Briefly describe the development of ancient poetry.

On the development of China's ancient literary genre

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China is a great ancient civilization. In the long history of 5, years, our ancestors created splendid culture, and the rich and diverse literary forms have to become one of the most beautiful scenery. The continuous creation, integration, renewal and transcendence of literary forms is also one of the main reasons and clues for the evolution of ancient Chinese literary history. Therefore, it is very meaningful to study the development of ancient literary genres.

There are various literary forms in ancient China, and each of them has its own unique development process. From the knotting notes in ancient times, to the longevity of words, to the appearance of the earliest literary style-primitive poetry, and to the emergence and explosive development of poetry, prose, novels and dramas, the scene of China's ancient literature is endless and Wang Yang is surging. It can be said that from a certain perspective, the history of ancient Chinese literature is also an evolutionary history of literary forms. Since Wei and Jin Dynasties, stylistic research has always been an important part of China's ancient literary criticism. Many ancient literary criticisms are actually stylistic criticism, such as Wen Xin Diao Long, which is actually a representative work of stylistic research. Eight styles are mentioned in Wen Xin Diao Long, which is actually eight styles of the article.

literary genre refers to the types and styles of all literary works. This is a widely recognized view in contemporary times. But this is only a concise statement, and the concept cannot be fully explained. Because the content involved in this paper is the development of ancient literary styles, this theory is adopted.

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Generally speaking, the origin of China's ancient poetry is marked by the emergence of primitive ballads. For example, there is a song "Playing Songs": "Broken bamboo, continued bamboo, flying soil, eating meat." It is the reproduction of original production and life. It can be regarded as the opening work of ancient Chinese poetry. In addition, the early poems and the hexagrams in Zhouyi are the early forms of Chinese poetry.

The first peak of the formation and development of Chinese ancient poetry genre was The Book of Songs.

The Book of Songs is the first collection of poems in China. There are 35 poems collected from the early Western Zhou Dynasty (11th century BC) to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period (6th century BC) for about 5 years. It was originally called The Book of Songs, because Confucian scholars in Han Dynasty regarded it as a classic, so it was called The Book of Songs.

The composition of the author of The Book of Songs is very complicated, and it has a wide range of regions. In addition to the music songs produced by the music officials of the Zhou Dynasty, and the music songs presented by the officials and scholars, there are many folk songs that were originally circulated among the people. There are different opinions about how these folk songs came to the court. Some scholars in the Han Dynasty believed that the Zhou Dynasty sent special poets to collect folk songs to understand the pros and cons of politics and customs. There is another saying: these folk songs are collected by musicians from all over the world. Musicians are officials and experts in charge of music. They sing poems and compose music as their profession, and collect ballads to enrich their lyrics and tunes. The pleasure of the princes was dedicated to the emperor, and these folk songs were gathered in the court. These statements all have some truth. Moreover, these have no influence on the value of The Book of Songs. So we won't discuss it here.

In The Book of Songs, a large number of expressive techniques of Fu, Bi and Xing were used, which strengthened the image of the works and achieved good artistic effects. The so-called "Fu", explained by Zhu Xi's Biography of Poetry, is "telling the truth about Chen Qi". This includes general statement and layout statement. "Bi", as explained by Zhu Xi, means "comparing one thing with another", which means metaphor. There are many places where metaphors are used in The Book of Songs, and the techniques are also varied. For example, "Meng" uses the change of mulberry trees from lush to withered to compare the rise and fall of love; Heming uses "stones from other mountains can attack jade" as a metaphor to say that it is necessary to use sages to govern the country, and so on, all of which are good examples of using "ratio" in the Book of Songs. Furthermore, "Xing" has more meaningful usages such as metaphor, symbol and contrast. However, it is precisely because "Xing" was originally produced by thoughts drifting and associating for no reason, so even if it has a more real meaning, it is not so rigid, but subtle. For example, "Guan Guan's dove is in the river continent" at the beginning of Guan Guan's novel, which was originally used by the poet to raise the following "My Fair Lady, Gentleman is Good", but Guan Guan's harmony can also be used as a metaphor for courtship between men and women, or harmonious love between men and women, but its metaphorical meaning is not clear.

The use of the expressive techniques of Fu, Bi and Xing in The Book of Songs has greatly inspired the poetry of future generations, and it is also a vivid reference for the poetry of future generations, which plays an inestimable role in the development history of the whole poetry.

The Book of Songs has been mentioned, so we should talk about the Chu Ci mentioned in parallel with it.

Chu ci is born out of Chu ballads, which is one of the concentrated expressions of Chu culture. The representative figure of Chu Ci creation is Qu Yuan, a great patriotic poet.

If the Book of Songs is the crystallization of the collective wisdom of the working people in the pre-Qin period, then Chu Ci is the beginning of the writer's conscious creation. Chu literati, represented by Qu Yuan, created brilliance. Qu Yuan's poems also like a lot of colorful words. He also developed the metaphor technique in The Book of Songs, which endowed plants, fish, insects, birds and beasts, Yun Ni and other natural things with human will and life, in order to entrust their own thoughts and feelings, and increased the beauty of poetry. Generally speaking, the schools that pay attention to literary talent and beauty in China's ancient literature can all be traced back to Qu Yuan. In the form of poetry, Qu Yuan broke the short and simple system in The Book of Songs, and created a "Sao-style poem" with long or short sentence patterns, grand length and rich and complex connotations, which had a far-reaching impact on later songs-style poems.

following the book of songs and the songs of Chu, Yuefu poems in Han dynasty painted a brilliant stroke for the history of ancient poetry.

The mainstream of literature in the Han Dynasty is literati's creation, and the mainstream of literati's creation is Ci Fu. As a folk creation, Yuefu folk songs are non-mainstream existence. Although it is consistent with literati literature, there are more inconsistencies. This non-mainstream folk creation, with its strong vitality, gradually influenced the creation of literati, and finally promoted the vigorous rise of poetry, replacing the rule of Ci and Fu on the literary world. In contrast, Han Yuefu's poetry has the following characteristics: it has a strong flavor of life, especially for the first time, it specifically and deeply reflects the difficulties and pains of the daily life of the lower classes; It laid the foundation for China's ancient narrative poems. Thirdly, the folk songs of Han Yuefu show intense and explicit feelings; Many works show the sorrow of short life and impermanence; Showed a lively imagination.

The outstanding feature of the poetry in Han Yuefu is that it breaks the four-character style in The Book of Songs and the miscellaneous words in Chu Ci, and forms five-character style and miscellaneous words style, and the whole trend is that the neat five-character style is more and more dominant. This provided valuable reference for the later forms of poetry in Wei, Jin, Sui and Tang Dynasties.

The Tang Dynasty is the highest peak of China's poetry, and it is also the period of the formation and perfection of poetry genre. During this period, "modern poetry" represented by a regular poem and quatrains and "ancient poetry" represented by a poetic style were formed.

The great hero of the Tang poetry genre should be the first to promote "Shen Song". Song Zhiwen and Shen? Make trouble? Bi Zhu? What about Shaanxi? What's the matter with the milk? Scratch k? What's wrong with Joe? What's the guide to killing the drought thumb vinegar? Fu, Song and Yue? 蚁安 asked Jiao Xiaoding to correct the R ring? Steep? 苊񒵌 迓 迓 迓 迓 迓 迓 迓? . ? What about the ring correction? Afraid of paper? Have a good time? It seems that you are willing to punish? Tomb? Kick? り? Kick? Weird? Hey? Teasing? Smoke? Title? Fine sodium umbrella I? What are you trying to do? Do you want to study? What's the matter with you? Nye? What's the matter, Sang? What's wrong with you? ⒅ Thorium? Crispy? Live?

After Shen and Song Dynasties, more and more people accepted the norms of regular poetry, and more and more people participated in the creation, which contributed to the maturity of the form of regular poetry. The poet who has made the greatest achievements in the creation of regular poems should push Lao Du.

Du Fu's achievements in the form of rhythmic poetry have made great contributions to the art of China's poetry. Before Du Fu, the Seven Rhymes were mostly used in the court to make harmony. These poems were poor in content and weak in language. Besides, there were few excellent works. When Du Fu arrived, he not only matured the seven rhythms, but also fully developed the possibilities contained in this poetic form. The seven laws, like the five laws, are fixed poetic forms. However, Du Fu used its slightly larger space than the Five Laws to make it contain considerable capacity. In terms of language rhythm, although each sentence of the seven laws is only two words more than that of the five laws, it can produce various changes after careful adjustment by Du Fu. As a result, the seven laws have become a poetic form with unique artistic expression, which is both beautiful and neat, and turbulent in opening and closing.

another important form of Tang poetry is the singing style. Including five-character songs, seven-character songs and miscellaneous songs. The representative works of five-character songs are Du Fu's "From Beijing to Fengxian", "Northern Expedition" and Li Bai's "Chivalrous Travels". Seven-character songs such as Du Fu's "The Car Shop", "two for the road", Bai Juyi's "Song of Eternal Sorrow", "Pipa Opera" and so on. The most distinctive is Li Bai's miscellaneous songs.

Li Bai's personality determines the formal characteristics of his poems. When the poet's surging poetic sentiment can't be accommodated by the ordinary image, the poet launches his imaginative imagination and fantasy, and realizes the artistic transformation with his words. The basis of this deformation is the intensity of the poet's feelings, which makes the image break through the convention and get a fantastic color. As a result, the arbitrary miscellaneous ballads have been brought into full play in Li Bai, such as "Xuanzhou Xie?" I Building Farewell School Book Uncle Cloud:

since yesterday had to throw me and bolt; Today has hurt my heart even more. The autumn wildgeese have a long wind for escort, as I face them from this villa, drinking my wine. The bones of great writers are your brushes, in the School of Heaven, and I am a Lesser Xie growing up by your side, we both are exalted to distant thought, want to go to the sky to embrace the bright moon. But since water still flows, though we cut it with our swords, let's raise our glasses to ease our worries, and since the world can in no way answer our craving, I will loosen my hair tomorrow and take to a fishingboat.

The whole poem is only twelve sentences, but the poet's emotional activities have experienced several ups and downs.

And in tianmu Mountain Ascended in a Dream, he made the loudest voice: To bow one's eyebrows and bend one's back to serve the powerful, who never will suffer being shown an honest-hearted face!

It can be seen that the unique features of Zayan Opera in expressing feelings are unmatched by other genres. Li Bai and Zayan Opera complement each other, and the latter fully displays the feelings of the former, while in the process, the form of the latter has also been fully developed and improved.

We are talking about two special forms of poetry: Ci and Qu.

Ci and Qu are the development of literary forms after the Tang Dynasty. Is an important part of the development of poetry. Their relationship is: Ci evolved from Yuefu and then into Qu. Ci was formed in the Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Song Dynasty. Ci, a new literary genre, has formed a certain pattern in theme and language style through the efforts of many literati since the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties. In the meantime, although Li Yu made a breakthrough, it was only a special case, and it seems that there has been little change in general. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Ci continued to be loved by literati and officialdom, including the supreme ruler. This form became an important part of literature in the Song Dynasty, and it also flourished after the Song Dynasty. Qu comes from ci. Qu is the closest to the word system, and both belong to the form of long and short sentences with fixed meter. According to Wang Guowei's statistics, there are as many as 75 kinds of Yuan Ququ tablets from Tang and Song Dynasties. Therefore, some people call Sanqu "Ci Yu". The forms of Sanqu can be divided into two categories: the poem and the number of sets. The poem is usually written by a single piece of music, and there are other special forms such as "taking a piece of music", "gathering a piece of music", "starting over" and "changing the head", all of which are formed by connecting several pieces of music according to certain rules. The number of sets, also known as "loose sets", is written with more than two tunes in the same tone, which is similar to the sets in zaju.

To sum up, the development of China's ancient poetry started with ancient ballads and hexagrams, went through the development of The Book of Songs, Chuci and Han Yuefu, and then flourished in Tang poetry, Song ci and Yuan qu. It is a complicated, innovative and perfect process, and it is a main line of the evolution of ancient literary genres.

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The genre of China's ancient prose has generally gone from scattered to whole, and then from whole to scattered

The beginning of China's ancient prose should start with the historical prose of the pre-Qin period and the prose of various schools of thought. As far as the system is concerned (it can't be described as a genre here), the formation of historical prose in pre-Qin period has an evolutionary process. The early Book of History, except for the disguised part, was completely a compilation of documents kept by historians; Spring and Autumn Annals, although it is said to have been edited by Confucius, still maintains the style recorded by historians. Zuozhuan and Guoyu, which were formed at the beginning of the Warring States Period, also made use of a large number of official records, but they are no longer official works in a strict sense. As for the Warring States Policy, which was formed from the end of the Warring States Period to the Qin and Han Dynasties, its main source was the private works of the counselor. Generally speaking, this process is characterized by the gradual weakening of the official color. However, the later and closer the works are to the people, the more significant their literary elements are, and correspondingly, the strictness of historiography is weakened. This can also be said to be one of the characteristics of creative style, and it also belongs to the category of style.

Shangshu is an ancient collection of articles in terms of its genre. "Spring and Autumn Annals" used to be the general name of the history books of various countries in the pre-Qin period, but only the Spring and Autumn Annals of Lu was handed down from generation to generation, so it became a special name. The Spring and Autumn Annals, originally compiled by Lu historians, is said to have been arranged and revised by Confucius and given special significance, thus becoming an important Confucian classic. "Spring and Autumn Annals" is a chronological history book, which records the major events in the Spring and Autumn Period and is the ancestor of chronological history books. The most prominent feature of Spring and Autumn Annals is the writing style of Spring and Autumn Annals, which, as a writing technique, has a far-reaching influence on later generations.

Zuo Zhuan is essentially an independent history book. It's just that later generations may have dealt with it accordingly after matching it with Chunqiu. Zuo Zhuan is the first historical work with rich literary factors, which directly influenced the writing styles of Warring States Policy and Historical Records. Promoting the combination of literature and history is the greatest contribution of Zuo Zhuan to prose. Another history book, Guoyu, is the first national history in China. Its form is different from that of books such as the Spring and Autumn Annals. It takes the country as a narrative clue, and records the major events in different periods respectively, which is the first of its kind in the history books.

Different from historical prose, the essays of various schools in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period expounded their own theories and were the product of a hundred schools of thought contending. His thoughts are based on their own ends and are brilliant. It is precisely because it developed with the atmosphere of debate that its basic trend is from simplicity to richness, from fragmentation to strictness. The later works, the larger the length, the more closely organized. In the original sense, the essays of various schools of thought are political, philosophical and ethical expositions, not literary works.

as far as genre is concerned, it can be said that historical prose is narrative, while the essays of various schools are argumentative. The styles of various schools of thought's prose are different, but those differences should belong to the category of literary value, so I won't discuss them here.

From the Western Han Dynasty to the Western Han Dynasty,