Come and comment on Zhuge Liang, whether it’s history or novels

Collect Erchuan, arrange eight formations, six out and seven captures, in front of the five-foot plain, light thirty-nine lanterns, just to reward the three visits.

Take Western Shu, determine the southern barbarians, and reject the east and north. In the central army tent, the golden, wood, earth, and divine hexagrams are transformed, and the water surface can be attacked with fire.

Zhuge Liang, also known as Kongming, was a politician and strategist of the Shu Han Dynasty during the Three Kingdoms period. After Liu Bei became emperor, he served as the prime minister of the Shu Han Dynasty. He was later named the Marquis of Wuxiang and led the pastoral care of Yizhou. During his time in power, he worked hard to implement the farmland policy, improve relations with ethnic minorities in southwest China, and promote local economic and cultural development. He sent troops to attack Wei five times, intending to attack the Central Plains, but failed to do so. In the twelfth year of Jianxing (AD 234), he died of illness in the army in Wuzhangyuan (now Mian County, Shaanxi Province).

After Zhuge Liang's death, in order to commemorate his achievements, later generations built a Wuhou Ancestral Hall in the place where he lived as a memorial. Since the Western Jin Dynasty, literati from all dynasties have come here to pay their respects, leaving behind a pair of well-known couplets and couplets. Some of these couplets cleverly embed numbers into them, which is unique and original.

Wollongong, located in Nanyang City, Henan Province, is said to be the place where Zhuge Liang worked hard. It has elegant scenery and unique architecture. There is this couplet in the Wuhou Temple: "Take in the two rivers, set up eight formations, capture seven and six out, originally set up forty-nine lanterns in the five feet, just to reward three people; take Western Shu, conquer the southern barbarians, reject the east and the north, The Chinese military tent is based on the hexagram of gold, earth, and wood, and the water surface can be attacked with fire." It is not difficult to see from this couplet that the numbers one to ten are embedded in the first couplet, and the "five directions" and "five elements" are embedded in the second couplet, which is very important to Zhuge Kongming. made a high-level summary of his life.

The Wuhou Temple in the southern suburbs of Chengdu, Sichuan, was built by Li Xiong of the Sixteen Kingdoms in the late Western Jin Dynasty to commemorate Zhuge Liang, the prime minister of the Shu Han Dynasty. The ancient cypresses in the temple are lush, and the palace is majestic. There is also a couplet here, which praises Zhuge Liang's merits in Sichuan: "I have been cautious in my life. I captured seven times to cross the south and six times to the north. How could five feet be destroyed and nine be defeated?" Zhi Neng respects the teachings and accepts; ten times the praise and honor, eight formations, two rivers and quilts, combined with elites from all directions, three points of merit must be attributed to the heroes. "In addition, "two expressions reward three times, a pair will make a difference." This couplet uses only ten short words to praise Zhuge Liang's life achievements for his great talent, wisdom, dedication and hard work. The so-called "Two Biaos" refer to the first and last "Departure Biao" written by Zhuge Liang after he entered Sichuan for the great cause of the Shu Han Dynasty; and "One pair" refers to the "Longzhong Dui" written by Liu Bei when he visited the thatched cottage three times. In the article, Zhuge Liang has "three points" An incisive analysis of "The World".

In Dingjun Mountain, Mian County, Shaanxi Province, there is the mausoleum of Zhuge Liang, the "Marquis of Wuxiang". Zhuge Liang was buried here after he died of illness in Wuzhangyuan when he went to Sichuan to conquer Wei. The Wuhou Temple here has such a couplet, which can be said to be Zhuge Liang's life is sealed. The couplet says: "Being righteous and courageous and loyal to the liver are two manifestations since the Six Classics; entrusting an orphan to take care of one's life, one person will be born after three generations." (Excerpted from "Popular Science and Technology News" author: Wu Xu'an)

I think Zhuge Liang's "Dedicate yourself to death and die" And then”?

Author: Shimazu Yihe Posted from: Unify the Three Kingdoms Historical and Cultural Community

Zhuge Liang, courtesy name Kongming, was a native of Nanyang in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. An outstanding politician and military officer during the Three Kingdoms period He left behind a glorious image of "wisdom" and "nobility of integrity" to future generations, and was a well-known historical figure in East Asia. He left behind many stories and popular sayings that have been passed down through the ages. Here is Zhuge Liang. "Dedicate yourself to the end of your life" Let me talk about my own insights

Zhuge Liang was born in the fourth year of Emperor Guanghe of the Han Dynasty (AD 181) and died in the twelfth year of the establishment of the Shu Han Dynasty (AD 234). year) at the age of 54. In 207 AD, Liu Bei visited Zhuge Liang three times to consult the thatched cottage. Zhuge Liang was 27 years old. He analyzed the general trend of the world incisively and proposed a three-point plan to unite Sun Yat-sen and resist Cao, and then unify the world, which is the famous path. "Longzhong Dui":

"Since Dong Zhuo's rebellion, heroes have risen together, and there are countless people who connect counties across states. Compared to Yuan Shao, Cao Cao was little famous and outnumbered. However, Cao Sui can overcome Shao and use the weak to become strong. This is not only due to the timing of the weather, but also due to human conspiracy. Today, Cao Cao has millions of people, holding the emperor hostage to command the princes. This sincerity cannot be competed with. Sun Quan has held Jiangdong for three generations. The country is in danger and the people are attached to it. The virtuous people can use it. This can be used as aid but cannot be used.

Zhuge Liang's "dedicate himself to death" is also reflected in his deathbed killing of Wei Yan. Some people say that Wei Yan was such a talented person that Zhuge Liang killed him unreasonably and unnecessarily. I think Zhuge Liang would rather kill by mistake than miss a kill. It is true that Wei Yan is talented, but he is too ambitious. After Zhuge Liang's death, he will inevitably threaten the dominance of the mediocre Liu Chan. For the sake of Liu Chan, Zhuge Liang had no choice but to kill Wei Yan as an excuse.

Do it knowing you can’t do it! As the saying goes, "A scholar dies for a confidant." Everyone says that Guan Yu is the incarnation of "righteousness" in ancient and modern times, both at home and abroad. I think Zhuge Liang's "dedicate himself to death and die" is the incarnation of "righteousness" that has never been seen before or since. Zhuge Kongming will be famous throughout the ages and will be immortal! ! !

Zhuge Liang in my eyes - talking about Kong Ming's "Three Cries"

Author: Yang Fang

In 220 AD, the princes rose up and the world was in dispute . In the bamboo forest with beautiful mountains and clear waters, in the thatched cottage, a middle-aged man wearing a silk scarf on his head and holding a feather fan in his hand was sitting in the thatched cottage. His heart was concerned about the world, success or failure, and he had thousands of rivers and mountains in his mind. He said: "Those who have harmony will win the world." "So the story of visiting the thatched cottage three times created a generation of great men, outstanding politicians and military strategists - Zhuge Liang. With his outstanding political and military talents, Zhuge Kongming established the Shu Kingdom and prospered the Han Dynasty. He went through many attempts to govern and worked hard. With his wisdom, his affection, and his righteousness, he demonstrated the great ambition and courage of a generation of Shu Prime Ministers, which made people all over the world admire him, make me drunk, make me crazy, and make me crazy.

Zhuge Liang in Luo Guanzhong's works has extraordinary talents, profound foresight, and the power to turn things around and call for wind and rain. He has clever calculations and predicts events like a god. The straw boat borrows arrows, the three qi Zhou fishes, and the east wind borrows the battle of Chibi. They left Qishan six times and captured Meng Huo seven times. Sima placed an empty city in front of him. Powerful in all directions, "he is truly a man of God." He mobilizes troops and generals, knows people well and makes good use of them. During the Battle of Chibi, knowing that Guan Yu had a deep friendship and knew that his kindness would be repaid, he also sent him to guard the important road. As a result, Guan Yu on Huarong Road missed his old kindness and would rather sacrifice himself and let his powerful enemy Cao Cao go. Some people say that this was Kong Ming's fault and he missed a good opportunity. But that's not always the case. Look, when the lord Liu Bei was eager to stop him, he said: "Yun Chang is a man of temperament and will let Cao Cao go. How can a wise prime minister let him guard the important road?" After hearing this, Kong Ming sighed and said, "This is God's will. God's will." Immortal Cao. If Wei falls, Soochow is bound to rise. This is a powerful enemy, and it occupies a favorable position. It will be difficult for Shu to compete with it, and it is bound to perish. Now the world is divided into three parts, and we are in a three-legged position. This is a good opportunity to develop agriculture, consolidate granaries, and recharge our batteries to defeat the enemy. After this battle, Yun Chang will become more loyal to Shu. This is my great plan!" From this point of view, it is absolutely impossible to let Cao Cao go! It was not accidental, nor was it Kong Ming's failure. It was actually forced by the situation and a helpless move.

Another example is Wei Yan. At that time, the three pillars stood together, and the Shu Kingdom was relatively weak. Zhuge Liang was struggling to survive the crisis, so he naturally focused on recruiting talents. In addition to Guan, Zhang, Zhao and Mahuang, another famous general in Shu was Wei Yan. Zhuge Liang took great pains in using it. Wei Yan is also considered to be brave and good at fighting, and has repeatedly made meritorious deeds. However, this person has a "rebellion" behind his head and is not loyal enough. Zhuge Liang predicts that he will rebel in the future. However, the country is at a time when it is employing people, and this person cannot be used, especially after Guanzhang, Zhao, Mahuang and others have withered. Besides, if you don't use it, it may be used by the enemy. Zhuge Liang used him while guarding against him. When Zhuge Liang was overworked and critically ill, he secretly ordered Wei Yan to stop. That night, Wei Yan suddenly had a dream. He dreamed that two horns were growing on his head. Knowing that it was a sign of good luck, he launched an army to rebel, in line with Kong Ming's words. It was Zhuge Liang who had made arrangements and left behind a clever plan, so Ma Dai beheaded Wei Yan. Knowing that he has the intention to rebel, he still wants to use it, just like walking on a tightrope. Zhuge Liang has a plan in mind. He has fear but does not dare to openly rebel while he is still alive. There is no need to regret it. Killing him before he rebelled again chilled the hearts of the soldiers. The only way is to lay an ambush around him and kill him in one fell swoop when he turns back. Generally speaking, you should use people without suspicion and don't use people who are suspicious. However, in a specific situation, how to flexibly achieve the best effect is actually a great wisdom.

When Lu Xun evaluated Zhuge Liang, he thought he was too magical and almost a "demon". I cannot fully understand the previous comments. In my opinion, it means "demon", which has a derogatory meaning.

I think otherwise. Although Zhuge Liang's intelligence is almost mythical, it would be too harsh to call him a "demon". He is just a human being, a flesh-and-blood person, and a person who values ??friendship.

During the Battle of Jieting, Ma Su rushed to the front and kept talking wildly without attracting his attention. This was an oversight on his part. He sent Wang Ping, but he didn't know how Ma Su would listen to Wang Ping's words. This was another oversight. As a result, we lost our fighting opportunities, lost our territory, lost the victory we were about to win, lost our vigor, lost the great cause of destroying Wei and Xinghan, and lost the wisdom that politicians and military strategists should have. It can be said that "one mistake will lead to eternal hatred." This was a major failure in Kong Ming's life. Although there is some fault of Kong Ming's negligence in this, it is not entirely the case. You see, when Ma Su asked for troops, although Kong Ming had doubts, he had a good impression of him and could not save his face, so he entrusted him with an important task. The root cause is the word "love". Afterwards, Kong Ming shed tears and said, "You and I are just like brothers, and your son is my son. There is no need to ask for more advice." This cry, with a wave of his hand, expressed deep self-blame for wasting the opportunity to fight, improper employment, and also harmed Ma Su. , involving his whole family, which shows the depth of his "love". The placement and care of Ma Di's family shows the importance of his "righteousness". Kong Ming cried for the second time. When Jiang Wan joined the army to plead for mercy, Kong Ming shed tears and replied: "Unfortunately, the reason why Sun Wu can conquer the world is because of his clear method. Now the four parties are fighting, and the war has just begun. If the law is abolished, how can we fight against the thieves?" He should be killed. "There are so many emotions intertwined with this cry. Ma Su was about to behead him, but he couldn't bear it in his heart, but he enforced the law strictly, so he cried because he had to behead him, and he cried because he knew that he could not make good use of others. The street pavilion was lost, the situation of the war could not be reversed, and the prosperity of the Han Dynasty was slim. So I felt sad, how could I not shed tears? After Ma Su was beheaded, Kong Ming burst into tears again. Jiang Wan asked, "I often offend you today. Since I am enforcing military law, why is the prime minister crying?" Kongming said, "I am not crying for Ma Su. I think that when the late emperor was in danger in Baidi City, He once told me: "Ma Su exaggerated and was of no use." Now, in response to his words, he deeply regretted his ignorance and recalled the words of the late emperor, so he burst into tears. As I cried, so much sadness and indignation came to my mind. I could vividly remember the past Maolin stream in front of me; I miss my old kindness and regret that I did not listen to the late emperor's words and wasted all his hard work. I deeply regret that I have lost my great cause of prospering the Han Dynasty due to my ignorance, and I am sorry for the late emperor's kindness in knowing him. I am deeply affectionate, and there is another word "love".

To say that Kong Ming is not "intelligent", I think there is only one point. The late emperor once said when he was entrusting an orphan in Baidi City: "The young master Liu Chan is fatuous and incompetent, and he is greedy for pleasure. When absolutely necessary, the prime minister can take his place and establish the Han Dynasty." However, despite what the late emperor said, Kong Ming would never go against his "emotion" and commit any crime. He was loyal and dedicated his whole life to the Kingdom of Shu until he died. How can this be fully expressed by the word "affection"? "The emperor's affairs in the world were settled, and he won fame both before and after his life. Unfortunately, it happened in vain!" Later generations commented that Zhuge Liang said:

Three visits to the world's plans

The two dynasties opened the hearts of the old ministers

He died before leaving the army

The hero burst into tears

The feelings of Zhuge Wuhou of a generation can be expressed by the sky; his righteousness can move the earth. ; His wisdom has been passed down for thousands of years; his loyalty has been admired by future generations. It can be said that a wisp of pure soul passed away in the sky, leaving innocence in the world!

I View Zhuge Liang

Author: Zhang Wenxiang

Zhuge Liang’s Northern Expedition has always been controversial. So far, the mainstream view among scholars and amateurs is that Appreciative. But at present, some innovative friends on the Internet have put forward various opinions, which can be summarized into two points: first, it will bring down the national power of Shu Han; second, Zhuge Liang supports his troops and respects himself.

MQ is not talented, let’s talk about some personal opinions

First of all, let’s talk about the second opinion-Zhuge Liang’s self-respect in supporting troops. I think that's half true. Zhuge Liang originally supported the army (controlling the military power of the world, not the modern "supporting the army and supporting the subordinates"). He not only supported the army but also had power. But I think when it comes to "self-respect", it is definitely not the case. No matter from Zhuge Liang's personality and actual history Look, Zhuge Liang did not split the political power and dominate one side.

Speaking of the first question, I think friends who hold the above view may attribute Jiang Wei's accounts to Zhuge Liang, because some friends often say this when writing posts: "Jiang Wei's nine expeditions to the Central Plains reduced the national power of Shu Han." Completely defeated, in fact, he was just following Zhuge Liang's old path. The cause of Shu Han's demise had already begun since Zhuge Liang's time." In this regard, my point of view is that I disagree with this similar statement. Because judging whether a country's national strength has been dragged down depends on several hard indicators, such as: 1. Whether the government or cabinet (not the regime) collapses; 2. Whether the economy collapses; 3. Whether the people's living standards are low; 4. Whether the country is divided . This correspondence, when applied to ancient society, is: 1. The cabinet was deposed; 2. Financial expenditures were insufficient; 3. The land was filled with mourning and starvation; 4. Peasants revolted and political power was divided. Using these indicators to measure Zhuge Liang's rule, it is obviously neither. The reasons are as follows:

1. Zhuge Liang was not impeached until his death. The main members of his cabinet, Jiang Wan, Fei Yi, Dong Yun, etc., continued to be in power and continued Zhuge's old system; in terms of the army, Jiang Wei, Liao Hua, and Dong Jue et al. are still the main commanders of the Shu Han army. The politics are clear and clear, and there is no situation where loyal ministers are avoiding trouble and villains are in charge. In the struggle with the treacherous representative Huang Hao, Dong Xiang still had a clear upper hand, which was not the case when Jiang Xiang was queen.

2. During the "Four British Prime Ministers" period, there was no record of financial insufficiency in the Shu Han Dynasty, and it was still able to maintain the operation of the country.

3. Under the "Four Great Prime Ministers" such as Prime Minister Chiang Kai-shek and Prime Minister Fei Fei, the common people did not have much to offer. The population statistics during Liu Bei's and Zhangwu's reign were roughly equivalent to the registered population at the time of Liu Chan's surrender.

4. Peasant uprisings have not been recorded.

It can be seen that Zhuge Liang’s Northern Expedition (at least until the early Jiang Wei period) did not seriously weaken the Shu Han’s national power. The chaotic political situation in Jiang Wei's later period cannot be traced to Zhuge Liang. In addition, we can see that Zhuge Liang's retreat was basically due to the lack of food and grass. Among them, the second attack on the city took the initiative to withdraw from the siege within twenty days, indicating that Zhuge Liang's military operations were based on actual support from the rear. Once there was a problem with logistical supplies, Zhuge Liang took the initiative to withdraw his troops. He took the entire economy into consideration and would not blindly increase military expenditures regardless of the consequences. This was qualitatively different from Jiang Wei's Northern Expedition. Jiang Wei basically resorted to military aggression and was defeated. Naigui.

I think Zhuge Liang’s Northern Expedition was a struggle for the Shu Han to gain international status (the Three Kingdoms Confrontation and some ethnic minority regimes), and it was a military action with the certain goal of scoring political and diplomatic points on the international stage.

Zhuge Liang's slogan of restoring the Han Dynasty actually did not have any influence. The chaos in the world at the end of the Han Dynasty made the people of the Central Plains hate this decadent dynasty. Starting from Emperor Wen of Cao Pi, Cao Wei began to weaken the royal family, support large landowners, and make the landlord class support its regime. The common people also long for peace. To them, Zhuge Liang is not a righteous master, and Cao Wei is not a traitor. Both sides are rival regimes that split from the Han Dynasty as a legal regime, so there is no such thing as justice or evil. Whoever finally unifies the world and allows the people to recuperate and recuperate will be a political power supported and accepted by the people. Therefore, Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition was not just, and certainly not evil.

As we all know, Shu Han is the weakest political power among the Three Kingdoms. Except for the Central Shu Plain, most of the territory is undeveloped and very barren and backward. Therefore, both Cao Wei and Sun Wu want to annex it and then compete with each other. . If the Shu Han wants to rise from a third-rate country and win the respect of the "international community", it must expand its international influence. Therefore, strengthening its alliance with the second-rate country Sun Wu is the way to ensure that the two weak fight against one strong international situation and win a place. Basic national policy.

In diplomacy with Soochow, Zhuge Liang must ensure that his ally Soochow is not distracted and will work together to fight against Cao. Therefore, he must adopt the posture of "encouraging friends and deterring enemies", so he must be powerful and self-reliant to attack and survive. If you show weakness, you will be the first victim of the jungle. Therefore, although the Shu Han was weak, it did not experience the situation of "a weak country without diplomacy".

Another important point is that Zhuge Liang’s Northern Expedition was a competition with Cao Wei for influence in the Greater Central Asia region.

Under the situation where Cao Wei established the Governor of the Western Regions, Shu Han, as the successor state of Han (actually Shu Han was called Han in history), must take a preemptive strike in competing for influence in Central Asia. Obtain benefits and replenish national strength to fight against the Central Plains dynasty. Therefore, considering this strategic direction, Zhuge Liang also had to expedition north. This is why Zhuge Liang and Jiang Wei fought for Longshang and cut off the connection between Cao Wei's Longyou and the Central Plains.

During the Fifth Expedition, Zhuge Liang went west to Wuzhangyuan. Sima Yi expected that Zhugeliang would leave Wuzhangyuan and take the lead in occupying the terrain on the east bank of the Wei River. When his generals were rejoicing, only Guo Huaiming checked Kong Ming's heart and believed that Zhuge Liang's move was truly ambitious. Intention, the Han army planned to go north instead of east, and advance its operational bases in Chencang, Tianshui, Qishan and other places west of Wuzhangyuan, so the Han army must attack Beiyuan (today's north of Meixian County, Shaanxi Province, and the north bank of the Weishui River). Guo Huai said to Sima Yi: "If Liang crosses the Wei River and climbs the plains, and joins the troops in the northern mountains, blocking the Long Road and destabilizing the people and barbarians, this is not in the interest of the country." ("Three Kingdoms, Volume 26"). Please note that in this sentence, Guo Huai clearly pointed out Zhuge Liang's strategic intention to cut off the Long Road and split the "people and barbarians" under Cao Wei's rule. Zhuge Liang wanted to separate the ethnic minority regimes and the local Han people in the Duhufu area of ??the Western Regions from Cao Wei. Vassalize Shu Han to shake Cao Wei's interests in the west. Later, the two sides did have a fierce battle in Beiyuan. As a result, Guo Huai's army, who had sent troops to Beiyuan in advance, defeated the Shu Han vanguard troops who robbed Beiyuan, and Zhuge Liang also drove back Sima Yi's 10,000 cavalry (see Zhuge Liang's military exploits in "Shui Jing Zhu" for details), and the two sides formed a strategic stalemate. Not long after, Zhuge Liang passed away. He was a talented man who had no talent at the right time. He hated the Wei River. From then on, the Shu Han had no chance to make a comeback. Sima Yi also sincerely lamented that he was a "wonder in the world".

I am a commoner, plowing the land in Nanyang, trying to survive in troubled times, and not seeking to gain knowledge and reach the princes. The late emperor did not think that his ministers were despicable, and he was in vain. He paid three visits to his ministers in the thatched cottage, and consulted them about the affairs of the world. He was so grateful that he allowed the late emperor to drive away. Later, when the army was overthrown, he was appointed to the position when the army was defeated, and he was ordered to be in danger: You have been twenty and one year. The late emperor was cautious in informing his ministers, so he sent his ministers important information when he was about to die. Since receiving the order, I have been worried day and night, fearing that the entrustment would not be effective and would damage the late emperor's wisdom. Therefore, I crossed Lu in the fifth month and reached a barren depth. Now that the south has been secured, and the armor and troops are sufficient, it is time to reward the three armies, and to the north to secure the central plains, to exhaust the common people and the dull, to drive out the traitors, to revive the Han Dynasty, and to return to the old capital: This is why I repay the late emperor and serve your majesty loyally. As for considering profits and losses, and giving good advice, then you, yi, yun, etc. are all responsible. May your Majesty ask his ministers to bring the thief back to life, and if it fails, he will be punished, so as to report the spirit of the late emperor. If there is no word about the thief's revival, then you, Yi, Yun, etc. will be blamed for their slowness. It is also advisable for Your Majesty to make your own plans, consult the good people, listen to the elegant words, and follow the late emperor's edict deeply. I am extremely grateful! Now I should stay away from you, crying in front of my face, not knowing what I mean.

The rationality of Zhuge Liang's empty city plan?

To simply regard it as a gamble between Zhuge Liang and Sima Yi would be to underestimate the rationality of the empty city plan.

Not much consideration is given to the arrangements beforehand and the changes afterward. They are taken out of context and only rely on the calmness of burning incense and playing the piano. Looking at the sky through a tube or sitting in a well, the knowledge is like a blind man touching an elephant, and it is difficult to see the whole picture. From the 95th chapter of "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" "Ma Di refused to admonish and lost his place in the street pavilion, Wu Hou played the piano and retreated to Zhongda." Carefully read the previous and later chapters, and narrate the time background and detailed process, so that we can find out the truth. Facts speak louder than words. Instead of guessing what it might be, or what it should feel like.

When Zhuge Liang learned that Jieting and Liliucheng were lost, he was making arrangements for the withdrawal of the Northern Expeditionary Army: so from the beginning, he arranged for Guan Xing and Zhang Bao to each lead 3,000 elite troops to Wugong Mountain, and then Zhang Yi was ordered to send Jiange in advance to prepare a safe return route, and then ordered Ma Dai and Jiang Wei to prepare for an ambush. Finally, officials, soldiers and civilians from Tianshui, Nan'an and Anding counties were immigrated to Hanzhong. Zhuge Liang personally led five thousand soldiers and horses to transport grain. These distribution arrangements were the beginning of the sequence of dispatching troops.

Unfortunately, some people always mistakenly believe that Zhuge Liang only used an empty city to fight against Sima Yi, or falsely believe that he was unprepared and forced to fight. In fact, few people know Zhuge Liang's prior arrangements. There is an ambush beforehand, so you dare to lay out a plan to raise suspicion. This is completely different from the situation of not preparing in advance and gambling on luck.

Sima Yi's target was not only Zhuge Liang's direct troops, but also the entire Northern Expedition army. No matter how many people there are, they are not afraid of traps. In the Battle of Changping during the Warring States Period, although Zhao soldiers numbered more than 400,000, they were still surrounded by the Qin army and starved. In the end, they were forced to surrender and be killed. The mountainous terrain in the Hanzhong area is full of dangerous places such as patios, heavenly prisons, heavenly traps, heavenly traps, and heavenly gaps. There are also obstacles such as stone caves and jungles. The most fearful thing is that you will be trapped in a dead end without any room for escape. The mountains and forests are not conducive to the galloping of the Wei army's cavalry. The passes in the valleys are also dangerous and "one man can guard the pass, and ten thousand men are invincible." Although there are many soldiers, it would be careless to ignore the restrictions of the terrain.

Zhuge Liang already had a large army and good geographical advantages. As Guo Chong said, although Sima Yi had 200,000 troops, he still did not necessarily have the upper hand. Moreover, Guo Chong's biggest mistake was to ignore the existence of the Shu generals. Sima Yi could only count the locations of the Northern Expedition generals. Facing an army with only Zhuge Liang left, unless Sima Yi was arrogant and could not see the Shu generals Wei Yan, Gao Xiang, Zhao Yun and Wang Ping. . Otherwise, Sima Yi should consider whether these Shu soldiers were ambushing and waiting for them. Zhuge Liang later used decoy troops to kill Zhang He, Wang Shuang and others, which further proved that the Wei soldiers would end up rushing forward and would suffer the consequences of underestimating the enemy. Will face death and defeat.

Zhuge Liang’s empty city plan first appeared not in the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" after the Ming and Qing Dynasties, but in the notes (Guo Chong Sanshi) from the "Three Kingdoms" written by the official historian Chen Shou, and the latter also More unreasonable than the former. This is ironic. The explanatory notes from official history are not credible, but the fictional story is comprehensive.