Why do southerners prefer quadrangles?

There are quadrangle buildings in many areas of China, such as the "One Seal" in Yunnan; Wuxi's "Xue Fucheng's Former Residence" and so on are too numerous to mention! !

On the typicality of north and south quadrangles.

The houses in southern Anhui and Shanxi are in China, and the houses in southern Anhui and Shanxi are neck and neck. There has always been a saying that "northern Shaanxi, southern Anhui". During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Shanxi merchants and Huizhou merchants living inland were thrifty and self-reliant and operated with integrity. The deep house compound built in my hometown has become a valuable asset of China folk culture.

First, Shanxi residential quadrangles The most representative ones in Shanxi residential quadrangles are Pingyao and Qixian. Pingyao Ancient City has well preserved the features of Ming and Qing Dynasties, and is known as "the collection and treasure house of China ancient residential quadrangles". Many cultural relics and historical sites have been preserved, with high grade, which is really hard to get. It was listed in the World Heritage List in 2006. There are many modern houses in the ancient city, which typically reflect the style and characteristics of quadrangles in northern China in modern times. The most famous in Qixian County is the Qiao Family Courtyard. Qiao Family Courtyard is a museum in Shanxi Province that reflects the folk customs in Jinzhong area, and enjoys a high reputation at home and abroad. It has a 19 quadrangle, rooms, and the quadrangle with Chinese structure is exquisitely conceived, and the plane layout is "double happiness". One of the characteristics of the Qiao Family Courtyard is that the houses are tall and solid walls, and the interior is a space isolated from the outside world, forming a lasting appeal of being solid outside and quiet inside. The brick wall of the Qiao family courtyard is thick and steady, which blocks the noise of jostling, bustling and clamoring outside, forming a peaceful and quiet living environment in the house. Another feature of Joe's compound is a single slope roof, which inclines inward. In this way, the high wall behind the single-slope roof is aimed at the outside of the yard, which is high and has a defensive effect. Shanxi has a dry climate, and there are often strong winds and sandstorms in spring. The outer wall is highly closed, which can prevent sandstorms. The roof leans inward, and the rain flows inward, which means that "fat water does not flow outside the field", which embodies the fine style of Shanxi businessmen who are diligent and keep their homes.

Sanhe Courtyard and Siheyuan of Southern Shaanxi Residents

There are gullies, river banks and flat dams in southern Shaanxi. According to the terrain, raw materials and other conditions, residents have built various residential buildings. Traditionally, they lived in stone, bamboo, diaojiao building, Sanhe courtyard and quadrangle.

Sanhe Courtyard and Siheyuan: It is more common in Pingba Town. There are three main rooms in the courtyard, with a hall in the middle and 2-3 compartments for things. It's right in front of the eaves and can be used for eating and resting. The width of the compartment is relatively small, the two ends are connected by walls, and the middle of the wall is open to the south. Siheyuan is composed of front, room and door, with a courtyard in the middle, which is more exquisite than Sanheyuan. Sanhe and Siheyuan are made of adobe, masonry and wood, with doors facing south. Avoid facing the west. With the development of local economy, there are more and more brick towers in rural areas.

Style of "Four Waters Returning to the Hall" in Jiangnan

Jiangnan area has many names in the south of China, and its plane layout is basically the same as that of the "quadrangle" in the north, except that the courtyard is small, which is only used for drainage and lighting ("Four waters return to the hall" is a local common name, which means that rainwater on the inner slope of each roof flows into the courtyard). Under normal circumstances, this first courtyard is a hall. The courtyard is slightly open, and the hall is more open, communicating with the inside and outside of the patio. Most of the courtyards in the back are buildings, and the patio is deeper and smaller. The roof is paved with small blue tiles, and the indoor floor is paved with stone slabs to adapt to the warm and humid climate in the south of the Yangtze River. Jiangnan water towns are often built by water, with the front door leading to the lane and the back door facing the water. Each family has its own wharf for washing, pumping water and getting on and off the ship.

The courtyard in the south is very small, and the surrounding houses are connected into a whole, which is called "a letter", which is suitable for the climate conditions in the south. Most houses in the south adopt bucket-through structure, and the combination of houses is flexible, suitable for places with uneven terrain. White walls and tiles are mostly used in southern dwellings, giving people an elegant feeling. In the south, the gables of houses like to be made into "volcanic walls", which can be considered as an exaggeration of hard mountains. In some densely populated southern cities in ancient times, this gable above the roof can really play the role of arson and have a good decorative effect.

Through wood structure

Penetrating wood structures are widely used in buildings in southern China. Its basic components are columns and penetrations (also called penetrations). Bucket-through wood structure is a column along the depth direction of the building, and the stigma directly bears the purlin (Figure 2 [Bucket-through wood structure]). The main difference between it and the beam-lifting wood structure is that:

(1) Stigma directly supports purlins, so it does not need to transfer loads through beams, so it has higher bearing capacity than hanging beams.

(2) there are many landing columns with dense column spacing.

(3) The columns in the seam frame are connected into a whole by purlins passing through the column body.

The pillars of bucket wood structure gradually increase from front to back to the center (roof ridge) along the depth direction, forming an arc roof similar to beam wood structure. In the bucket-type wood structure, because the load borne by the column is much smaller than that of the beam-lifting structure, the diameter of the column is also reduced accordingly, which plays the role of small-diameter wood, which is not only economical in materials, but also lighter in posture. However, the reduction of column diameter increases the slenderness ratio of the column, so multiple purlins should be set along the column body, and the axial stability of the column should be ensured by the pull rod parallel to the purlin and the pavilion plate laid on it. Because it is mainly for wearing, it is not large in size. There is also a barrel-penetrating structure between the two seam frames, and a purlin assembly room is installed. Its disadvantage is that the material is fine and it is difficult to bear the load of heavy roof, so it is rarely used in northern China. And there are many landing columns, so it is difficult to form a large complete space. Therefore, another practice can be seen in the south of China, that is, in the same building, the beam structure is adopted in the middle and the barrel structure is adopted at both ends to meet the requirements of greater indoor space.

Layout of "One Seal" Courtyard in Yunnan

There are many kinds of quadrangles in central Yunnan. The whole courtyard is "one letter", with a single house, high walls and small windows. Compact space, small volume, small and flexible, no fixed orientation, and irregular scattered layout can be formed along the hillside. The courtyard is divided into three main rooms, the left and right rooms have ears, the front faces the street upside down, and the middle is the door of the house. There are two floors around the house (some are like Ming-style ancient buildings), some are patios, and the height of the house is surrounded by courtyard walls. The "one seal" building in Yunnan rarely opens windows, and its overall appearance is square, just like a clever seal on the land of Yunnan, so it is commonly known as "one seal". 1, the square is adjacent to the ear, mostly with three bays, two ears, one left and one right, which is called "three rooms and two ears"; There are two rooms on the left and right, which are called "three rooms and four ears". The facade and ears are two stories high and occupy a small area, which is very suitable for the demand of dense population and tight land. In the depths of China people's thoughts, there was an idea of pursuing harmony between Yin and Yang to protect the symmetrical balance between the two forces at the bottom of the Ming Dynasty. This central hall, dining room and floor-to-ceiling room are granaries, and the upper and lower floors are intercropped with the bedroom; The floor under the ear is used as a kitchen, firewood or livestock corridor, and the floor is used as a living room. There is a single staircase at the junction of the square and the two ears, and there is no platform. The stairs directly go up to the ear and the main floor in turn, which is very compact. 3. The gate is centered, and there is an inverted seat or porch in the door. The inverted seat is eight feet deep. "Three rooms, four ears and eight feet below" is the most typical pattern of "one letter". 4. The patio is small, and the front ear is facing the patio with waist eaves. The front waist eaves are called "fu", and the ear waist eaves and porch waist eaves are called "small houses". Large and small buildings are connected, which is convenient for rainy days. The house is high, the patio is small, and the large and small buildings are deep, which can block the direct glare of the sun at a large height angle, which is very suitable for the plateau climate characteristics of low latitude and high altitude. 5, high, with a double slope top, the ear seat and the inverted seat are both double slope tops with long inside and short outside. The long slope is inward and the short slope is outward, which can improve the height of the external wall and is beneficial to wind, fire and theft prevention. From the appearance, the wall is towering, just like. 6. The building is bucket frame, covered with earth wall or adobe wall. The main entrance, ear and porch, cornices of large and small buildings are staggered, and the facades are not in contact with each other, so as to avoid making inclined ditches on the roof and reduce the weak links of rain leakage.

This inverted seat with three rooms, four ears and eight feet deep is also called "three rooms and four ears inverted eight feet", which is the most representative in one seal. In a seal, the first floor of the main three rooms is a multi-living room for receiving guests. The left and right bedrooms belong to the owner, the kitchen and pens for pigs, horses and livestock are under the ears, and the ancestral temple or Buddhist temple for worshipping ancestors is upstairs in the middle. The lounge is for people to use and store crops.

Typical quadrangles in northern China.

Siheyuan is a typical representative of quadrangles in the north. Its courtyard is spacious, with four houses on each side and a veranda in the middle, which is very convenient to live in. The quadrangle is closed, with only one street gate leading to the outside. The closed door comes from Chengtiandi, which has strong privacy and is very suitable for exclusive residence. In the courtyard, doors are opened in the direction of the courtyard on all sides, and the family set each other off. Because the yard is spacious, you can plant trees and flowers, feed birds and fish, and pile stones to beautify the environment. Residents not only enjoy a comfortable life, but also share the beautiful world endowed by nature.

Screen wall is an important content inside and outside the courtyard gate. The main function of the blue brick masonry structure is to block the messy scenery outside the gate. After entering and leaving the house, the first thing you see is the extremely elegant and beautifully carved screen wall and the auspicious words embedded in it.

Passing through a small hanging flower door is the courtyard of the quadrangle, and passing through the hanging flower door is the inner room. The inner room is a courtyard, surrounded by three wing buildings in the north, east and west and hanging flower doors. In feudal society, the allocation of accommodation in the inner room was very strict, and all grandfathers and wives with superior status had to live in it. Only one of the north three rooms is open to the public, which is called the principal room. The two rooms on both sides only opened the door of the hall to form a suite, which became a pattern of light and shade. The bedrooms of the east and west compartments are also divided into two categories, the east is the top and the respect, and they live in the main room; The west wing is simple. East and west ears can open the door separately or communicate with each other, and are generally used as bedrooms or books. The younger generation lives in the east and west compartments. There are also bright and dark compartments, with a living room in the middle and bedrooms on both sides. You can also separate a room on the south side for use as a kitchen or restaurant. Medium-sized or above quadrangles often have a back cover or a back Gai Lou (namely, three hospitals and four hospitals), which are mainly used for unmarried women or maids.