Florists of the International Association of Florists must have knowledge.

The purpose of transplanting is to expand the row spacing of seedlings of various specifications, so that the seedlings can get enough nutrition, light and air, and at the same time, the main roots of the seedlings are cut off during transplanting, so that the seedlings can produce more lateral roots and form developed roots, which is beneficial to their growth. Before transplanting, the sown seedlings should generally be thinned, and the seedlings that are too dense, thin or sick should be removed. The sparse seedlings can also be planted separately. The seedlings planted in the ground are transplanted for the first time in 4 ~ 5 pieces. Pot-sown seedlings often start transplanting when 1 ~ 2 true leaves appear. The row spacing of transplanted plants depends on the size of seedlings, the growth rate of seedlings and the bed retention period after transplantation. The preparation of seedling-assisted transplanting seedbed is basically the same as that of sowing seedbed. When transplanting, the soil should be dry and wet properly. Generally, it should be transplanted when the soil is dry. However, when the soil is too dry, it is easy to wilt the seedlings. You should water the head of the border the day before planting, and move the sandalwood when the upper grain absorbs water and does not stick to your hands. When the soil is wet, it is not only inconvenient to operate, but also hardened after planting, which is not conducive to the growth of seedlings. Don't press it too tightly when transplanting, so as to avoid injury to the hate part. When watering, the soil particles will sink with the water, and they can be closely connected with the root system. It is better to transplant on a calm and cloudy day. If the weather is sunny, the flowers are < P > bright, light and hot, it is appropriate to transplant in the evening. Before transplanting, it is necessary to distinguish the varieties and avoid mixing. When digging seedlings, cut off the main roots, do not hurt the roots, and transplant them with protective roots as much as possible. Digging seedlings and planting should be coordinated, and the seeds should be planted with digging. If the wind is strong and evaporation is strong, dig up the young trees and cover them with shade. The transplant hole should be slightly larger to make the root stretch comfortably. The planting depth should be the same as the original planting depth, or 1 ~ 2 cm deeper. Too shallow is easy to lodging; If it is too deep, it will not develop well. After planting, it should be fully watered immediately and watered again to ensure sufficient quantity. When it is dry, you should plant and water it. Shading should be done at the beginning of transplantation in summer to reduce evaporation and avoid wilting. Classification according to ecological habits

This classification method is based on the life style and ecological habits of flowers and plants, and it is the most widely used.

Open-field flowers

are cultivated under natural conditions without protection. Open field flowers can be divided into three categories according to their life history.

1. annual flowers.

plants that complete their life cycle in one growing season. That is, from sowing to flowering, fruiting and dying are all completed in one growing season. Generally, spring sowing, summer and autumn growth, flowering and fruiting, and then dying, so annual flowers are also called spring sowing flowers. Such as impatiens, cockscomb, zinnia, Scutellaria barbata, marigold and so on.

2. biennial flowers.

flowers that complete their life cycle in two growing seasons. Only vegetative organs grew in that year, and after the new year, they blossomed, bore fruit and died. This kind of flowers are usually sown in autumn and bloom in the following spring. Therefore, this kind of flowers is often called autumn sowing flowers. Such as colorful carnation, violet, kale, chrysanthemum and so on.

13. Perennial flowers.

individuals with a life span of more than two years can blossom and bear fruit many times. According to the morphological changes of underground parts, they can be divided into two categories:

(1) Perennial flowers: the underground parts are normal in shape and do not undergo metamorphosis. Such as peony, Hosta, Hemerocallis, etc.

(2) Bulb flower: the underground part is abnormal and hypertrophy. According to its abnormal shape, it can be divided into the following five categories

①: Bulbs, and the underground stems are fish-scale shaped. The bulbs covered with paper are called skinned bulbs, such as daffodils, tulips and Zhu Dinghong. A scale without an outer envelope is called a skinless bulb, such as a lily.

②: Bulbs. The underground stem is spherical or oblate, with a leathery skin outside. Such as gladiolus and vanilla.

③: Rhizomes. The underground stem is root-shaped, with obvious nodes on it, and new buds are planted at the top of branches, such as canna, lotus, water lily and so on.

④: tubers. Underground stems are irregular blocks or strips, such as calla lily, cyclamen persicum, Erythrina grandiflora, tuberose, etc.

⑤: root class. The underground taproot is massive, and the root system is born from the end of the taproot, such as Dahlia.

1. Aquatic flowers

Flowers that grow in water or marshland, such as water lilies and lotus flowers.

⒌ rock flowers

refer to flowers with strong drought tolerance and suitable for cultivation in rock gardens. Often used in gardens. Generally, it is a perennial or woody subshrub, and there are some damp flowers such as ferns.

greenhouse flowers

refer to flowers native to tropical, subtropical and southern warm areas. Cultivation in northern cold areas must be carried out in greenhouses, or it needs to be protected in greenhouses in winter. Can be divided into the following categories:

1. Annual and biennial flowers. Such as Guayeju, calceolaria, sweet pea, etc.

6. Perennial flowers. Such as Gerbera jamesonii and Clivia.

14. bulbs. Such as cyclamen, Zhu Dinghong, Erythrina macrophylla, calla lily, cauliflower taro, etc.

1. Orchidaceae plants can be divided into:

(1) terrestrial orchids, such as Cymbidium cymosum, Cymbidium cymosum, Cymbidium cymosum, Cymbidium cymosum, Cymbidium cymosum and so on.

(2) Epiphytic orchids: such as Dendrobium, Bandai Orchid, Paphiopedilum, etc.

⒌ succulent plant: refers to a plant whose stems and leaves have developed water storage tissues and are plump, juicy and metamorphosed. Include plants of Cactus, Sedum, Euphorbiaceae, Compositae, Bromeliaceae, Agavaceae, etc.

6. Pteridophytes. According to different viewing methods, it can be divided into the following four categories:

(1) Garden greening ferns. Such as Cuiyuncao and Alsophila spinulosa. Among them, Alsophila spinulosa, also known as tree fern, is the largest fern, with a height of more than 1 meters. It is an ancient group, an endangered species in China, and a first-class protected plant in China. In addition, Sophora japonica and Azolla are good materials for water surface greening.

(2) potted foliage ferns. Such as lycopodium, black fern, Pteris vittata, Adiantum, etc. Among them, Lycopodium japonicum, Dryopteris nephrolepis and Pteris ferrugineus are important materials for matching leaves of cut flowers.

(3) hanging ferns. Such as kidney fern, nest fern and so on.

(4) ferns in rock bonsai. Such as Selaginella Selaginella and Pteridium parvum. Among them, Pteridium parvum is the smallest fern, only a few centimeters in size.

1. Insect-eating plants. Such as pitcher plants and pitcher plants. In some cut flower art, it is often used as an artistic flower arrangement material.

⒏ plants of the family Pyraceae. Such as water pagoda flower, pineapple, etc.

⒐ plants of the family Erythrinae. Such as mallow, brown bamboo, pocket coconut and other foliage flowers.

1. Flowers and trees include poinsettia, deciduous wood, etc.

11. Aquatic flowers such as Wang Lian and tropical water lilies. Classification according to garden purposes

1. Flower bed flowers

refer to annual and biennial open-field flowers that can be used to decorate flower beds. For example, pansies and carnations bloom in spring; In summer, impatiens and daisies are often planted in flower beds. Choose a bunch of red flowers, marigold, September chrysanthemum, etc. in autumn; Kale can be properly arranged in the flower bed in winter.

2. Potted flowers

are potted flowers that decorate indoor and garden in the form of potted plants. Such as papaya begonia, hibiscus, asparagus, poinsettia, kumquat and so on.

3. Indoor flowers

refer to a kind of flowers that undergo the dark reaction of photosynthesis through C4 pathway. General foliage plants can be used as indoor ornamental flowers. Such as rich trees, brazilwood, hulk, green basket, colorful corn, etc.

4. Cut flowers

(1) Perennial roots: such as peony, gerbera, gypsophila paniculata, and strelitzia reginae.

(2) Bulbs: lily, tulip, calla lily, vanilla, etc.

(3) Woody cut flowers: such as peach blossom, plum blossom, peony, rose, rose, etc.

Mr. Lincoln, the classic representative variety of Chinese rose

5. Leaf-viewing flowers

mainly depend on the ornamental parts. Such as Hulk, Cycas, Pteridophytes, etc.

6. Shaded flowers

In landscape design, flowers grow in the shade of pavilions. Ophiopogon japonicus, safflower and ferns can all be used as shade flowers.

7. Positive flowers

Flowers that need sufficient sunlight to bloom are called positive flowers. Positive-loving flowers are suitable for growing in full light and strong light. If the light is insufficient, it will grow poorly, bloom late or not, and the color is not fresh and the aroma is not strong. Positive-loving flowers, such as:

(1) Spring flowers: plum blossom, daffodil, spring jasmine, peach blossom, magnolia grandiflora, Qionghua, Begonia pedunculata, Papaya begonia, Begonia pendula, peony, clove, rose, rose, bauhinia, ribbon flower, forsythia suspensa, Yunnan Huang Xin, Vaccinium, cyclamen, etc.

(2) Summer and autumn flowers: Bai Yuhua, Jasmine, Milan, Murraya murraya, woody cordate telosma, osmanthus fragrans, Magnolia grandiflora, hibiscus hibiscus, Lagerstroemia indica, oleander, triangle flower, pineapple flower, In the snow, Dahlia, multicolored plum, canna, sunflower, hollyhock, Fulang flower and egg.

(3) Winter flowers: Chimonanthus praecox, poinsettia, silver willow, tea plum, freesia and so on.

(4) Fruit trees: Mengshan papaya, ginkgo, pomegranate, kumquat, orange, grape, loquat, jujube, persimmon, kiwi, fig, Keke, pyracantha, winter coral, etc.

(5) lianas: wisteria, lingxiao, rosa multiflora, radix aucklandiae, honeysuckle, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, morning glory, dill, etc.

(6) foliage species: Pinus pentaphylla, Pinus thunbergii, Pinus tabulaeformis, Cedars, Sabina vulgaris, Willows, Tamarix chinensis, Acer truncatum, Buxus macrophylla, Rubber Tree, Cycas, Dracaena draconis, Banana, Variable Leaf Tree, Pseudosciaena, Colored Leaf Grass, etc.

(7) succulent: cactus, Trigonella, cactus, fairy mountain, gem flower, hairy palm, etc. Classification according to economic use

1. Medicinal flowers

such as peony, peony, platycodon grandiflorum, morning glory, Ophiopogon japonicus, Celosia cristata, Impatiens balsamina, lily, Fritillaria and Dendrobium are important medicinal plants. In addition, honeysuckle, chrysanthemum and lotus are common Chinese medicinal materials.

2. Fragrant flowers

Fragrant flowers are widely used in food and light industry. For example, osmanthus fragrans can be used as food spice and wine-making, jasmine and Prynne can be used to smoke tea, chrysanthemum can be used to make high-grade food and dishes, and Prynne, rose, daffodil and wintersweet can be used to extract essences. Among them, rose oil extracted from roses is known as "liquid gold" in the international market, and its value is more expensive than gold, and only one rose bud is worth 6 cents in the market.

3. Edible flowers

Use flower leaves or flowers to eat directly. Such as lily, can be used as cut flowers and edible; Chrysanthemum brain and day lily can be used as green seedlings and edible.

According to the classification of flowers' origin and climate type

China climate type

is also called the climate type on the east coast of the mainland. This climate type can be divided into warm type and cool type because of the different temperature in winter:

1. Warm type (low latitude area) such as Chinese narcissus, China Dianthus, camellia, rhododendron and lily.

2. Cold type (high latitude area) such as chrysanthemum, peony, purse peony and begonia.

European climate type

is also called continental west coast climate type, such as pansy, daisy, kale, violet, etc. This kind of flowers is generally cultivated biennially in our area, that is, sowing in summer and autumn and flowering in the following spring.

Mediterranean climate type

Because the summer climate in these areas is dry, perennial flowers often form bulbs. Such as: hyacinthus orientalis, freesia, tulip, cyclamen persicum, oxalis, etc.

Mexican climate type, also known as tropical plateau climate type, is found in tropical and subtropical mountain areas. Yunnan province in China also belongs to this type. Its original flowers are: Dahlia, Poinsettia, Marigold, Yunnan Camellia, Rose and so on.

The tropical flowers with five tropical climate types need to be cultivated in the greenhouse in the temperate zone, and the annual grass flowers can be cultivated in the frost-free period in the open field:

1. The famous tropical flowers originating in Asia, Africa and Oceania are: Celosia cristata, Cynanchum indicum, colorful grass, variable leaf wood and so on.

2. The famous tropical flowers native to Central America and South America are: Candle, Catharanthus roseus, Canna, Petunia, etc.

Six desert climate type

Most of these areas are barren deserts, mainly succulent plants.

1. aloe vera. The varieties planted in the Science Park of Shuyang Agriculture and Forestry Bureau mainly include Cura? ao, Stripe, Muli, Yuanjiang and Soap.

2. cactus. There are two kinds of common ornamental cactus and edible cactus.

3. bachelor tree. Also known as Green Yushu. Native to tropical South Africa, it can be cultivated in the open field in southwest and south China.

4. agave. Sisal, a common greening tree species, belongs to the same genus.

the climatic type of seven cold zones

is mainly distributed in Alaska and Siberia. The climate in these areas is long and cold in winter and short and cool in summer. The growth period of plants is only 2-3 months. Because of this climate, the days are long and the wind is strong in summer, the plants are low, grow slowly and often form mats. The main flowers are: Lilium tenuifolium, Gentiana, Saussurea involucrata. According to the natural distribution,

is divided into tropical flowers, temperate flowers, cold flowers, alpine flowers, aquatic flowers, rock flowers and desert flowers.

"flower" has two definitions: narrow sense and broad sense. "Flowers" in a narrow sense refers to herbs with ornamental value, such as chrysanthemums and impatiens. "Flowers" in a broad sense refers to all plants whose flowers, stems, leaves, fruits or roots have ornamental value in shape or color. So flowers in a broad sense include not only herbs, but also trees, shrubs, vines and ground cover plants. Classify

drought-tolerant flowers according to the amount of water needed, such as cactus, Sedum, Yushu, Lotus, Serpentine, Aloe and Portulaca grandiflora. These flowers adapt to the dry and hot growing environment, their leaves often metamorphose, and some even degenerate, and they have the structure of storing water in their bodies, so they can tolerate drought. The amount of watering must be small, and the principle of "dry rather than wet" should be mastered, so as to keep the basin soil dry, otherwise it will easily cause organ rot such as roots or stems, and even lead to death in serious cases.

semi-drought-tolerant flowers: such as plum blossom, camellia, peony, rhododendron, wintersweet, geranium, asparagus, pine and cypress. The leaves of these flowers and plants are mostly herbaceous or waxy, or the branches and leaves are needle-shaped. When watering, we should master the principle of "drying thoroughly and pouring thoroughly", that is, when the surface of the basin soil is completely dry, we should water it and pour it thoroughly.

mesophyte flowers: most kinds of flowers belong to this type. Such as pomegranate, Chinese rose, jasmine, hibiscus, Milan, crane orchid, Clivia, ornamental bamboo, biennial flowers and perennial flowers. They grow well in wet soil, but not well in too wet or too dry soil, so we should master the principle of "seeing dry and seeing wet" in watering. The so-called "see dry" means watering when the surface soil color of the basin becomes lighter; "Seeing wet" means that every time you water, you just pour all the soil thoroughly, and you can't pour it into "half water" that is wet and dry. This watering method can not only meet the water needed for the growth and development of this kind of flowers, but also ensure the oxygen needed for root respiration, which is conducive to the vigorous growth of flowers.

Wet flowers: such as Guangdong evergreen, Cyperus alterniflora, calla lily, Saxifraga, Artemisia scoparia, Bambusa, ornamental fern, etc. They require that the growing environment should have a lot of water in order to grow and develop well. Therefore, the principle of "rather wet than dry" should be mastered in watering, but water should not be accumulated, otherwise the branches and leaves will often wither and cause injuries.

Aquatic flowers: such as lotus, water lily, water hyacinth, etc. Their roots or stems must be in water to survive, so we must create conditions to meet their requirements.

classification of flowers according to biological characteristics

different flowers have different biological characteristics. They also have different requirements for environmental conditions such as light, temperature and moisture. According to these differences, it is customary to classify flower people into the following four types.

1. Positive-loving and negative-tolerant flowers

(1) Positive-loving flowers are like most flowers such as Chinese rose, jasmine, peony and pomegranate.