On the usage of infinitive and ing participle.

Infinitives can be used as subject, object, predicative, attributive, adverbial and object complement in sentences.

1) The infinitive as the subject generally indicates a specific action.

take for example

Complete 30 miles? Building a building in a year is a rather difficult task.

Doing so means taking responsibility.

When the subject is long and the predicate is short, it is often used as the formal subject, and the infinitive is placed after the predicate.

take for example

It is very important for modern young people to master at least two foreign languages.

It is a formal subject, and infinitives are often used in the following structures after predicate verbs:

It is+adjective (simple, important, different, stupid, incorrect, incorrect, correct, wrong ...)+(support/belong to someone. )+infinitive.

take for example

It is necessary to reserve a table before Christmas Eve.

It's hard to put my hopes into words.

It is not easy to catch fish by hand.

It is very important for us young people to learn and master English.

B) It is a+noun (a pleasant, a Pitty's, a pleasant thing, a person's Du? Ty, honor, shame, crime, not easy ...)+infinitive

Reading that rubbish is a waste of time.

It's a pity that I have to leave her.

It is a glorious death to die for the people.

Need (someone). Some time (hours, months, days, a lot of time, patience ...)+infinitive.

I spend three hours learning English every day.

It took them half an evening to get home in the snow.

2) As an infinitive, infinitives often indicate future actions, and the subject is often words expressing intentions, plans and schemes, such as wishes, ideas, tasks, purposes, responsibilities, work, etc.

take for example

For a person's health, the most important thing is to do enough exercise.

My main purpose is to point out the difficulty of this matter.

The purpose of this organization is to welcome all newcomers to this city and provide them with any necessary information.

What I want is to finish the work as soon as possible.

3) infinitives are often used as objects after the following verbs:

Offer, agree, apply, arrange, ask, try, beg, start, care, choose, ask, agree, ask, decide, desire, decide,

Expect, fail, hope, hesitate, hate, plan, learn, like, manage, be stingy, ignore, offer, plan, prepare, promise, refuse, solve, seek, tend, threaten, want, etc.

take for example

I like to go out for a walk in the warm sunshine in spring.

My mother hates moving from one place to another because she feels tired. I decided to study hard and get a doctorate.

This room was designed as my study, but now it has to be used as the children's bedroom.

She was worried that she failed to finish the task in time.

There is a man at the reception desk who seems to be very angry. I think he is looking for trouble. (CET-4 1997, 1)

A) making

B) making

C) manufactured

D) sand net made.

Mean is usually followed by infinitive, so a and d can be excluded. According to the meaning of the sentence, he looks angry and wants to make trouble. The infinitive action has not yet been realized, so the answer is B. infinitive as an object is also commonly used in the following structure; Subject+verb ++ it ++ adjective+infinitive.

take for example

We found it impossible to get everything ready in time. I think it is very important to learn English well in college.

The common verbs that use this sentence pattern are: believe, consider, declare, feel, discover, guess, imagine, prove, realize, support, think and so on.

4)“wh？ The word ++ infinitive structure is characterized by adding an interrogative pronoun (what, which, who, who) or an interrogative adverb (where, when, how, why) before the infinitive, and the conjunction "where" constitutes a special infinitive phrase, which is equivalent to a clause. This infinitive phrase is often used as an object after some verbs.

Common verbs that can follow this infinitive phrase are:

Know, see, decide, tell, ask, consider, discover, explain, discover, forget, guess, hear, imagine, ask, learn, observe,

Perception, memory, thinking, understanding, wonder, etc.

take for example

I can't decide which book to choose. I can tell you where to buy this book. They found it difficult to decide.

Shall we go swimming next Sunday or visit Aunt Sally on New Year's Day? “wh？ The structure of "word+infinitive" can be used as the subject or predication in a sentence besides the object. "

take for example

When to start this project has not been decided. The problem is how to put the plan into practice.

5) infinitive as adverbial

A) infinitives are used as adverbials to express purpose. Or after so as to emphasize this purpose.

take for example

To learn a foreign language well, you must work hard.

Mother saved every penny to pay for my tuition. We must develop science and technology.

So as to improve the scientific and cultural level of our country.

In order to get high marks in CET-4, he did a lot of grammar and reading comprehension exercises.

B) infinitives indicate the result, especially in the so structure ... As for, as for, just for ... and ... to respect.

take for example

I got to the station as soon as possible, only to find that the train had left.

She left her hometown with the man she loved and never came back. No one is never too old to learn.

Can you help me with my luggage?

C) infinitives are often used to modify adjectives and form the following phrases: able, afraid, easy, inevitable, sure, easy, eager, suitable, like, ready, sure, impossible, unwilling, willing, etc.

take for example

China is sure to win the World Cup.

It may rain today, because it is cloudy.

I am willing to help you with your homework, because we are friends.

6) The infinitive is often followed by the following verbs as object complements: ask, suggest, allow, beg, cause, compete, command, enable, engage, expect, feel, force, discover, hear, have, inform, invite, make, mean, inform, command, allow, persuade, remind, demand and request.

take for example

Because of the complexity of modern equipment, most offices require secretaries to receive special training.

He asked you to call him at ten o'clock.

This note reminds me to be careful whatever I do.

I will never allow my children to behave like that.

When infinitives are used as object complements after verbs such as let, make, have, hear, look, listen, feel, observe, watch, notice and perceive, infinitives are not used as objects.

take for example

Whenever there is something wrong with you, please let me know.

I will ask students to write an article about the Internet.

Hearing the news that the girl next door was seriously injured in the car accident, I saw my mother shed tears.

It seemed a long time before he heard the stone fall into the water.

7) infinitive as subject and complement When the verb with the structure of object and object complement becomes passive voice, the original object becomes subject and the object complement becomes subject and complement. Verbs with subject and complement mainly include: assume, believe, know, report, say, support and so on.

take for example

It is said that Mr. Brown went to Italy last week. It is said that Mr. Brown went to Italy last week. )

It is said that some people will climb the roof, solve math problems, compose music, go through windows and kill people in their sleep.

It is reported that he won 100? The 100-meter race in the Olympic Games.

8) infinitive as an attribute

A) As an attribute, infinitive is usually placed after the noun or pronoun it modifies.

The infinitive is often used as an attribute of the following nouns: attempt, ability, anything, opportunity, wish, determination, decision, effort, failure, intention, need, opportunity, plan, commitment, pressure, right, inclination, time, way, etc.

take for example

His efforts to carry out the plan were successful. I don't want to go to the movies with you.

There is no need to disturb him with these trifles.

There is a tendency to write long sentences in business letters.

Stress makes Americans energetic, but it also keeps them in constant emotional tension. (CET-41997,6)

A) participate in competition

B) competition

C) to be completed

D) Shawns finished the race.

Pressure should be followed by a post-attribute, indicating the pressure of competition. A single participle as an attribute is usually placed before a noun, so B and D can be excluded. C is a passive infinitive, but there is no passive relationship between competition and pressure, so the correct answer is A. It is important to pay special attention to that when the infinitive has a verb-object relationship with the noun it modifies, an appropriate preposition should be added after the infinitive according to the needs of the sentence. The choice of this preposition depends on whether it modifies nouns or not.

The requirements of the formula itself.

take for example

She is a very easy person to work with.

This is an important issue that needs to be discussed.

B) Nouns modified only by surnames, first names, first names, ordinal numbers or superlative adjectives are usually used as attributes.

take for example

Mr. Zhang is always the first to arrive at the office and the last to leave. I don't think he is the best person for the job.

9) infinitive without to the infinitive after the following phrase is unnecessary: I would rather ... than ...), it is best to ... (the best), I can't help ... (I have to), I have.

I'd rather ... (prefer it) than ... (have to, inevitably), I might as well/might as well ... (might as well), not to mention (not to mention).

take for example

You'd better return the book to the library on time. Otherwise, you will be fined.

I can't help but hope everything goes well.

They have never seen such delicious food, let alone eaten it.

The verb ing.

Become a theme

V-ing of verbs is a non-predicate form of verbs, which consists of the original verb plus ing, and can be used as subject, predication, object, object complement, adverbial and attribute in sentences.

I'll believe that when I see it. I'll believe that when I see it.

N It takes about 16 hours to get to Hangzhou by train. It takes 16 hours to get to Hangzhou by train.

It was nice talking to you. Nice talking to you.

It's no use arguing with him. It's no use arguing with him.

There is no harm in doing so.

Make a prediction

The verb -ing can be used as a predicative. For example:

The food smells very attractive.

My favorite sport is swimming.

Their job is to clean the windows.

Become an object

1. The verb ing can be used as the object of verbs, phrasal verbs and prepositions.

I warned her not to drive fast.

Jim doesn't like chocolate.

2. Some verbs and verb phrases followed by non-restrictive verbs can only be -ing participles. Common verbs are: admit, admit, suggest, compliment, avoid, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, excuse, escape,

Fantasize, complete, forgive, face, endure, involve, give up, imagine, mention, mind, miss, forgive,

Practice, demand, aversion, resistance, suggestion, memory, resistance, understanding, etc.

The doctor suggested taking more exercise.

I suggest doing it in a different way.

3. Most phrasal verbs of "verb+preposition" can only take the verb -ing as the object. These verb phrases are: think of, give up, aim at, postpone, persist, persist, be good at, do well, can't help, continue and leave.

Leave, think, get tired of (Africa, ability, love), start, etc.

The following phrases with to as the preposition are: accustomed to, opposed to, devoted to, persistent, responsive, expecting, seeing, obeying, adapting, applying, agreeing, arriving, preferring, adapting, owing,

Would you like something to drink?

I prefer swimming to playing basketball.

4. Some verbs can take -ing participle or to infinitive as objects, but they are very semantic.

There is a big difference. For example:

Happen to do sth.

Take the risk of doing sth.

Forget to do sth.

Forget to do sth.

Keep doing it, and then do another thing.

Keep doing the same thing.

Remember to do sth.

Remember to do sth.

Stop to do sth.

Stop doing sth.

Try to do sth.

Try to do sth.

⑺regret did what he regretted doing.

He expressed regret for what he had done.

⑻mean to/want to do sth.

It means to do something.

object complement

I find it interesting to watch the parade.

This usage is usually used in the following kinds of verbs, followed by the object and then followed by the -ing participle to form a compound object structure, in which the -ing participle acts as an object complement.

1. Verbs that express feelings and psychological states, such as: look, listen, feel, discover, smell, look, discover, listen, look, pay attention, observe, etc. For example:

There we found him watching TV.

I heard someone knocking at the door.

2. After some verbs (such as about, describing, accepting, thinking, quoting, etc.). ), the -ing score can be derived from as.

Words and phrases are used as object complements. For example:

They think the contract is invalid.

They say the child is very clever.

3. Causative verbs, such as: set, keep, have, get, leave, catch, etc. For example:

Can you make my watch run again? Can you make my watch run again?

It got me thinking. It made me think.

As an adverbial

The ing participle as an adverbial indicates that another action is taken at the same time, which plays a role in modifying and setting off the predicate verb. A participle as an adverbial can indicate time, reason, condition, concession, result, way or accompanying situation.

After cleaning the room, we began to weed the garden. (time)

Entering the room, she saw everyone getting ready for work. (time)

He can't go to school because of illness. (reason)

Work hard and you will succeed. (conditional)

Despite great achievements, there are still some unsatisfactory places.

Although great achievements have been made, there are still some areas that need to be improved.

My car was careful in the traffic jam, which delayed the time. (result)

We visited many cities when traveling by train. (mode)

Mary is sitting by the window of the classroom, reading a book.

attribute

Smiling face, smiling face

Leader

-ing participle can also form compound words as attributes, such as:

Easy-going person, easy-going person.

When a participle phrase is used as a postattribute, it can be converted into an attributive clause.

She boarded the train for Shanghai.

She boarded the train for Shanghai.

There are two roads in front of us, one leads to the beach and the other leads to the park.

There are two roads in front of us, one leads to the beach and the other leads to the park.