1300m Great Wall before Ming Dynasty was discovered in Huairou, Beijing.

A section of1300m long remains of the Great Wall before the Ming Dynasty were found in Huairou. Yesterday, such a news once again attracted the attention of all parties.

Different from the well-known Great Wall of Ming Dynasty, such as Mutianyu and Badaling, there is an ancient Great Wall before Ming Dynasty hidden in the mountains in the suburbs of Beijing. However, due to the lack of historical documents and the scarcity of unearthed cultural relics, people have only caught a glimpse of this slightly mysterious Great Wall for many years, and it is difficult to see its whole picture.

The news from Huairou yesterday undoubtedly added good news for people to explore the ancient Great Wall. Previously, the remains of the ancient Great Wall had been discovered in Mentougou, Yanqing, Changping and other districts and counties. Frequent ruins make this ancient Great Wall, which was originally hidden in Shan Ye intermittently, gradually clear.

As Yue Shengyang, a professor of historical geography in Peking University, said, although there are not many documents, the relics frequently discovered in recent years are filling the gap in the history of the ancient Great Wall in Beijing. "Now it can be preliminarily judged that this ancient Great Wall enters the present Beijing boundary from Dongling Mountain, all the way eastward, passing through Mentougou, connecting Changping, turning north into Yanqing, and then entering Huairou and Miyun eastward." Yue Shengyang said.

The latest discovery of the old Great Wall in Huairou broke into the photographer's lens.

Symmetrical stones, trapezoidal walls, scattered piles of stones ... these scenes can not help but bring the viewer into an era when horses and chariots are full of danger. Yesterday, several photographers in Huairou District filmed at the top of the west of Beiweitan in Sancha Village, Bohai Town. No one ever thought that, among the thorns and thick grass, suddenly, a remnant Great Wall with a length of more than a thousand meters broke into the lens. Experts preliminarily concluded that this is probably the site of the Great Wall in the Northern Qi Dynasty.

This section of the Great Wall is located in Sancha Village, Bohai Town, Huairou District, and Hekou Village, Hayes Town, Yanqing County, with a northeast and southwest trend. If the Liangtoushan Road, where the two villages communicate, is divided, the northeast section is about 500 meters and the southwest section is about 800 meters.

Through field investigation, the remnant Great Wall site is trapezoidal, and the highest point of the existing site is about 1 meter. According to the analysis of the collapsed and scattered stones, it turns out that the Great Wall is at least 2 meters above. On the two commanding heights of this section of the Great Wall, there are two watchtower sites, which are circular and have scattered stones with an area of about 100 square meters. These watchtowers are selected at the commanding heights. First, they were chosen to spy on and observe the enemy. The second is to let the defenders change their defenses and rest.

There is no connection between the remnant Great Wall and the Ming Great Wall.

It is worth mentioning that there is no connection point between this isolated remnant Great Wall and the Ming Great Wall. According to this analysis, Zhang Lingmian, the old director of Huairou Cultural Relics Management Office, who is nearly seventy years old, said that this remnant Great Wall was built at least before the Ming Great Wall. Judging from its architectural structure, the Great Wall in Ming Dynasty was mostly composed of stone foundations, stacked brick walls and jointing with white mortar. This section of the Great Wall is a dry ballast wall structure, with no stone foundation and no scattered brick piles.

Geographically, this section of the Great Wall is located at the junction of Huairou and Yanqing, the outer Great Wall in the north and the inner Great Wall in Erdaoguan and Nanyekou in the south. Coupled with such a simple building structure, at least it can be confirmed that this section of the Great Wall is not like the Great Wall ruins of the Ming Dynasty.

The Ming Great Wall was rerouted and the Northern Qi Great Wall was preserved.

So, when was this section of the Great Wall built? "History of Yanqing Prefecture" said: "The ancient Great Wall is more than 20 miles south of the state, that is, Yansai. Qin made a plan and put it in the valley, from Shanggu North to Liaoxi. Qin Shihuang was built because of its former site, and the site still exists in Yongning area north of the fork road. "

Song Guoxi, a scholar of the Great Wall, once wrote on the China Great Wall website: "The dry stone side wall at the junction of the mouth of Hayes Town in Yanqing County and Sancha Village in Bohai Town in Huairou District is called Qin Changcheng by the locals."

However, academic circles generally believe that most of the early Stone Great Wall Scienc Spot sites in Beijing were built in the Northern Qi Dynasty 1500 years ago. Because many of the later Ming Great Wall were built on the early Great Wall, there are few remains of the Northern Qi Great Wall exposed on the surface. Only where the Great Wall of Ming Dynasty was diverted or not built for some reason can it be seen clearly.

According to preliminary judgment, the remnant Great Wall discovered in Huairou belongs to the above situation. "This section of the Great Wall is not within the statistical mileage of Huairou Great Wall. According to the statement that the Ming Great Wall was built on the basis of the Northern Qi Great Wall, this section of the Great Wall is likely to be a section of the Northern Qi Dynasty when the Ming Great Wall was built. " Zhang Ling mian said.

The most dense five sections of the ancient Great Wall in Mentougou are hidden in Mentougou.

In Mentougou District alone, there were five sections of the Great Wall in the early Ming Dynasty: Beiyanggou Great Wall in Ma Tao Village of Yanchi Town, Beixiling to Desheng Temple Great Wall in Dachan Village of Yanchi Town, Liangfang Village Great Wall in Yanchi Town, Dongling Great Wall in Jiangshuihe Village of Qingshui Town and Dongtai Ridge Great Wall in Ma Tao Village of Yanchi Town. It is the densest area of the ancient Great Wall discovered so far in this city.

This is the result of the national Great Wall census as of last year. On the basis of on-the-spot investigation and literature review, the Great Wall Survey Team in Mentougou District confirmed that these five sections of the Great Wall are all the Great Wall of Beiqi, with a total length of about 7,000 meters.

Mentougou ancient Great Wall guards the north and the east.

The Great Wall was built in the Northern Qi Dynasty mainly to defend against the invasion of northern minorities (i.e. Rouran and Turkic). In the early Ming Dynasty, the Great Wall of Mentougou ran northeast-southwest, southeast-northwest, north and south, and the basic defense direction could be determined as north and south. Gu Dayong, a senior Great Wall cultural relic expert, told the reporter.

The defense in the north is easier to understand, but what about the defense in the east? Gu Dayong said that at that time, the defense focus of the Northern Qi Dynasty was Taiyuan, Shanxi, Luoyang, Henan and Linzhang County, Hebei (then Yecheng), while the eastern part of Mentougou at that time was probably an open field, unlike the metropolitan city built after Liao and Jin Dynasties. Once Juyongguan is breached, it can reach Hebei and Shanxi through the mountain road of Mentougou, and it is not easy to be found.

In 563 AD, the Turks mobilized 200,000 soldiers to destroy the Great Wall, and in 564, they plundered the quiet (now Beijing) and constant (now Datong, Shanxi) borders many times, so that the Northern Qi carried out a large-scale repair of the former Great Wall in the first year of Tiantong.

Wang Ping Town keeps the earliest record of building the Great Wall.

Not far from Mentougou, in hebei village, Wang Ping, there is a stone carving of Wuding in the Eastern Wei Dynasty for three years. It is engraved with the words "On October 15th, the third year of Wei Wuding, General Pingyuan and Hai 'an prefect built a city to make Leyuan, with 1,500 husbands, 10 husbands and 31 township heads, and finished on the 10th", with 4 lines and 49 words.

This paper records that in the third year of Wuding in the Eastern Wei Dynasty (AD 545), General Pingyuan stationed troops here to build a city. Now you can still see the traces of rammed earth walls on the hillside where the stone carvings are located. The word "city" and "cutting mountains to build a city" in stone carvings both mean city wall. Therefore, this stone carving is the earliest recorded physical remains of the Great Wall found in Mentougou so far.

Changping Ancient Great Wall is the longest existing one.

19 km The ancient Great Wall passes through Changping, Yanqing.

According to the survey results of the Great Wall released by the Cultural Relics Management Office of Changping District, an ancient Great Wall site with a length of about 19 km was discovered from Shi Cun, Jiezi, Dazhuangke Township, Yanqing, to Dalinggou, Changping, and then to Badaling last year. According to preliminary inference, this section of the Great Wall was built in the Northern Qi Dynasty, about 1500 years ago, and it is the longest ancient Great Wall ever discovered in Beijing.

This is also the third Great Wall site discovered in Changping District. At the same time, this discovery also proves that there is actually an ancient Great Wall in the vacancy of the Ming Great Wall in the northwest of Beijing.

There is an earlier Great Wall at the broken end of the Ming Great Wall.

Why did the Great Wall Site in Changping District go to Yanqing County? It turns out that the Great Wall of Ming Dynasty has a drop of about 19 km in the northwest of Beijing: from east to west, the Great Wall of Ming Dynasty suddenly stopped after entering Shi Cun in Yanqing from Huairou Huanghua City; From west to east, Badaling Ming Great Wall disappeared after passing the water pass.

Why is there a gap in the northwest of Beijing, the Great Wall of Ming Dynasty, which should be continuous? In this regard, the academic community is still inconclusive. However, in the large-scale Great Wall survey held in the whole city in 2006, cultural relics workers found that many Ming Great Walls were built on the ruins of the ancient Great Wall before the Ming Dynasty. According to the general trend of three stone wall remains found in Changping, it is likely to be related to the decapitation of the Great Wall in Ming Dynasty.

On May 20 10, a step-by-step investigation team composed of four staff members from Changping District Cultural Relics Management Office came to Shi Cun, Yanqing for a field trip. On the mountain to the north of the village, the Ming Great Wall extending from Huairou came to an abrupt end at the last enemy station. The enemy platform is a strip masonry structure, and the main part has collapsed, but the base is still well preserved. Standing on the enemy platform, looking southwest of the disappearance of the Ming Great Wall, it was sure that the stone ridge-shaped city wall remains on the mountain were very similar to those found in Changping.

Under the guidance of the local elderly, the survey team started from the broken end of the Great Wall in Shiming, Jiezi, followed the mountain trend and traced the remains of the ancient Great Wall to the southwest. Along the way, stone walls are looming, some areas are well preserved and some areas are completely invisible. The height of well-preserved stone walls ranges from 1m to 1.5m, and the width ranges from 1m to 2m. Most of the rubble piled on the stone wall is made of local materials, with different shapes and sizes. Have a plenty of scattered piles, have a plenty of mixed soil piled together. Only in some places can you see the traces of big stones. Due to the age, many stone walls have collapsed seriously, and some have thick thorns on them.

All the way to the southwest, through the Shimen of Songshugou village in Yanqing, and into Changping boundary, it will soon be the stone wall site of Dalinggou village in Changping, which was discovered before, and continue to the southwest, which is the stone wall site of Bianqiangzi village; Then, obvious city wall relics were found in Duijiuyu Village, awl Shi Cun and Sok Li Gounan Mountain, ranging in length from1.20m to1.000m.. "At this time, it has been confirmed that these city wall relics belong to the same section of the ancient Great Wall ruins." Xing Jun, director of Changping District Museum, said.

Where does this ancient Great Wall lead? Two months later, the exploration team once again entered the Yanqing county boundary and came to Beidi Village, Jingzhuang Town, and found the ruins of the two-kilometer-long city wall. Then to the southwest is Shuiguan Village near Shuiguan Great Wall. "Before we guessed that this ancient Great Wall would be connected with the Shuiguan Great Wall, the result was not. It bypasses the north side of Shuiguan Great Wall, goes straight to Badaling Ming Great Wall, and finally connects with Badaling Great Wall. " Xing Jun said.

At this point, the route and direction of this ancient Great Wall relic have basically come out. "The starting point is Zishi in Yanqing Street, and the end point is Badaling, with a total length of about 19 km. This section also happens to be a blank of the Ming Great Wall in Beijing. " Xing Jun said that in the past, cultural relics workers generally believed that there was no Great Wall in this area. This survey strongly refuted this assertion, "There is still the Great Wall, but it is an early Great Wall older than the Ming Dynasty."

interconnection

Most of the ancient Great Wall in Beijing was built during the Northern Qi Dynasty.

According to the current centralized view of academic circles, most of the existing Stone Great Wall Scienc Spot sites in Beijing before the Ming Dynasty were built by the Northern Qi Dynasty. Northern Qi ruled Shandong and Hebei, most of Shanxi and part of Henan. According to historical records, when the Northern Qi Dynasty was founded, the situation was grim, with the attention of the Northern Zhou Dynasty in the west and the intrusion of Turkic, Creepy and Qidan in the north. In order to strengthen the defense of neighboring countries and nomadic people, the Northern Qi Dynasty built the Great Wall in the north and west many times, and its scale was the first in the period after Qin Dynasty and before Ming Dynasty.

The Great Wall of Beiqi built many times can basically be connected into two main lines. One is the northern periphery, extending from Luya Mountain and Guancen Mountain in the northwest of Shanxi to the northeast, passing through Datong, Yanggao and Tianzhen to the north and entering Chicheng County in Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, then entering Shanhaiguan in Qinhuangdao City along the southeast of Yanshan Mountain, and reaching the seaside via Beijing, Tianjin and Tangshan. The other is the south inner side, starting from the southeast of Pianguan area in the northwest of Shanxi in the west, turning northeast in Wuxian, entering Hebei Province along Hengshan Mountain in the east, turning eastward along Taihang Mountain, passing through Mentougou and Changping in the northwest of Beijing, and joining the Great Wall at the south exit of Juyongguan in Changping.

expert opinion/advice

The site of the ancient Great Wall should be protected as a whole.

Beiqi not only built the Great Wall, but also built a garrison every ten miles along the Great Wall. In recent years, many garrison sites of the Northern Qi Great Wall have been found in Mentougou, Changping and Miyun. Professor Yue Shengyang suggested that the division between districts and counties should be broken, and the ancient Great Wall ruins stretching north of Beijing should be protected as a whole to ensure its historical value.

Professor Yue Shengyang appealed that there were not many ruins of the Northern Qi Dynasty discovered in Beijing. These Beiqi garrison sites are important sites for studying the military and culture of Beiqi in Beijing. I hope that the cultural relics department can selectively excavate and set up a brand to protect them from being destroyed during tourism development and tree planting.