Introduction to classical Chinese

1. Please talk about the classical Chinese.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, "paper" was not invented. Bamboo slips and silks were used to record characters, but silks were expensive, bamboo slips were huge, and the number of words recorded was limited. In order to record more things on a roll of bamboo slips, it is necessary to delete unimportant words

It can be said that "classical Chinese" is the earliest "compressed" format of written records in the world.

Later, when "paper" was used on a large scale, the habit of using "official documents" among the ruling classes had been finalized, and the ability to use "classical Chinese" had evolved into a symbol of reading and literacy.

The first "article" refers to a written article. "Speech" means writing, expressing and recording. "Classical Chinese", that is, written language, is relative to "spoken language", which is also called "vernacular". The last word "Wen" refers to works, articles, etc. , which means genre.

"Classical Chinese" means "articles written in written language". And "vernacular" means: "articles written in ordinary and simple oral language"

In ancient China, it was different to express the same thing in spoken and written language. For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, you can express it in spoken English as "Have you eaten?" And expressed in written language, it is "rice?" . "Fanbu" is classical Chinese. In ancient China, all articles were written in written language. Therefore, now we generally refer to ancient Chinese as "classical Chinese"

2. "Shuo" means 1 in ancient Chinese. Express meaning in words: ~ words.

~ Ming. Play ~

Solve ~. ~ guests.

~ here. 2. Introduction: ~ (a a. Introduce from it; B. consideration; C. speaking and speaking.

"He" is pronounced softly). ~ media.

3. speech, proposition: learn ~. Write a book.

4. strange: count ~. Seal style 5. A style, such as Han Yu's Shi Shuo.

⑥ Ancient "Yue". 1.

From the word point of view, the anti-(duì) sound. Original meaning: explain, inspire and explain in words) 2. The original meaning is the same [explanation; Speak; Speak; Say] say, explain, talk about.

-"Shuowen" said so clearly. -"Mozi Shang Jing" begins with Mozi, and then says, "Go ahead.

I'm going to attack the Song Dynasty with Wen Zi as a ladder in the north. What was the sin of the Song Dynasty? "-"Mozi public loss "Gou Jian said to China people.

-"Mandarin Vietnamese". Note: "Xie Ye."

How about the army. -"Zuo Zhuan Zhao Zhuan Gong for nine years".

Note: "Explain yourself." It's about me and Huns.

-The Biography of Han Shu Follwed 3. Another example: saying hexagrams (the title of Yi Zhuan). Explain the nature, changes and symbols of gossip); Talking about scripture (talking about scripture or telling Buddhist stories); Say things (explain events and facts); Talk about dreams (explain what you see in your dreams); Say commandments (Buddhism explains commandments at the end of each month); Say the Committee (explain the reasons); Speaking of home (explain clearly); Say meaning (explain meaning); Explain; Narrator (commentator or critic); Lecture platform (high platform for Buddhist lectures) 4. Speak, speak [speak; Speak; Say] if you get a boat, you will help the Tao, and you will be determined everywhere.

And the county, Yi Taishou, said so. -Tao Jin Yuanming's "Peach Blossom Garden" She frowned and bent her fingers, and then started her music, bit by bit making her heart share everything with us.

-Bai Juyi's "Pipa" Before going to bed, you had a good time talking about the official history of unofficial history. -Qing Yuanmei's "Sacrificing Sisters" 5. Another example: I won't say it (the words are not finished); Say no (hard; Maybe, not sure); Talking about military machines (empty talk; Kua); Say ancient (boast; Brag); Speak (speak); Say kill (say absolutely; There is no room for recovery); Narrator (narrator; Tell); Talk big (big); Say it's convenient (say a good word); Say something (about human feelings); Speak Pinghua (storytelling); Say your tongue (gossip; Gossip); Say amorous feelings (talk about love between men and women) 6. Inform; Tell [inform; Tell; Let it be known that Focha is dying, and people say that he is a child.

-"Mandarin Wu Yu" 7. Comment; Talk about sth; Discussion; Talk about] say, talk about it. -"Twelve Poems of Guangya" swims in saying.

-"Book of Rites, Xiaoyi". Sparse: "That is to say."

The cool evening breeze seems to have spread to cicadas in the distance. -Song Xin Qi Ji's "Walking on the Yellow Sand Road on the Moonlight in Xijiang" 8. Another example: saying right and wrong (commenting on the right and wrong of things); Talk (talk); Discussion (discussion); Summary (appropriate discussion); Say the ticket (the kidnapper negotiates with the victim to redeem the ticket). Suggestions; Blame [advice]; I said it six times.

-"Zhou Li MAO". Note: "Blame it helplessly."

Although residents say this is a terrible theory, it cannot be changed. -Preface to Historical Records and Biography of Huo Zhi 10. Another example: talk (talk); Speak and (persuade); Say pan (speak); Talk (persuade influence); Can't say it (don't listen to advice); His father introduced him to 1 1. In the past, this was an introduction.

Such as: say wife (matchmaking); Media red (matchmaker bride price) 12. Think [believe] that at first, I only said I wanted to choose a beautiful woman. Who wants to marry this ugly < name > 1? Viewpoint; Speech [theory; Doctrine; Of course, I doubt it.

-Su Songshi's "Shi Zhongshan Ji" fairy said that the so-called gild the lily. -Qingquan Wang Zu's "Meihualing" said that the book of Qin Wang was ten, saying nothing

-"Warring States Policy Qin Ce Me" 2. Another example: another way of saying it; Write a book and make a statement; Alienation; Heresy 3. The terminology of ancient Mohist logic refers to the theory of reasoning [influence] to seek the ratio of group words, to raise things by name, to express ideas by words, and to reason by reason. -"Mozi ditty" 4. Pointing at [storytelling] can make people cry generously.

-Huang Qingzong Xi's Biography of Liu Jingting 5. The style of explaining a truth by commenting or describing things. For example, Ailian said and Snake Catcher said Shu-0/. Persuade (this is a definition phrase, and the pronunciation is still shunot); Persuade [try to persuade] to promote people with righteousness is called three horizontal, but it is particularly dramatic.

Or kill the tiger and chop the dumpling, but it is only one of the three horizontal. -"Shi Shuo Xin Yu Xin Yu" Yun Sheng said to me: "If you leave the pass, you can be king in Qin."

-"Historical Records of Xiang Yu" childe suffers from it, please Wang Wei, and argue with the guest that Wang Wanduan. -"Historical Records Biography of Wei Gongzi" 2. Rest; Stop; Sheye。

Pass "tax" [no; Take a break]. Say Wei (as a guard when the army is camping and resting).

Shi Mao. Chen Feng. Zhu Lin: Take me horseback riding and talk about it in Zhu Ye. Take my pony to the factory to eat.

Zheng Xuan in the Eastern Han Dynasty wrote: Say, give up. Shu Yun, Confucius of the Tang Dynasty (Confucius, one of the 18 bachelors of Li Shimin Taizong): I blame you for going to Zhu Yi, saying that the horse you drove was one of my kings, and that you gave up in the wild in Zhu Lin at night. Why do you want to take me, a king's colt, to eat in Zhu Lin early? It is so hateful to talk about the public day and night, and it is so hateful that it is stabbed.

This is what Xu said. -"Yi Kun".

Note: "Exchange means." My heart says.

-"Poem Zhao Nan Grass Worm" says that women are beautiful. -"Poetry, North Wind, Quiet Girl" by Wang Xuan.

-"Everything is wrong, my wife says" is lost. -"Mozi's public loss" People say that it is the king of the world, and the number is Sui.

-"Everything is wrong, five defects" Qin Wang did not say. -"Warring States Policy Wei Ce" is not bad to learn from. -"The Analects of Confucius Learn" said that Tu did not "move" to get rid of "freeing himself" and that the husband and wife turned against each other.

-"Xiao Yi Livestock" Otherwise, is it true that a person swims with ice cubes? -"Twenty-seven Years of Zuo Zhuan Zhao Gong" fell down, saying that he put on his shoes, sat down, and repaired countless titles. -"Xunzi's Theory of Music" does the opposite, staying in the suburbs and saying that it is natural.

-"The Biography of the Ram Ding Gong Eight Years".

3. Summarize 10 classical Chinese in your own words. Wang Xiang's mother, Mrs Zhu, is very sincere. There is a plum tree at home, which bears excellent fruit and has been preserved by my mother. When the wind and rain suddenly came, Xiang hugged the tree and cried. Xiang tasted the taste of sleeping in another bed, and my mother secretly indulged in it. When it is worth the private life of an item, it is empty. After the return, Anemarrhena repented because she knelt down and begged for death. My mother realized that she loved it as much as her own son.

Wang Xiang is very careful with her stepmother, Mrs. Zhu. There is a plum tree at home with good fruit. Her stepmother asked Wang Xiang.

Keep watching. One day, it suddenly rained heavily, and Wang Xiang cried with Li Shu in his arms. Wang Xiang used to sleep in a bed, and later.

Mom came in and hid in the dark to chop him to death. Just when Wang Xiang got up to pee, the stepmother just hacked into the quilt and didn't kill Wang Xiang.

When Wang Xiang came back, she learned that her stepmother regretted it, so she knelt in front of her stepmother and demanded that she be put to death. Stepmother was moved to wake up.

From then on, I took care of Wang Xiang like my own son.

4. Introduce yourself and students in classical Chinese. There is nothing unique on weekdays. Although she is introverted, she is also very lively. I don't like talking to strangers, familiarity is another matter. I often read books, but most of them are my favorite, and I often entertain myself, but I am not obsessed. I know from my old friends that I am a good reader and often send me a lot of books, so there are books everywhere at home. Sometimes the pursuit of fashion, but not for comparison, just because of this habit, there is no other purpose.

Introduction:

Classical Chinese is a processed written language based on ancient Chinese. The earliest written language based on spoken language may have been processed. Classical Chinese is an article composed of written language in ancient China, mainly including written language based on spoken language in pre-Qin period.

Definition:

When people use the term "ancient Chinese", it is given three different meanings in different contexts: ancient Chinese, ancient Chinese and classical Chinese. Ancient Chinese first refers to "ancient Chinese". In other words, all the languages used by the Han people before the Opium War can be called ancient Chinese. We can't hear the spoken language of the ancients, Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Since Oracle Bone Inscriptions, such ancient Chinese has a history of about 3,000 years.

5. Please help the snake "Different Garden" cloud: Tianfu cultivated land in the past is worth seeing. There is a snake with grass in its mouth and sores on its body. After the sun hurt the snake. An elderly farmer/farmer

Use its remaining leaves to treat ulcers. I don't know the name of the grass, because it is named after the snake. "Bao Puzi" says: "The title of snake has been broken.

Point to the same. "Also. (from the induction channel)

"Art Garden" said: Once upon a time, an old farmer cultivated land and met an injured snake lying there. Another snake, take it.

A grass was placed on the wound of the injured snake. A day later, the injured snake ran away. The old farmer picked up the leaves left by the grass and gave them to human rule.

Sore, all effective. I didn't know the name of this grass, so I used "snake grass" as the name of the grass. "Bao Puzi" said: "Snake

The drill can connect the broken fingers together, just like before. "Say so.

Classic ancient prose

There are three outstanding men in Han Dynasty (1)

Gaozu bought wine from Nanguan, Luoyang. Gao Zu said, "The ministers ② didn't dare to hide me, but they all showed their feelings. Why do I own the world? Why did the item lose the world? " Gao Qi and the tomb said to each other, "How ... Your Majesty (4) makes people attack the city slightly, and those who fall will be rewarded, which is also beneficial to the world. Xiang Yu is jealous that those who have made meritorious deeds will be harmed, those who have made meritorious deeds will be suspicious, those who have made meritorious deeds will not make meritorious deeds, and those who have obtained land will not benefit others, so they will lose the world. " Gao Zu said, "The public knows one, but not the other. Husband's raiders ⑤ Intermittent ⑤, winning thousands of miles away, I am not as good as ovary ⑤. Town, caress the people, with food pay eight, endless route for providing foodstuff, I am not as good as Xiao He. Even if it is a million-strong army, we must win the battle and attack it. I am not as good as Han Xin. These three are outstanding people, and I can use them, so I win the world. Xiang Yu has a Fan Zeng, so he can't use it. That's why he was arrested for me. "

Word annotation

① Selected from historical records. ② Liehou: Dear princes. 3 dare not: don't. (4) Your Majesty: a title of respect for the emperor. ⑤ Operation strategy: Planned strategy, an ancient counting and calculating tool. Operational strategy refers to decision making. ⑥ Curtain (w6i) Account: Barracks. ⑦ Ovary: Zhang Zifang. 8 Reimbursement: provide reimbursement.

Poetry translation

Emperor Gaozu held a reception in Nangong, Luoyang. Gaozu said, "Dear governors and generals, don't hide from me. Tell me what you are talking about. Why can I win the world? " Why did Xiang Yu lose the world? "Gao Qi and Wang Ling (reply) said:" ... you sent people to attack the city and plunder the land. The captured city land will be given to the generals, who will benefit from it with everyone. "Xiang Yu is jealous of the virtuous, the meritorious is framed by (him), and the virtuous is suspected by (him). He won the battle but did not give meritorious service to the general, and took the land but did not give benefits to the general. This is why (he) lost the world. " Gaozu said, "You only know one, but you don't know the other. When it comes to strategizing in the camp, I can win thousands of miles away (on the battlefield), and I am not as good as Sean; Governing the country, appeasing the people, supplying rations, so that the grain transportation line is not blocked, I am not as good as Xiao He; Command a million troops, win the battle, attack and take, I am not as good as Han Xin. These three people are outstanding talents, and I can hire them, which is why I win the world. Xiang Yu has only one (counselor) Fan Zeng, but he can't be appointed yet. This is why he was defeated by me. "

Graphic reading guide

This passage tells that Emperor Gaozu asked the generals of the later dynasties, "How can I win the world?" ? Why did Xiang lose the world? Apart from the speeches made by Gao Qi and Wang Ling, this issue mainly focuses on the nameless second mentioned by Gaozu, that is, I am not as good as Ovary, I am not as good as Xiao He, I am not as good as Han Xin, and these three are outstanding people, and I can use them. This is the fundamental reason why I win the world. As for the item "One Fan Zeng can't be used", it is also an important reason for "losing the world". The contrast between the two highlights that Gao Zu's correct use of talents is the reason for winning the world.

Brief introduction of the author

The History of the Three Kingdoms was written by Chen Shou (233~297), a historian in the Western Jin Dynasty. The word Chengzuo was born in Han An (now Nanchong North, Sichuan). When Shu Han was an official in the imperial court, he was demoted many times because he didn't want to be a eunuch. After the Jin Dynasty, he was engaged in writing, managing books and making suggestions for history. After the destruction of Wu in the Jin Dynasty, he collected three official and private works and wrote The History of the Three Kingdoms.

6. Write an introduction in classical Chinese 1. Confucius said, "Is it not right to learn and learn from the times?" Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? Isn't it a gentleman to be unhappy without knowing it? "(Learning)

Learning needs constant review to master. It is a pleasure to learn knowledge and review on time. There are both learning methods and learning attitudes here. Peng, this refers to like-minded people. It is a pleasure to have like-minded people come from afar to discuss problems together.

Others don't understand, but I don't dislike it. This is the style of a gentleman. This is a matter of personal cultivation.

2. Confucius said, "Reviewing the past and learning the new can be a teacher." (Politics)

Review old knowledge, from which you can have new experiences or discoveries. In this way, you can be a teacher.

3. Confucius said: "Learning without thinking is useless; It is dangerous to think without learning. " (Politics)

Reading without thinking will confuse you; If you just dream and refuse to study, you will have doubts.

This paper expounds the dialectical relationship between learning and thinking, and also talks about learning methods.

4, Confucius said: "By, teach women to know! Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, but knowing. " (Politics)

Empty rain said, "Lutz, teach you the truth of things correctly." Knowing means knowing, and not knowing means not knowing. This is wisdom. "

This paragraph is about the correct attitude towards things.

5. Zi Gong asked, "Why did Confucius call it' Wen'?" Confucius said, "I am quick and eager to learn, and I am not ashamed to ask questions. It is called' Wen'." (Gong Yechang)

Zi Gong asked, "Why is Confucius called Wen?" Confucius said, "He is smart and eager to learn, and he is not ashamed to ask people who are not as good as himself. Therefore,' Wen' is posthumous title. " Here, by answering Yu Gong's questions and giving full play to the topic, we should educate our disciples to be diligent and curious.

6. Confucius said, "It is not good for me to learn without being silent, to learn without being tired, and to teach without being tired!" ("Shu Er")

This is Confucius' self-report, which is about learning attitude and methods. We should keep what we have learned in mind silently and accumulate knowledge constantly. "Never tire of learning" is about the spirit of learning, which is endless and never satisfied. "Teaching people tirelessly" means teaching students with attitude and enthusiasm. Kong has been like this all his life, so he said, "What's wrong with me?" It can be seen that Confucius is confident.

7. Confucius said: "In a threesome, there must be a teacher; Choose good and follow it, but change it if it is not good. " ("Shu Er")

Confucius said, "When several people walk together, one of them will be my teacher. We should choose their advantages to learn and pay attention to correcting their shortcomings. " What is said here is that as long as you ask for advice with an open mind, there are teachers everywhere.

8. Confucius said, "Knowing is not as good as being kind, and being kind is not as good as being happy." (Yongye)

Confucius said, "Those who know are not as good as those who love, and those who love are not as good as those who enjoy." This passage mainly talks about three levels of learning, and only those who enjoy it can really learn well.