Flail-one of the agricultural courses

Subject text: a children's song (white)

This nursery rhyme describes the busy scene of rural people from sowing to harvesting and grinding. Among them, "dustpan" is still widely used now, while "flail" is less common. "cangue" appeared earlier, and there is a saying in "Guoyu Qiyu": "Let husband and agriculture, adopt the group and set up the country, observe the four seasons, use the power sparingly, thunder, barbarians, cangue and barbarians." Among them, "flail" refers to flail, indicating that flail existed in the Warring States period. In the Tang Dynasty, Yan Shigu said in Notes to the History of Han Dynasty: "Playing Buddha's voice to attack grain is now called cangue". It can be seen that the name "cangue" appeared before the Tang Dynasty. Fan Chengda's Four Seasons Pastoral Miscellaneous Fun in the Song Dynasty: "Laughter is like thunder, and the cangue sounds bright all night." Sentence, is to describe the scene of threshing with flail.

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What is a flail?

Also known as flail. It has different names. There is also a kind of car in the south called Diao (the second tone of Diao), Quzhou dialect. Originally a rural manual threshing farm tool, it was composed of a bamboo handle and a knocking rod. When working, the bamboo handle is waved up and down, so that the percussion rod rotates around the shaft, and the ears of wheat are struck, so that the skin falls off. The flail in the Tang Dynasty was used in the military after being aggravated and reformed, mainly for guarding the city.

Flail footprint

Flail is an ancient threshing farm tool, and many young people may not know this magical tool. This thing can be traced back to the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and it was recorded in the pre-Qin classic Guoyu. Yao Min Shu and Nong Zheng Quan Shu of Qi recorded "flail, thresher" and "flail ringing, wheat field climbing" respectively. Fan Chengda, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, wrote in "Miscellaneous Pastoral Interest in Autumn": The newly-built farm has a flat mud mirror, and every family harvests rice while it is frosty. Laughter thundered and flail rang all night. This poem vividly depicts the scene of flail farming and reveals the joy of harvest. In the 1970s and 1980s, flail was still very popular in the Han River, and farmers and flail formed an indissoluble bond. The bamboo handle of the flail is very long, which is more than one person's height when standing up. Flail head, also known as knocking rod, consists of four bamboo boards more than a foot long clamped on a hardwood shaft. Flail is a labor-saving threshing tool. When operating, just lift the bamboo handle and turn the flail head over by inertia. When the flail head lifted high falls on the bean handle, the beans will be beaten everywhere.

The use of flail is skillful, and it can't be played without some effort. Before the cangue head rotates, it must swing twice, adjust the angle, gently shake the cangue head and turn it over by inertia. In the past, children especially liked to play with this kind of farm tools, but they often couldn't get up, and their faces turned red, which attracted the laughter of adults. If someone dances well, that's a great thing. Children envy and praise adults.

It is said that flail is still a weapon with a long history. The transformed flail is flail stick, also known as lianting, iron flail and panlong stick. The flail stick later evolved into a three-section stick and a two-section stick, which became an important weapon in the cold weapon era. According to the "General Classics of Martial Arts", "the iron chain is clamped with sticks, which was originally used in Xirong. The infantry of the enemy Han, such as the flail of a farmer beating wheat, is decorated with iron and hit it from above, so the Han soldiers make good use of it. " After seeing the advantages of Xirong people's weapons, Song soldiers absorbed them and applied them to flail. When Japanese invaders invaded Puyang Plain in Ming Dynasty, Xinghua people waved flail to resist.

Flail origin

According to historical documents, cangue originated in the Yellow River basin and later spread to the Yangtze River basin and its south. According to "Guoyu Qiyu", as early as the seventh century BC, the State of Qi (in present-day Shandong Peninsula) first beat wheat with cangue, which was called cangue or strike at that time. According to its records, "today's farmers gather in the state to observe the four seasons, and they have the right to save and use them, so it is appropriate to observe them." Zhao Wei noticed that "it's too bad, so it's too bad to mow"; "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" means "Yi, beating the grain flail"; "Interpreting Names and Using Devices" says, "cangue, add also, add the handle of the staff to cut the ear and get out of its valley. Or use three sticks together "; In the Tang Dynasty, Yan Shigu's "Hanshu" clearly stated that "the Buddha's voice is used to attack grain, which is now called cangue"; Xu Guangqi, a famous scientist in Ming Dynasty, made a special record of flail in the Book of Agricultural Administration, which shows that the name of flail appeared at least in Han Dynasty. Even in the case of flail, this farm tool has been named flail for more than 200 years since the Tang Dynasty. Interestingly, during the Qing Dynasty in Song Renzong (A.D. 104 1- 1048), cangue was also used as a weapon to enter and leave the battlefield. That kind of war flail is called flail The flail is made of iron. If it is really shot down, it will definitely kill the enemy. However, the history of cangue farmers joining the army is not long. In the Southern Song Dynasty, after gunpowder was used in the war, cangue was demobilized from the army and returned to the rural wheat fields. Unfortunately, because flail is made of wood (bamboo is also used in the south), it is difficult to preserve it, and it is also difficult to find objects in archaeological excavations. Only its image can be seen in some murals. For example, in the murals of Wei and Jin tombs in Jiayuguan City, Gansu Province, there are also many flogging scenes in the murals of Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes (such as Cave 445 and Cave 205).

It should be emphasized that the specific origin time and region of cangue is still in the process of litigation in academic circles, and it has not been clearly verified so far. The above statement is only a brief introduction.

explain

The poem "Laugh and sing a light thunder, and the flail will ring all night" has a feeling of "once in ten years". However, the paper only says that "the up-and-down reciprocating swing of the handle can be converted into the unequal circular motion of the striking plate" and "the motion characteristics of the crank-rocker mechanism with limit position and dead position need to be fully utilized, that is, when the handle moves to the upper limit position, the striking rod should reach the dead position at the same time and continue to fall with the downward movement of the handle", and does not specifically introduce the operation method and mechanical principle of flail striking. But "flail uses wrist strength and dexterity. As long as you can wave flail and master the balance of force, you can hit the threshold", which is slightly different from the actual operation of the author when he was a teenager. According to what we saw in rural Jiangsu around 1976, flail is only an auxiliary threshing tool. There are two kinds of rotating machinery for threshing staple wheat and rice-machine rice bed and little tiger. The former is driven by human pedal at first, and then by motor or diesel engine, so that neat straw can be obtained, but there will always be some messy debris to be threshed by flail. In addition, it seems that it is necessary to thresh by hand: most rice is "throwing the handle", holding the end of the rice stalk with both hands, holding it high and throwing the rice ear to the wheel as much as possible; Wheat flail is used because the straw strength is low and cannot be "broken". Beans and rape are planted less, and they are also threshed with flail. In addition, if you don't need to rake the farmland with cattle, you can also pull it to thresh rice and wheat.

The flail consists of a swinging rod, a striking plate and a rotating shaft; The swing bar is about 2 m long, and the hitting board is about 0.5 m long and 0. 1 m wide. In my opinion, if waving the flail only makes the rotating shaft reciprocate in a straight line or an arc, it is difficult to pull the striking plate for continuous rotation and strike the plain pattern.

Usually, the strength of the right arm is strong, and the operator holds the lever with both hands and the right hand is in front; Legs apart, right foot forward. It seems that flail can be divided into four stages.

(1) Retract the arm and pull the flail backwards, so that the striking plate can achieve backward horizontal speed;

(2) Stand upright with your legs and raise your arms at the same time, and the end of the striking plate moves upward with the rotating shaft at the front end of the swing rod, so its horizontal speed is converted into rotating speed; Usually when the flail reaches the highest point, the striking plate is still below the horizontal position;

(3) The forelegs are flexed, and the flail is waved forward with both arms, so that the striking plate can get forward horizontal speed;

(4) lean forward, swing flail with your arms and pounce quickly. The horizontal speed of that strike plate is converted into a rotating speed, and passe through a vertical state; then, due to the action of gravity, the striking plate rotates downwards at an accelerate speed, and finally the striking plate reaches a horizontal position and strikes the grain.

The above four stages are a coherent process of coordinated movement of the whole body and cannot be completely separated. Similar to the pole, the flail is not easy to operate for the first time; But with a little guidance and practice, you can get a sense of rhythm, and you will have no pleasure if you work rhythmically according to inertia.

It is particularly important to note that the flail is of asymmetric structure, and the inertia force of the striking plate movement forms a moment on the rotating shaft, which needs a hand to act on the swing rod to balance, so the striking plate should be on the right side of the swing rod when the right hand is in front. For example, in the first stage of increasing the horizontal speed when the slapping board is started, the slapping board is on the right side of the swing bar, and the right hand and the left hand need to act to form a couple; This is just in harmony with the action of pulling the arm back. The remaining stages will not be described in detail. Of course, in the eyes of farmers who play flail, it is natural to knock the board on the inside of the swing, and only in this way can it be used "handy". You don't need to pursue what you can know by reaching out and trying.

The key to the effective operation of the flail is that the shaft end can't reach the ground behind the front end of the knock plate, and the knock plate has a high landing speed, which is composed of the traction speed of the shaft and the rotation speed of the knock plate. This requires that the flail should be reduced as much as possible in the above fourth stage. I was instructed to work hard when I was a teenager.

Use area

Cangue is not a unique product in traditional agricultural areas of China, but is mainly used in dry farming areas all over the country.

Instructional design concept:

Sing a ballad (create your own movements, cooperate with singing and reproduce the scene)

Multi-disciplinary (integrating science, screenwriter, performance, etc.). )