A poem with a platform

Going to Nanjing and Ascending the Phoenix Terrace is a lyric poem by Li Bai, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty. The whole poem is composed of eight sentences and fifty-six words, singing and sighing with what you saw and felt when you boarded the Phoenix Platform. It combines eternal historical changes with long-lost legends and stories to express deep historical feelings and sober realistic thinking. This poem has lofty charm and long style, which embodies the artistic characteristics of Li Bai's poems.

On the Climbing of Phoenix Terrace in Nanjing (1)

There used to be a phoenix on the phoenix platform, and the phoenix went to Taiwan, only Jiangdong returned.

Wu Gong Jing Cao Qu (2), Jin Yi Gu Chen (3).

Three mountains half fall out of the sky (4), and one mountain (2) divides Egret Island (5).

A cloud rose between me and the light of heaven, hiding his city from my melancholy heart. [ 1]

⑴ Jinling: Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, formerly known as Ning, is the capital of Jiangsu Province. Located at the junction of Jiangsu and Anhui provinces in the east of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, in the southwest of Jiangsu Province. Nanjing is a famous ancient capital of China, with a long history and prosperous culture. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Nanjing was located in the "Wu Tou Chu Wei" and was the seat of the State of Wu. Phoenix Terrace: Located in Phoenix Mountain in Nanjing today. "Taiping Universe" Volume 90 Jiangning County, Jiangnan East Road: "Phoenix Mountain in the north of the county, Zhou and Sanjinggang are connected, lingering. In the sixteenth year of Song Yuanjia, three birds gathered in this mountain, shaped like peacocks, with colorful characters, harmonious sounds and many birds gathered in groups. Still in the Phoenix Terrace, starting from the mountain, the number is Phoenix Mountain. " Song Zhang Jie's Poems of the Old Cold Hall, Volume 1: "Jinling Phoenix Terrace, in the southeast of the city, looks around the countryside and overlooks Jing Ke, and the ancient title praises fallen immortals as a swan song" (see also Zhang's Poems of Coral Hook, Volume 1).

⑵ Wu Palace: During the Three Kingdoms period, the capital of Wu was in Jinling, hence the name.

⑶ Jin Dynasty: The Eastern Jin Dynasty was also established in Jinling. Clothing: refers to wealth. Qiu: Tomb.

(4) Three mountains and a half fall outside the blue sky: Three mountains are far away and can't be seen clearly. Sanshan: the name of the mountain, located on the Yangtze River in the southwest of Nanjing, is named after the juxtaposition of three peaks and the connection between the north and the south. Lu You's Book of Entering Shu Volume 1: "Three Mountains, from the Stone and Phoenix Terrace, is there a middle ear?" After that, it's only fifty miles from Jinling. "Halfway up the mountain: describe that half of the three mountains are covered by clouds.

5. Two waters: one is "one water". Qinhuai River flows through Nanjing, then flows westward into the Yangtze River, and is divided into two tributaries by Egret Island. Egret Island: A sandbar in the ancient Yangtze River with many egrets on it, hence its name. Now connected to land. Located outside the Shuiximen in Nanjing today, it has been turned into Bailuzhou Park, which is the largest park in the south of Nanjing. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, this garden belonged to the Xu Da family, the founding father of Zhongshan, so it was called Xu Taifu Garden or Xu Zhongshan Garden. Tianci Xu, a descendant of Xu Da, expanded this garden into the "largest and most splendid" garden in Nanjing at that time, and named it the East Garden. The park has become a gathering place for park owners and many famous literati such as Wang Shizhen and Wu Cheng'en. During the southern tour of Ming Wuzong, he once came to the garden to enjoy the scenery and fish. After entering the Qing Dynasty, due to the continuous destruction by war and man-made, the scenery faded, the gardens were bleak, and a generation of famous gardens became ruins. During the Republic of China, Nanjing Municipal Government built it into "Bailuzhou Park" on 1929. During the Japanese puppet regime, the park was destroyed again, and the park was reduced to ruins.

[6] Clouds can cover the sun: metaphor is in power. Floating clouds: Lu Jia's "The Truth of Mind": "Evil ministers cover the wise, just like clouds cover the sun and the moon."

Phoenix bird used to come here for recreation, but now it has flown away, leaving only this empty platform, which is still flowing from the east with the river. At that time, the magnificent palace of the king of Wu, with all kinds of flowers and plants in it, is now buried in the desolate and quiet path. Even though the dignitaries of the Jin Dynasty once had brilliant achievements, they are now buried in ancient graves and turned into a handful of loess. I stood on the stage and looked at the three mountains in the distance, still standing outside the blue sky. Egret Island divides the Qinhuai River into two waterways. Clouds floating in the sky sometimes cover the sun, so that I can't see Chang' an, and I can't help but feel sad. [2]

Li Bai seldom writes seven-character metrical poems, but "On the Phoenix Terrace in Nanjing" is a famous poem in the Tang Dynasty. This poem was written after the author returned from exile and was pardoned. It is said that it was written by the author Tianbao (742 ~ 756 during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty) when he was expelled from Chang 'an and visited Jinling in the south.

In the first two sentences, Li Bai begins with the legend of Phoenix Terrace, expressing his feelings about the changes of time and space. "Phoenix, which used to play here, so that this place is named after them, has now abandoned it and come to this desolate river" is natural, lively and fluent; Although the fourteen words use three "phoenix" characters, they don't make people feel repetitive at all, and there is no such rigid problem as common poems. Phoenix Terrace is located in the southwest of Jinling Old Town. According to Jiangnan Tongzhi, "Phoenix Terrace is in the southwest corner of Jiangning Fucheng, and there is Toby, so you can still visit it. In the sixteenth year of Song Yuanjia, there were three birds in the mountain, which looked like peacocks, and there were countless birds attached to them, called phoenix. Starting from the mountain, it is called Phoenix Mountain and Phoenix Lane. " Li Bai's use of "Phoenix Terrace" is not an ordinary emotional expression, but an organic one. Since ancient times, the phoenix has always been regarded as auspicious, which is related to the development of society: in a beautiful era, the phoenix bird descended from the sky and made a sound of nature. Therefore, the appearance of phoenix birds mostly shows the meaning of praise. However, the Phoenix that Li Bai first pointed out here is just the opposite: he expresses the infinite feelings caused by prosperity and perishable, and sacred time is hard to exist, only eternal scenery. Gone are the Yuanjia era, which attracted the phoenix, and the prosperous Six Dynasties, leaving only the vastness of the Yangtze River and the towering Phoenix Mountain.

Starting from the changing time and space of "Phoenix goes to Taiwan", the three or four sentences of "the path of Wugong is crooked and the golden clothes are ancient dust" continue to explore its enlightenment significance. Wu Dadi, who gave birth to a child like Sun Zhongmou, a romantic figure in the Six Dynasties and many rulers have all been buried in graves and become traces of history; Even the magnificent palace has been abandoned and ruined, and it is a ruin. Neither the crane nor the flourishing age left anything memorable in history. It contains Li Bai's unique historical feelings. Those noble philosophers who "laugh at the ancients, get heaven near the city" and "don't reward their merits, and go home for a long time" have won special respect from Li Bai. At the same time, Li Bai dared to despise feudal order and break the spiritual bondage of traditional idols, so that he despised Yao and Shun, laughed at him and made friends with princes on an equal footing, and made great efforts to this end. Therefore, Li Bai has no regrets about the disappearance of these emperors except some regrets. Then, when he focused his historical eyes on those emperors, his contempt was obvious. Flowers and plants flourish, the world remains the same, and everything changes and develops according to the law. This is history, and this is the rise and fall of the times.

The next two sentences show that Li Bai did not completely immerse his thoughts in mourning for history, but turned his profound eyes to his feelings about nature. Sanshan Mountain is also a place, which is said to be on the river southwest of Jinling. According to "Ding Jing Jiankangzhi", "Its mountains are lush, the three peaks are juxtaposed, and the north and south are connected, so it is named Sanshan". According to Lu You's "Entering Shu", "Three mountains are seen from the stone and the Phoenix Tower, and there is no middle ear, only more than 50 miles away from Jinling." Lu You's "making something out of nothing" just illustrates the looming scene description of "three mountains and half a fall". Especially the "Egret Island" in the middle of the river, which spans the west Yangtze River in Jinling, actually divides the Yangtze River into two halves. As a result, the huge and broad natural forces give people a strong momentum and broad mind, and also bring people back to reality from historical reverie and feel the eternity of nature again.

Although Li Bai has an ideal desire to transcend the secular world, he has always been concerned about real politics and social life, so after a cordial visit to history and nature, he turned his attention to real politics. He looked far and wide, trying to look from the imperial capital of the Six Dynasties to the power center at that time, that is, Chang 'an, the capital in his heart. However, his efforts failed because "a cloud appeared between the light of heaven and me" and he had to "hide his city from my melancholy heart". As a result, the clouds are long, the sorrow is infinite, the ambition is hard to pay, and the sorrow is like a wisp. Here, Li Bai used the saying in Lu Jia's Xin Yu that "evil officials cover up the wise, but the sun and the moon are still covered by clouds" and put it in his own bosom. His pain, his hatred of disease and evil, and his "we will drown the sorrow of generations!" " It seems easy to understand. In particular, the word "not seen in Chang 'an" contains the meaning of "climbing high and looking far", which not only echoes distant topics, but also smears infinite feelings into rivers with water and sky, towering green hills and clear and boundless sky. In this way, the feelings in the heart and the scenery in the eyes are also intertwined, so the beauty of mountains and waters reflects the thoughts of the ancients, which have been thought for thousands of years; The river is surging, and today people are bitter and resentful, and the rhyme is endless.

Li Bai is a talented poet, belonging to a great poet full of creative genius. However, only Li Bai came to the Yellow Crane Tower, but failed to be faithful, and "Chizhi" took Wan Li Road. The reason is also very simple. As the saying goes, "there is a scene in front of you, and Cui Haoshi is on it." Therefore, the "fallen immortal poet" is uncomfortable and unwilling to compete with Cui Haobi; So he "wrote poems on the Phoenix Terrace in Jinling in order to imitate them", and he didn't stop until he wrote "On Landing in Nanjing to the Phoenix Terrace", which can be compared with the poems on the Yellow Crane Tower in Cui Hao.

Although this is a rumor, it is also quite suitable for Li Bai's character. "On Ascending Nanjing to Phoenix Terrace" won the praise of "similar to the Yellow Crane Tower in Cui Hao, but the rhythm is not easy". In fact, Li Bai's "Going to Nanjing and Going to the Phoenix Terrace" and Cui Hao's "Poems on the Yellow Crane Tower" are both the two treasures of homesickness.

The artistic features of Li Bai's "Going to Nanjing to Phoenix Terrace" are first manifested in its bold spirit. Qi, originally a philosophical concept, has been widely used since the pre-Qin period. Cao Pi's articles on Qi in Wei and Jin Dynasties took Qi as an important content and applied it to many artistic categories. Although the theorists have different understandings of alignment, they are consistent in ideological temperament, personality spirit and artistic sentiment. Li Bai's "On Landing in Nanjing to the Phoenix Terrace" is obviously permeated with a vigorous and broad spirit, which makes Li Bai look at the past and read the present, instantly dominating the whole world, detached and free. The profound spirit makes Li Baiyuan's profound thoughts, incisive opinions and broad mind become the core and spiritual connotation of weaving great artistic realm. Just as we can feel the pulse of history and the poet's breath through the huge three-dimensional space-time of "three mountains and a half fall in the sky, so the egrets divide the river", we can also take advantage of his efforts to lift weights lightly and calmly, so as to make the whole poetic realm full of lofty heroism and further feel the artistic characteristics of his whole poetry.

The artistic feature of Li Bai's "Going to Nanjing to Phoenix Terrace" lies in the perfect expression of the concept of time and space. This is not only reflected in his understanding of history and nature, but also in his expression method of constructing the artistic realm of time and space. Li Bai emphasized the immortality of nature, on the one hand, he publicized his world outlook of "the unity of things and me" centered on nature, on the other hand, he exposed the ruling myth in history. Because since ancient times, almost all rulers have preached that their generations are immortal and their spirit is immortal, and they have also instilled such a model into people's ideology, which is convincing. However, Li Bai does not agree with this. He believes that even a very powerful ruler, such as Qin Shihuang, can "wield a sword and set the clouds, and the princes will come to the West." Judging from the apocalypse, it is inevitable that he will finally "see the cold ashes buried in the golden coffin under the three springs" ("Ancient style, Qin Wang sweeps Liuhe"). Therefore, in Li Bai's view, of all things in the universe, only nature can achieve eternal existence. All the prosperity and extravagance will disappear; If they still exist, they seem to exist only as a contrast with nature. In addition, Li Bai chose the most typical thing, that is, the vast mixture of "Three Mountains and Half Falls" and "Two Water Points", to construct a broad realm, and to show the historical changes, that is, the changes of time and the same place, that is, the unchanging space, as a whole, and to inspire people to think deeper.

The artistic feature of Li Bai's On the Phoenix Terrace in Nanjing lies in its unique and natural language. Because poetry takes mountains and rivers as clues, it is particularly important to pursue the harmony between images and scenery. The soaring of "Phoenix" and the cleanness of "emptiness" of "Phoenix Tower" are consistent with the poet's natural and unrestrained temperament and slightly sentimental feelings, and their meanings are in harmony, which plays a role in echoing both inside and outside. Besides, the inner spirit of the whole song "Deng", the coldness of Buried Path, Long Ancient Hill, the natural state of Three Mountains and Two Waters, the melancholy of Floating Clouds and the invisible helplessness of Chang 'an are all closely linked by appropriate word chains, thus being worthy of it.

Li Bai's poem "On the Phoenix Terrace in Nanjing" has become a unique phoenix aria in the history of literature with its broad-minded and slightly hazy tone.