseases of Chinese cabbage cultivated in the open field are relatively light, mainly downy mildew; April-June: Downy mildew, soft rot, anthrax, white spot disease; Pests include diamondback moth, aphid, cabbage caterpillar, yellow striped flea beetle and cabbage caterpillar; July-September: high temperature, drought, typhoon and rainstorm, the most serious period of pests and diseases, the main diseases are soft rot, downy mildew and black rot; Pests include Spodoptera litura, aphids, Pieris rapae, Pieris rapae, Plutella xylostella and Spodoptera exigua. 10-65438+February: The weather turned cold, and the pests and diseases of Chinese cabbage were more serious in the early open field, mainly downy mildew, soft rot and anthracnose; Pests mainly include aphids, cabbage caterpillars, noctuids and so on.

2, prevention and control measures

(1) Integrated Agricultural Control

Rotation: Chinese cabbage should be rotated with non-cruciferous vegetables as much as possible.

Cleaning the garden: timely remove the diseased leaves and old leaves in the garden and deal with them centrally.

⑵ Physical prevention and control

Covering insect net: Choose 22-25 mesh, silver gray or white insect net to cover in time.

Trapping and killing adults: using sex attractants, lights and moths to kill.

⑶ Chemical control

Downy mildew: 58% carbendazim, 60% mezan, 600 times and 2% polyoxin 150 times were selected.

Viral diseases: 20% virus A is 500 times, 1.5% virus spirit 1000 times, and 5% bacterial toxin is 500 times.

Soft rot: 77% KOCIDE is 800 times, and Fengling's high-efficiency biological fungicide Neophytomycin is 3000 times.

White spot disease: 50% bactericidal Wang 1000 times, 40% DuPont Fuxing 6000 times and 80% Sheng Da M-45 500 times were selected.

Anthrax: 25% made100g 1000 times, 5% pure 1500-2500 times and 80% anthrax is 800 times.

Black rot: Rip 200, 78% Cobb 500-600 times and agricultural streptomycin 65438+ 10,000 units/kg were used for spray control.

Aphid: 3000 times of 1% insecticide, 2000 times of 20% good winter and 0.38% matrine 1000-2000 times can be selected.

Plutella xylostella: 1.8% insect mites are 2000-3000 times lighter, 15% Antai moth Yingbao 1500 times, and 2.5% Caixi 750- 1000 times.

Pieris rapae: 1.8% is 2000-3000 times lighter, 2.5% Caixi 750- 1000 times, and 5% chlorhexidine 1000- 1500 times.

Spodoptera litura: Select 10% and divide by 1000 times, 44% is 800- 1000 times and 5% is 1000- 1500 times.

The yellow striped flea beetle: 52.25% nongdile 1000 times solution and 0.6% mirex 1500 times solution were selected.

Sixth, harvesting

Chinese cabbage takes 45 -60 days from sowing to harvesting. In some places, harvested small vegetable seedlings are mainly listed. Although the output is low, the time is short and the price is high. Harvest time can be determined according to maturity and market demand, and timely harvest can improve yield and quality.