Western Shanxi dialects, including dialects from Lishi, Zhongyang, Fenyang, Xingxian, Linxian, Fangshan, Liulin and other places

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3 [For reference] Han dialects

Twenty-eight cities and counties in the Fen Valley in southwestern Shanxi Province and two counties north of the Huaihe River in Anhui Province Twelve counties and cities and Fengyang County south of the Huaihe River

—Bengbu City—Huoqiu County—Jinzhai County, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province—Suqian City—Lianyungang City, Ganyu County, Donghai County, Shaanxi Province An

Baihe County, Kang City. ①The Yellow Emperor defeated the Yan Emperor, and the two jointly defeated the Dongyi. The descendants of the Yan and Huang in the western part of the North China Plain and the Fenhe and Weihe Plains gradually merged into the Huaxia tribe. Xia and Ji were the two branches of the Huaxia tribe. The Xia Dynasty ruled the western part of the Central Plains (Henan Province, southern Shanxi Province), and its language was the original Chinese language that was a fusion of Yan and Huang; Ji ruled Beijing, and its language was the original Chinese language of the Yellow Emperor.

. ②The Shang language was originally a Dongyi language that was deeply Chinese, and was popular in the eastern part of the Central Plains (now southwest Shandong - southern Hebei - northern Henan -

Northern Anhui - Xuzhou). The Shang Dynasty ruled the Central Plains for hundreds of years. Later, it gradually merged with the Xia language of the Central Plains to form the prototype of today's Central Plains Mandarin - Huaxia dialect. ③Chinese dialect with Luoyang as the standard pronunciation later became the Yayan spoken throughout the country in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. The language of the Book of Songs was Yayan. Confucius used Yayan in his lectures instead of the Lu dialect. Confucius Become a pioneer in promoting ethnic *** synonyms

. During the Qin Dynasty, cultural policies such as "writing with the same text" were implemented, which gave political guarantee to the spread of the same language among ethnic minorities. Yayan in the Han Dynasty

evolved into "Tongyu and Fanyu". "Dialect" compiled by Yang Xiong of the Western Han Dynasty used "Tongyu" to explain the dialects in various places.

This is my country's first dialect work. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, "Tongyu" based on Luoyang pronunciation was spread from the Central Plains to the north and Jiangzuo area. "The Biography of the Xianyang King in the Book of Wei" records that Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty issued an order to "cut off the Hu language and use the correct pronunciation (Luoyang dialect

)". The capital of Qi, Liang and Chen in the Southern Dynasty and Song Dynasty was in Jinling (today's Nanjing) , the Jinling dialect at that time was the successor of Luoyang dialect ④

Emperor Yang Guang of the Sui Dynasty made Luoyang his capital and moved tens of thousands of wealthy businessmen from all over the country to Luoyang, and promoted Luoyang as the representative.

p>

The correct pronunciation and correct language. In the Tang Dynasty, Luoyang dialect was still regarded as the basis of the Han nationality's homologous language, such as Kong Yingda's biography and commentaries on Confucian classics, and Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan's literary works. The creative activities in the Tang Dynasty promoted the widespread spread of the Han nationality's written form of ***tongyu

The imperial examinations in the Tang Dynasty also put forward phonetic requirements, that is, they must conform to the requirements of the Wei and Jin Dynasties. The standard of "Qie Yun" passed down from the Southern and Northern Dynasties

with Luoyang pronunciation as the standard pronunciation. In Bianliang (now Kaifeng), the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, Luoyang dialect and Bianjing dialect are very close.

, the pronunciation spread in the two places is called "Central Plains Yayin". The Southern Song Dynasty established its capital in Hangzhou, and Zhongyuan Yayin also expanded its influence in Hangzhou, so that today's Hangzhou dialect is still the same as Central Plains Mandarin. There are many similarities. But at that time, Luoyang dialect was still in the status of standard pronunciation. "Luoyang has the most correct pronunciation among all the people in the Central Plains" (Volume 6 of Lu You's "Notes on Laoxue'an" in the Northern Song Dynasty). During this period, the sound of the Central Plains was basically finalized, and it was almost exactly the same as the Henan dialect today. The reason why today's northern Mandarin is similar to the Henan dialect

is that the Mandarin area in the north has long been based on the Henan dialect. The dialect was formed as a standard to standardize its own vocabulary and grammatical system

⑤After the Jin people moved their capital to Beijing, the influence of the Henan dialect expanded to most areas ruled by the Jin people. The Central Plains appeared during the Mongolian and Yuan Dynasties<. /p>

The sound (Henan dialect) is widely spread in the "four seas with the same pronunciation" situation. Zhou Deqing's "Central Plains Phonology" is "taking the Central Plains as the principle, and taking the four seas with the same pronunciation." " was compiled. The Han people in the Yuan Dynasty still used the Zhongyuan pronunciation as the correct pronunciation. From the "Hongwu Zhengyun" in the early Ming Dynasty to the mid-Qing Dynasty, scholars who taught standard pronunciation used the Zhongyuan Yayin At the same time, with the political and economic concentration of the Yuan

Ming and Qing dynasties, a large number of ancient literary works (Yuan Zaju, "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Water Margin"

", "Journey to the West", "The Scholars", "A Dream of Red Mansions", etc.), the Beijing pronunciation has gradually risen to the status of standard pronunciation.

The textbooks "Lao Qida" and "Pu Tongshi" for Koreans to learn Chinese in the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties were compiled based on the standard pronunciation of Beijing dialect at that time. The Qing government once issued a decree requiring officials at all levels and "juren, students, tribute supervisors, and children to learn Mandarin with Beijing pronunciation as the standard pronunciation." The Beijing pronunciation replaced the standard pronunciation of the Central Plains pronunciation after the middle of the Qing Dynasty.

Chen Chongqing, a scholar of the Manchu and Qing Dynasties, said: "The capital of the country was Yan, and the first pronunciation in the world was Jingyin." As a result, the Han nationality's dialect has developed and evolved, and in terms of standard pronunciation, it has realized the transformation from the Yayin of the Central Plains to the Beijing pronunciation, becoming the modern Han nationality's dialect

The foundation was laid for the birth of Mandarin.

Guanzhong dialect Dongfu dialect includes Xi'an City, Tongchuan City, Xianyang City, Weinan City, and Shangluo City's subordinate Shang County-Luonan-Danfeng-

Shanyang and northern Shaanxi Yichuan-Huanglong-Luochuan-Yijun-Huangling-Fuxian, Gansu Ningxian; Guanzhong dialect Xifu dialect includes Bao

Chishi. The Guanzhong dialect area is the hometown of Emperor Yan. The language of the Zhou people whose maternal line is Yandi is the language of Yandi. The language of Yandi is similar to the Xia language that is a fusion of Yanhuang

and due to the geographical proximity and frequent communication, the Guanzhong dialect is similar to that of Henan Both dialects belong to the Mandarin dialect of the Central Plains.

Author: Yunmengpu 2006-3-7 20:28 Reply to this statement

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4 [For reference] Han dialects

Qinlong dialect includes Yan'an, Ganquan, Fuxian, Dingbian in northern Shaanxi, and southern Shaanxi Lueyang, Mianxian, Nanzheng, Hanzhong City, Chenggu

, Yangxian County, Xixiang, Hanyin, Ankang City, Pingli, Xunyang, Zhenan, Qingyang in Longdong, Heshui, Zhengning, Huachi, Huan County, Zhenyuan, Pingliang, Jingchuan, Huating, Chongxin, Lingtai, Longxi, Zhangxian, Wushan, Gangu, Li County south of the Wei River< /p>

, Xihe, Minxian, Dangchang, Zhouqu, Wudu, Chengxian, Huixian, Kangxian, Liangdang, Wenxian (except Bikou Town), Lintan

< p>, Zhuoni, Dunhuang, Jingtai at the east end of the Hexi Corridor, Xining City, Huangzhong, Huangyuan, Menyuan, Huzhu, Guide in Qinghai Province

, Hualong, Pingan, Guyuan City in Ningxia Province , Pengyang, Longde.

Longzhong dialects include Datong, Ledu, Minhe, Xunhua, and Tongren in Qinghai Province, Haiyuan, Xiji, and Jingyuan in Ningxia Province, and Yongjing, Linxia, Hezheng, Guanghe, Kangle, Lintao, Weiyuan, Dingxi, Huining, Tongwei, Jingning, Zhuanglang, Qin'an,

Zhangjiachuan, Qingshui, Tianshui City. It has been influenced by Di and Qiang for a long time in history, and has different characteristics from Guanzhong dialect.

Southern Xinjiang dialects include Korla, Aksu, Kizilsuzhou, Kashgar, Hotan, Turpan, and Ili.

Southwestern Mandarin includes eleven parts: Sichuan Province, Chongqing City, 19 counties and cities in western Hubei Province, northwestern Hunan Province, and southern Shaanxi Province

Liuba-Foping —Ningshan—Zhenping—Langao—Ziyang—Shiquan—Zhenba—Ningqiang, Bikou Town, Wenxian County, Gansu Province; Luzhou City—Yibin City—Leshan City—Xichang City, Guizhou Province Copper Zi - Renhuai - Yanhe - Yinjiang, Daguan of Yunnan Province - Suijiang -

Shuifu, Neijiang City - Zigong City - Renshou County - Fushun County, Ya'an City - Shimian County, northwest Yunnan Province Buxiaguan-Jianchuan-

Binchuan-Eryuan-Yunlong-Lijiang City; Dali-Baoshan-Luxi in western Yunnan Province; Kunming-Zhaotong in the eastern and central part of Yunnan Province

- Qujing-Yuxi-Chuxiong-Gejiu-Kaiyuan, Guiyang City-Anshun City in Guizhou Province, Ningnan County in Sichuan Province; northern Guizhou Province

Twenty-seven counties and cities centered on Zunyi-Liupanshui-Bijie, Yunnan Province Weixin—Yiliang—Zhenxiong, Chongqing City Xiushan County,

Hunan Province Zhijiang—Huaihua—Fenghuang—Xinhuang—Jishou; southeastern Guizhou Province Zhenyuan—Cengong—Liping—Jinping— Taijiang,

Jingzhou, Hunan Province - Channel; Kaili - Duyun - Guiding County in southern Guizhou Province; Xiangfan - Shiyan - Danjiangkou in northern Hubei Province

- Laohekou - Suizhou; Wuhan, Linxiang County of Hunan Province; Yongzhou and Chenzhou in southern Hunan Province; fifty-six counties and cities in Guangxi Province centered on Liuzhou-Guilin-

Baise-Hechi; Changjiang County of Hainan Province-Dongfang City-Danzhou City-Part of Sanya City

Military language spoken. The dividing line between Southwest Mandarin and Jianghuai Mandarin is west and south of the line between Guangshui County-Anlu County-Yingcheng County-Huangpi-Huanggang City-

Ezhou City-Qichun County.

During the Shang, Zhou, Qin and Han dynasties, Dongting Lake still belonged to the Chu language formed by the fusion of primitive Chinese, Tibeto-Burman, and Miao-Yao languages. After the Yongjia Rebellion

, the Qin people who moved to Hubei There are 60,000 Yongliu people (Shaanxi, Gansu and part of Shanxi), and the first prototype of Southwest Mandarin appeared.

After the Anshi Rebellion, northern immigrants who were ten times the number of indigenous people entered the northern part of Dongting Lake, impacting, acculturating and eventually replacing the local Chu language, laying the foundation for Southwest Mandarin.

Jianghuai Mandarin is distributed between the Huaihe River and the North-South Cultural Line. Nanping Chengguan and Yangyu Village in Changle County, Fujian belong to Jianghuai Mandarin islands

. The dividing line between Jianghuai Mandarin and Central Plains Mandarin dialects is as follows: Linhong River Estuary in Lianyungang—Punan Town in Donghai County—Huangchuan in Donghai County—Donghai Baitabu—Pingming in Donghai—Fangshan in Donghai—Anfeng in Donghai—Xinyi Heibu—Shuyang Yinping (Tongyang)—Shuyang Yanji Town

Fangwei Village—Shuyang Yuelai—Suqian Guan Temple—Suqian Dingzui—Siyang Cangji—Siyang Tuyuan—Sihong Cao Temple —Sihong Jinsuo—

Sihong Chonggang—Sihong Shangtang—South of Sihongfeng Mountain—Huaihe—South of Fengyang County—Southwest of Bengbu City—Huaihe—East of Huoqiu County—Jin

Zhai County South.

Author: Yunmengpu 2006-3-7 20:28 Reply to this statement

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5 Reply: [For future reference] Han dialects

2) The main linguistic features of northern dialects are:

A. In terms of phonetics

①Most of the initial consonants of stops and fricatives are divided into voiceless aspirated and voiceless unaspirated, but there is no opposition between voiceless and voiced, which reflects

The characteristic of having more voiceless initial consonants and less voiced initial consonants. The ancient full voiced initial consonants are almost all pronounced as voiceless initial consonants in all branches of modern Mandarin dialects; the ancient full voiced flat tone is pronounced as the aspirated clear initial consonant, and the ancient full voiced oblique tone is pronounced as the unaspirated clear initial consonant.

②The most prominent feature of finals is that there are relatively few consonant endings.

③The most prominent feature of tones is the relatively small number of tones. Except for Jianghuai Mandarin and Qin and Jin dialects which have tones, Mandarin from other places does not have tones. The entire Mandarin dialect area has the most tones of 4 to 5, with 4 tones being the most common.

Among the four ancient tones, the differentiation and development of the three tones of Ping, Shang and Qu in Mandarin in various places are similar, that is: the voiceless initials of the ancient Ping tone are pronounced as Yinping, such as Bao, Zhou, Ji, Fu, Gan, Zun, Dang, Jiang, Guang, etc.; the initial characters with the voiced consonant of ancient Ping sound are now pronounced as Yangping, such as crawling

, Tu, hoe, Qi, Tiao, Lin, Shen , group, tong, red, etc.; the ancient voiceless initials and sub-voiced initials are now pronounced as the upper tone, such as bu, zao, dan, fen, party, well, bang, xuan, warm, Ran, Lao, etc.; the characters with the full voicing consonant of the Gushang tone and the characters with the Guqu tone, read now

Que tone, such as the full voicing initial part of the Gushang tone, father, dao, anger, dang and guqu The sound words are Guo, Fear, Bu, Dai, ***, Yao, etc.

The pronunciation of the ancient Ru tones in Mandarin dialects is relatively complicated. Except for Jianghuai Mandarin and Qin and Jin dialects, which retain the Ru tones and form their own tones, other places where the Yu Ru tones have disappeared

In Mandarin, the ownership of Gu Rusheng characters is different.

Roughly speaking, in Northern Mandarin and Central Plains Mandarin, the characters whose entering tone disappears and then enters the tone are divided into Ping, Shang and Qu tones, which are the so-called "three tones of Rupai":

The fully voiced initials of the Ru tone return to Yangping, the sub-voiced initials of the Ru tone return to the Qu tone, and the voiceless initials of the Ru tone are assigned to the Yin, Yangping, Shang, and Qu tones; in a few places It is slightly different from Beijing: all the unvoiced initials of the Ru tone are returned to Yinping (

Like Jinan), or all of them are returned to the Shang tone (like Dalian). There are two situations in the distribution of Gu Ru tone characters in Lanyin Mandarin and Zhongyuan Mandarin in the west.

Either the initials of the Ru tone are all voiced and the initials are assigned to Yangping, and the rest are assigned to Yinping, such as Xi'an; or the Gu Ru tone characters are all assigned. The initial character Gui Yangping has a voiced consonant, and the rest have Gui Qu consonants, such as Lanzhou. The distribution of Guru tone characters in Southwest Mandarin is the most uniform: as long as it is an Gu Ru tone character, no matter what the initial consonant is, it is pronounced Yangping tone.

B. Vocabulary

The vocabulary of Mandarin dialects is similar to that of Mandarin. Most of the words in Mandarin dialects that have a relatively wide range of popularity have been incorporated into *** tongyu. As basic vocabulary, most of the Mandarin dialect words that have not been absorbed into *** tongyu are only popular in certain places. A Mandarin dialect

a dialect piece or dialect piece. The vocabulary differences between Mandarin in the north and south are smaller than the differences between Mandarin and other major dialects.

But some places also have distinctive dialect words. For example, "Erhu" in Beijing dialect means "hesitant", "Zehu" means "arrogant", "Chongdao" means "dare to do and dare to speak"; "Guang" in Tianjin dialect means " "Hit", "Husband" means "crow", "Bazu" means "amazing

"; in Xi'an dialect "blind" means "waste" and "ruin"; in Shandong Liaocheng dialect "destroy" It means "to fight"; in the Luoyang dialect of Henan Province, "Lian Lian'er" means "to hurry up". In Xinxiang dialect, "Luan" means "to live" and "红" means "to work hard"; in Chengdu, Kunming and other places, "chat" is said to be "Longmen array", and in Wuhan, Chongqing and other places it is "unlucky" It is said as "carrying time", "poor" is said as "sin"... and so on, each has its own style.

The word "sun" has various names in Mandarin dialect areas: Beijing and Baoding are called "Lao Yeer" (Beijing is also called "sun"), Shenyang and Xi'an are called "sun", Taiyuan is called "sun", and Taiyuan is called "sun". , Hohhot is called "Yangpo", Hefei is called "Retou", Chengdu, Wuhan and Kunming are called "Sun"; in Hebei Province alone, the names for "Sun" are "Laoyeer", Grandpa'er, grandpa, sun, sunye, sun

Ying'er, Yang Po'er, Yang Po, Qian Tian Ye, Fo Ye'er, etc., which shows the differences in vocabulary, even in Mandarin Dialect internal

still cannot be ignored. Compared with other dialects, the vocabulary of Mandarin dialects also shows the following characteristics:

① Disyllabic words are particularly dominant.

Disyllabic words account for the largest proportion of the entire vocabulary in Chinese, and they are particularly prominent in Mandarin dialects. For example, many words become disyllabic words by adding "zi" to the Mandarin dialect. In other dialects, they are often monosyllabic words without "zi". For example, "rice" may be called "rice" in southern dialects (Wu dialect, Min dialect), or

It is called "禾" (Hakka dialect, Hunan dialect, Gan dialect, Cantonese dialect); "Millet" is also called "Gu" in southern dialects (Wu, Hunan, Gan, Hakka, Cantonese and other dialects) , or harvest "millet" (Fujian dialect); the word "photo" is called "photo" or "photo" in various Mandarin dialect areas. However, in southern dialects, except for Hakka and Gan dialects, it is still called "photo" or "photo". In addition to the two-syllable word "photo", Wu dialect, Cantonese dialect, and Fujian dialect are all monosyllabic words, either called "photo" (Wu dialect, Suzhou dialect), or "xiang" (Cantonese dialect).

Author: Yunmengpu 2006-3-7 20:29 Reply to this statement

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6 Reply: [For future reference] Han dialects

, Fujian dialect).

②There are relatively few ancient words preserved. Although each Chinese dialect has inherited many ancient Chinese words, relatively few dialects in the Mandarin dialect area retain ancient words. For example, the word "eyes" is mostly called "eyes" in Mandarin dialect areas

but it is still called "eyes" in Fujian dialects and "eyes" in Cantonese dialects, retaining the ancient Chinese word for this < /p>

The name of human body organs; another example is the word "standing". In addition to the Mandarin dialect area and Hunan dialect, Wu dialect is called "Li", Fujian,

Cantonese, Hakka, Gan, etc. The dialect is called "Qi", which all follow the ancient Chinese expressions; in addition, there are a number of very common words used in daily life. The southern dialects retain the ancient expressions, while the Mandarin dialect adopts modern expressions. A common saying in Mandarin Chinese

. For example, "watch" is commonly used in Mandarin dialects; however, Cantonese and Fujian dialects (in some areas) use the ancient word "燇".

③There are relatively few foreign borrowed words. Compared with other southern dialects, Mandarin dialects have fewer foreign loanwords. Southern Fujian, Guangdong and other places

have always been the gateway to the sea and have a lot of contact with foreign countries. It is easier to borrow foreign words in their dialects. For example, the Fujian dialect borrows many Indonesian words

West Asia-Malaysia Cantonese dialect borrows many English words. Sometimes the same thing is expressed in different words in Mandarin dialects and southern dialects, showing the difference between "imported" words and "native" words. For example, the word "cement"

is called "Shimintu" in Cantonese dialect and "Shuimenting" in Wu dialect, which are both transliterations of English cement; in Fujian dialect it is called "

"Fanjiahui", "Hongmaohui" and the like also show foreign colors, and most Mandarin dialects use "水

ni" (called "cement gray" in some places) just like *** synonyms. ") is an authentic Chinese word. Another example is the "film" used for photography. In Mandarin dialects, it is called "film" in various places. However, Cantonese, Fujian and Hakka dialects all use the transliteration of the English word "film".

④There are fewer modal particles and their usage is more general. Compared with southern dialects, Mandarin dialects have fewer modal particles, their usage is more general, and the division of labor is not so detailed. For example, common modal particles such as "nee, ma, ah" are consistent with Mandarin dialects and *** tangentials, but the modal particles of southern Wu, Cantonese and other dialects are much richer.

C. Grammar

①In terms of word formation, the modifying morpheme usually comes first. For example, except for the occasional expressions such as "rooster" and "chicken hen" in Southwest Mandarin, the Mandarin dialects in various regions mostly use expressions such as "rooster", "hen", "guest" and "slippers". , unlike some southern dialects that add modifying words

at the end. Such as "jigong", "renke", "shoe slipper" (Fujian dialect) and so on.

② It is relatively rare to use internal inflection changes in speech to express grammatical meaning. Except for a few places, Mandarin dialects rarely have idioms

The so-called "formation method" in law is a "narrow form". Cantonese and Fujian dialects use phonetic changes to express a certain grammar.

The phenomenon of meaning is rare in Mandarin dialects.

③The use of structural particles "的,地,得". In many places in Mandarin dialects, there are structural particles "de, di, de", with different uses.

These structural particles are most commonly used in northern Mandarin and have entered the grammatical system of Japanese tongyu. It is rare among major southern dialects other than Mandarin. Even if there are similar structural particles, they are not like "的, 地,

DE" in Mandarin dialects. The division of labor is clear and there is no confusion in usage.

④The application range of overlay is quite wide. Mandarin dialects are rich in overlapping content and widely used. For example

In southern Fujian, Cantonese, Hakka, Wu and other dialects, the overlapping form is generally not used. Monosyllabic morphemes are often preceded by "ah".

For example, "Abba" ", "Brother", "Sister-in-law" and so on. In Mandarin dialects, people are generally addressed with overlapping syllables, such as "brother", "uncle", "dad", "sister-in-law", "uncle" and so on. Another example is that some commonly used nouns cannot be overlapped in various southern dialects, but they appear in overlapping forms in Mandarin dialects, such as the word "星". In Southwest Mandarin and Northwest Mandarin, overlapping indicates additional minor meanings. For example, in Chengdu dialect, "Pan Pan" means "Pan'er" and "Yanyan" means "Eye". "Dou

Dou" means "dou'er", and "maomao" in Xi'an dialect means "hat'er". Some local quantifiers and demonstrative words in Northwest Mandarin can also overlap.

For example, the overlap of metric words in Xi'an dialect indicates the measurement method: "This rice does not sell for liters" (it is not sold by liters); the overlap of demonstrative words indicates the measurement method. Refers to

Specific location: "Your stand here and wait" (you stand here and wait), these overlapping usages are common in major southern dialects

No.

⑤The use of quantifiers is relatively general. The most commonly used quantifier "ge" in Mandarin dialects has a wide range of uses and can be used for many things.

It can be combined with "ge" whether it is virtual or real. Generally speaking, "ge" and "position" (honorific titles) are used to address people in Mandarin dialects, but in other major dialects, various quantifiers are used, and this is often reflected in the selection of quantifiers. Show a certain emotional color and