Who can specifically talk about the truth of "self-reliance and self-management"

To learn knowledge from things is an important concept in China's ancient Confucianism, which originated from the statement in Eight Items of Book of Rites-to learn from things, to know, to be sincere, to be upright, to cultivate one's morality, to keep one's family in order, to govern the country and to level the world. Knowledge lies in things. The content is then known, and the knowledge is then sincere. However, this passage is the only one in Daxue, but no explanation has been given afterwards, and no ancient books in the pre-Qin period have used the words "Gewu" and "Zhizhi" for reference, which makes the true meaning of "Gewu Zhizhi" a mystery of Confucianism. The fifth edition of Modern Chinese Dictionary, published in 26, interprets "knowing knowledge by studying things" as "reasoning about the principles and laws of things and summarizing them into rational knowledge".

Zheng Xuan in the Eastern Han Dynasty first made an annotation on "Learning from Things", and since Song Ru translated "Da Xue" from "Book of Rites" into one of the Four Books, the meaning of "Learning from Things" has gradually become a hot topic of debate among later Confucian scholars, even today. At present, the popular interpretation of "learning by studying things" in society is based on some viewpoints of Zhu Xi's theory in the Southern Song Dynasty, which holds that "learning by studying things" is to acquire knowledge and truth.

"Learning from things" contains the spirit of seeking truth from facts, but its connotation is far richer than "seeking truth from facts". The difference between the current popular view and Zhu Xi's view lies in the explanation of "knowing". Zhu Xi's so-called "knowledge" is intellectual-including wisdom and knowledge-while the "knowledge" of modern popular views only refers to knowledge. This concept variation may be due to the influence of the popular materialistic views in today's society.

Although Zhu Xi is a great scholar in the history of Confucianism, his view of "learning from things" has become the mainstream in later generations, not because of the general approval of later Confucian scholars. In fact, Zhu Xi's theory was dismissed as "pseudo-learning" because of party struggle in the Southern Song Dynasty, and many Confucian scholars in later generations also criticized Zhu Xi's theoretical viewpoint of "learning knowledge by grasping things" more vigorously. However, Zhu Xi's Notes on the Four Books was officially adopted as the criterion for taking the imperial examination in the middle of the Yuan Dynasty, and since Ming Taizu began to regard Zhu Xi's theory as the only official ideological authority in the Four Books, Zhu Xi's theory has become the official dogmatic view in the imperial examination for more than 5 years in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Therefore, Zhu Xi's view on "understanding knowledge by studying things" has become a popular view in later society under the authority of hundreds of years of official dogma. Therefore, in the Westernization School in the late Qing Dynasty, physics, chemistry and other disciplines were called "Gezhi", that is, the abbreviation of "Gewu Zhizhi".

Lei Shenglin's explanation:

Gewu: Restrict objects with a certain frame. For people, living in society is bound by law, and returning to Buddhism is to accept precepts and conform to the rules in daily life. They are all things.

knowledge: it is to acquire perfect knowledge. Understand the true colors.

Knowing knowledge by understanding things: People live and study within certain rules, and then have a perfect understanding and experience of people and things around them.

it is the first stage and the second stage of the development of things. Just as seeds must be buried in the soil first, they will slowly absorb nutrients and then take root and sprout. From the realm of necessity, into the realm. This must be the case first, and then it must be the case! It stems from the wrong understanding of things, so that many people blindly pursue the so-called western things and are unwilling to accept constraints, which leads to knowledge without understanding, and they cannot help but observe!

the true meaning of "learning from things" has been an eternal mystery in the history of Confucianism. It has been argued for more than a thousand years from Zheng Xuan in the Eastern Han Dynasty, who was the first to annotate Daxue, to modern Confucian scholars, and it is still inconclusive. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Liu Zongzhou said, "There are 72 lawsuits in ancient and modern times! 』； It has been more than 3 years since Liu Zongzhou, and many different opinions have been added. Scholars of past dynasties in China have disputed the concept of "knowing knowledge by observing things". The following is a brief description of the main explanations of the original texts of Confucianism in the past 1 years, and the general idea of each viewpoint is briefly described in bold words:

Eastern Han Dynasty

Zheng Xuan: Things happen when people know their habits and preferences. ",to also. Things, still things. If he knows what is good, he will come to good things. If he knows the depth of evil, he will come to evil. What people say is what people like. This may be the most important thing.

Tang Dynasty

Kong Yingda: Things happen as people know their habits and preferences. "If you can learn from what you say, you will get what you know. Ge, come also. What you already know can lie in the coming things; If you know the good, you will come to the good, and if you know the evil, you will come to the evil. Good words come with good deeds, and evil deeds come with evil deeds. When you say good and evil, it is good for people. He who knows what is good and evil knows what is good and evil when things come. Good deeds are known as good, and evil deeds are known as evil. If you can know, you can do good but not evil. Li Ao: Everything comes and feels, but I know it clearly in my heart. "Things, ten thousand mu things also. Gezhe, come also, to also. When things arrive, their hearts are clear and clear, and they should not be concerned with things, but also know.

northern song dynasty

Sima guang: resist the temptation of foreign things, and then know that virtue is supreme. "Human feelings are not good and evil, and it is shameful to admire them. However, those who are good are few, and those who are evil are many. What? All things are lured, and things are forced, but they are not known; Wealth gurgles its wisdom, but poverty leads to its loss. ""grid, you are still awkward and royal. You can conquer foreign things, and then you can know the Tao. Zheng's style is based on style, or it is still not as good as the ancients' intention.

Cheng Hao: I am poor in studying things, and my knowledge is not tied by external things. ",to also. If things are poor, physics will be exhausted. ""When things come, they know each other, and if they don't serve their knowledge, they will be sincere. Self-determination, the right mind, the beginning of learning things.

Cheng Yi: Poor study of things leads to self-awareness and understanding. "The case is still poor, and things are still reasonable, but it is still poor. If you are poor, it will be enough, and if you are not poor, you can't. ""Everything in front of you is nothing but things, and everything is reasonable. As for the reason why fire is hot and water is cold, it is reasonable between the monarch and his son. ""lattice, to also, is poor to physics. ""q: "is the grid thing a foreign thing? Is it a sexual thing? " He said, "No matter what, everything in front of you is nothing more than things. Everything is reasonable, such as fire is hot and water is cold. As for the monarch, the minister and the father, they are all reasonable. " ""the case is still poor, and things are still reasonable. It is only because of poverty. ""things are still things. If you are poor in everything, everything will be unreasonable.

Southern Song Dynasty

Zhu Xi: Poor study of things leads to profound understanding. ",to also. Things are still things. Poverty is pushed to the principle of things, and you want it to be everywhere. ""the so-called knowledge is in the matter, and the words want to reach my knowledge, but they are poor in the matter. To cover the soul of the human heart is to know everything, and everything in the world is to be reasonable. Only because reason is not poor, so its knowledge is not exhausted. Starting with "University", scholars are bound to become everything in the world, and they will benefit the poor because of their known principles, so as to achieve the utmost. As for the long time of exertion, once it is suddenly penetrated, everything is fine and coarse, and the whole use of my heart is unknown. This is called the case of things, and this is called knowing. ","So the way to know is to care about the facts and the things. Latter, extremely to say. For example, in the case of "Wen Zu", words are poor and extreme.

Lu jiuyuan: cultivate the mind, and return to the knowledge of nature. "Heaven is with me, that is, this heart is also. Everyone has a heart, and the heart has a reason, and the heart is also reasonable. ""this is what I am today, not from outside. Knowing this is the master. If it is true, then foreign things can't be moved and heresy can't be confused. ""the heart is not moored, only self-reliance, the heart is nothing at random. If something is taken away, if it is spiritual, it will be good to get out immediately; If you always go, it will be broken. Those who are good at things are good at this. Fuxi tried his best to listen to the law before this. Otherwise, the so-called things are just the end. "At the beginning of learning, there must be signs of self-doubt; And even more, there must be self-denial; This ancient people's ability to know things is also great.

Li Liwu: Tong Che studied the contents of the things described in The University. "Things have a beginning and end, referring to the mind, body, home, country and the world. Things have a beginning, which means style, sincerity, correctness, repair, order, governance and fairness. The world is pushed by the mind and body, from the beginning to the end. From Pingzhi to Gewu, there must be a beginning. ""Gewu means that things have a background and an end. Knowing what you know means knowing what you know first, covering the background and the end of things, and knowing the ear of exertion. Husband and property, which is out of body and mind, home, country and the world!

Wang Yangming in the Ming Dynasty

: Correcting the physical environment of the cause and achieving the noumenon of self-conscience. "Those who" know "the clouds are not the so-called expansion of their knowledge by the later Confucianists, which makes my conscience deaf. Conscience, Mencius called "the heart of right and wrong, everyone has it". The heart of right and wrong is known without worrying, and can be learned without learning, so it is called conscience. It is the nature of destiny, the noumenon of my heart, and the natural conscience is also clear. ""Things are things, things are things, and everything that is meant must have its own thing, and what is meant is what is meant. Those who are right are also right, and those who are not right are called right. Those who are right and wrong are also called evil. Those who return to righteousness are called good. Husband is the case. ","The mind is the master of the body, the mind of the mind, the body of the knowledge, and the use of things. Ruyi is used for pro-things, that is, pro-things, and the case will be exhausted. The husband's justice is the conscience of my relatives, and between selfless desires, I get it to the extreme. If you know what you mean, you can be honest; If you are sincere, you will be free, but you can be right. If things are like the lattice of a gentleman, it is right and wrong to return to right. ","Gewu is the power to stop the perfection. If you know the perfection, you will know Gewu. ""Gewu "is like the" Ge "of Mencius'" Great Personality and Gentle Mind ". It is to get rid of the evil in the heart and to improve the righteousness in the body. But the idea is that we should get rid of the wrong and rectify the wrong. That is, there is no justice everywhere. It is poverty. ""Gezhe, Zhengye; What is right is wrong, and what is right is right. "No good or evil is the body of the heart, good or evil is the action of the mind, knowing good and evil is the conscience, and doing good and evil is the object. ","at any time, it is a matter of conscience.

Wang Gen: Standardize and reflect on your own behavior, and learn the essence of virtue. "Lattice is like the lattice of format, that is, the latter moment is called. My body is a moment, and the country in the world is a square. If you have a moment, you will know the wrongness of the square, and the wrongness of the moment will also be known. Therefore, only the positive moment is removed, but it is not in the square. The moment is regular and square, and the square is qualified. Therefore, it is called the case of things. My body is up, down, front, back, left and right, and my moment is a case. 〕 〕 〕 〕 〕 〕 〕 〕 〕; Sincerity, self-cultivation, and foundation; Always, it's because you love and treat people with courtesy. If you don't kiss, treat or answer, it means that you have something to do, and then you are against yourself. It's the kung fu to learn to be self-defeating. How about the other way around? Just being yourself. Treat others with kindness and respect, and be righteous with yourself. Its body is right and the world belongs to it, and it is right for itself and things are right, and then it is safe.

qu ruji: stop at what you should do, and you can achieve the best knowledge. "Shooting has three couplings, where two people are coupled, the upper coupling stops at the upper coupling, the middle coupling stops at the middle coupling, and the lower coupling stops at the lower coupling. Draw the ground and decide where the three couplings should stop, and the name of the thing is also. Therefore, the words and things in "University" should be stopped. Grid, to also. As for the things, as for what should be stopped. 〈

Yan Yi Zhixu: Practice the idealistic view of knowledge, and change consciousness [2] to observe wisdom. "Those who are in the right mind, turn the eighth knowledge into the great circle mirror wisdom, those who are sincere, turn the seventh knowledge into the equal wisdom, and those who know it, turn the sixth knowledge into the wonderful observation wisdom, and those who look at things, make an idealistic view, and know the world, the country and the world, all of which are from the heart, and there is nothing else outside the heart.

Hanshan Deqing: Feeling everything from the outside world, and expressing it into true knowledge from the heart. "Things are foreign things, and those who have always been against me are what they see, perceive, see, speak and act. Knowing is true knowledge, and it is the wisdom light of the self. ""the case is the case of "Yuge Sanmiao"; It is said that I feel sincere, and then I will return to me. The so-called sincere penetration of the stone, feeling dolphin fish; Geye. ""Use delusion with false knowledge. Therefore, things are in harmony with me. Those who agree with me now turn into a wonderful place in my heart! Materialize into knowledge, and be one with me. It's a case of feeling, so what's the question?

Sun Qifeng in the Qing Dynasty: "The principle of my nature is rooted in the sky, embodied in my heart, contained as a pure body, developed for the purpose of lucidity, and developed for the purpose of oneness, then the conscience is also. That is, the hair of conscience, and knowing the truth of my nature, because of the use of extremely conscience, in order to restore my body; It is the prince's conscience, which is in line with my nature, but not the wrong one. The principle of my nature is rooted in the sky, embodied in my heart, unified as the greatness of Yi Lun, scattered as the principle of everything, which is the principle of everything, that is, the existence of my nature. The principle of my nature is based on the principle of everything. It is Zhu Xi's theory that everything is poor and my nature is clear, which is also suitable for my nature and cannot be wrong. Prince Gai gets the essence of my nature, and Zhu Xi gets the whole of my nature. If you don't want it, you will be flooded without this; If it is not complete, it is missing and should not be. However, the so-called important person, that is, so it dominates the whole, not outside the whole reason, but there is no so-called importance. The so-called wholeness, that is, the unity depends on its importance, not on the principle, but on the so-called wholeness, which is what I call belonging to one.

Yan yuan: personally practicing and verifying, so that the intellectuality can understand things. "Gewuge, Wang Men Xun Zheng, Zhu Men Xun to, since Han Confucianism, seems to be unstable. Yuan said that it is like the case of "a beast with a hand" in the history books, and the case of "killing it with a hand", that is, the teaching of Confucius' six arts is also true. ""The Duke of Zhou taught people with six arts, and he just taught people about their daily life, so he called it "cultivation of religion". Liu de, who covers three things, has seen six lines, while practical things are six arts, and Confucius "learns from time to time" that is; The so-called "lattice thing" is also.

printing light: to understand things clearly, to understand yue, to eliminate illusions and selfish desires, and to show the doctrine of the mean and grasp Yi knowledge. This thing, that is, the selfish desires that are not in line with heaven and human feelings. When there is selfish desire, what you know and see is biased and not right. If we get rid of this illusory and false selfish desire, it is not easy to be partial, that is, the right knowledge of the heart is self-evident. Every move is reasonable and there is no remoteness. This sage was established by the later generations of the world to cultivate his own mind. Xiuqi Zhiping is here. It is also extraordinary. It takes the least effort to work hard here. And the benefits they get, with each person's efforts, are shallow and deep, and they are sages and saints, and even buddhas. What's the matter? Cherish the post-Confucianism, take things as things and knowledge as knowledge. Is based on the fundamental, that at the end of the branch at the end of the branch. At the end of the branch, it is considered fundamental. Not only can't the meaning of a saint, but also the text of a saint. How to say it, to be sincere, to know it first, and to know it in style. This is extremely labor-saving, extremely simple, and the method can be obtained by lifting it. Those who abandon it and don't talk about it, make people push my knowledge to the extreme, exhaust the theory of things in the world, in order to be sincere and upright, are rare in the world. Song Confucians mistook things for foreign things, so the later Confucians only paid attention to honesty and integrity, but did not mention success. This principle is so obvious that it is misunderstood by those who pretend to be sages. To the sage, teach people how to cultivate their own mind, which is not obvious. It's not sad. If you specialize in autonomy, then one method can be used. If you go with selfish desires, all evils will be removed, and all good will be born, so the cloud is enough. If people all over the world want to know their selfish desires and show their true knowledge, they must advocate karma. For those who want to be self-interested, they can't count the benefits of others. If you know the cause and effect of good and evil, it will follow you like a shadow, such as a response. Harmony is smooth, and straightness is the shadow. If you do this, you will not be willing to accept things. Therefore, Confucius praised Zhouyi, saying at first that if there is a good family, there will be Qing Yu, and if there is a bad family, there will be more disasters. Accumulate good, accumulate bad, because also. Qing Yu, more than the disaster, the fruit. Ji zi's Chen Hongfan also said, at the end of the rear, to use Five Blessingg, Wei used six poles. This really shows the cause of previous lives and the fruit of this life. Xiang, shun also. Use, with also, also. Weiyi, as a violation. Extremely poor. What I did in my previous life went against the right path, which led to this poor fruit in this life. After Confucianism did not examine arts and sciences, once it was attributed to the king, it became a violation of justice and falsely accused the king.