What is the overtone and what is the Gong Bei tune?

Henan Yuediao, popular in Henan and northern Hubei, is one of the three major operas in Henan. Its performance form is the master of Yue Diao Shen.

Three kinds: the first is the comparison of shadow play; The second is that puppets flirt more; The third is the Shaoxing Opera Troupe. These three forms of performance are still popular in rural areas in northern Hubei, western Anhui and Nanyang, Henan. Henan Yuediao music has a long history, many tunes and is relatively complete. The singing is mainly "Yuediao", and sometimes "Chuiqiang", "Kunqiang" and "seven and a half sentences" are also sung. Accompaniment instruments are mainly (commonly known as "climbing the ladder") (so Yuediao is sometimes called "four strings"), supplemented by lying flute, and later, short-pole falling Hu, stuffy son, erhu, suona, three strings and pipa are gradually added.

Shehuo Yangko is a folk song and dance art with a long history. Generally, it is sung during the Spring Festival, weddings, funerals and slack seasons. It originated from the totem worship and sacrificial songs and dances of primitive ancestors.

The long historical evolution was formally formed in the middle of Qing Dynasty.

Yangko, also known as "playing tiger", is mainly sung during the Spring Festival, and is called "playing yangko" or "singing community fire". According to the performance time, it can be divided into two kinds of "social fire" and "night social fire", which are mainly based on performance and supplemented by singing; The performance of "Night Club Fire" in the evening is mainly singing, supplemented by playing. According to the performance forms, there are styles such as walking high, holding high, riding fire, singing, playing with lions, playing with dragon lanterns, playing with fists, twisting big heads, pounding garlic cans, moving boats and running paper horses. There are three types of vocals around the 1950s: big singing, small singing and yangko. "Singing loudly", also called "playing randomly" or "bangzi tune", is today's Shaanxi opera. "Small singing" is divided into "harem tune" and "Cantonese tune", and "harem tune" is composed of four tunes: Qianharem tune, twisted tune, falling gold tune and harem tune. Yuediao is divided into ditty and divertimento, ditty is also called string bell, divertimento is also called nine tones and eighteen tones. Yangko is a kind of musical drama, which is divided into "production and life drama", "once in a lifetime", "witch girl", "great shame" and "talking". The following are mainly about "singing" and "yangko".

First, the "harem" in "Little Singing" and "Little Singing" was originally a musical term, that is, "three-stringed tune". All those marked with 5 6 3 are official palace tunes, and those marked with 1 5 1 are harem tunes. There are more than 30 lyrics of Huigong songs circulating in various areas of Tan, which is a strict genre lyrics. "Gong Bei Tune" generally has four tunes, one is "Qian Gongbei Tune", and the lyrics are seven-character poems; The second is "hank tune", also known as "string felt tune"; The third is "falling gold tune", the full name of which is "falling money tune"; The fourth song is "harem tune", with four words of lyrics. There are both "Front and Back Palace Tunes" and "Hougong Tunes" in the harem tunes, which are called "Double Harem Tunes", such as Xian Tu and Wang Xiang Lying on the Ice. Only the "front and back palace tune" has no "harem tune", and those with "tail-tone" falling down are called "single harem tune", such as Jiang Han and Zuizilang. Some harem tunes are combined with other tunes in the middle, and the added tunes are collectively called noisy tunes, such as Fan Yan tune, Yangliuqing tune, Shandan Mei tune and Pingdiao in Picking Lotus by the King of Wu and Sending Lights to the Piano Room. Some "harem tunes" also add several homophonic four-character short sentences to "harem tunes", which are called "hurried sentences"; There is also a small part of the "twisting tune" that is "back palace tune", not one paragraph, but several paragraphs.

There are two kinds of "Yuediao" in "Little Singing": "ditty" and "divertimento". "Xiaoqu" is also called "a string of bells", that is, a tune uses only one key from beginning to end. For example, "Dowry Setting" is only sung in "Handkerchiefs Weaving", and "Straw Hat Selling" is only sung in "Yangjia Embroidered Pocket". "divertimento" is also called "nine tones and eighteen tones", that is, there are various tones in one tone. For example, Cha Su San has three tones of "Good News", "Ten Fragrant Tones" and "Entering Chashan Tone", with a total of eighteen tones. There are more than 80 tones in Yue Diao, and their names come from four categories: first, the names of tones handed down from generation to generation, such as Hua Diao, Fan Yan Diao and Ping Diao; Second, the names of songs named after the title of "Xiaoqu", such as "Flying a kite" and "Butterfly Happy News"; Thirdly, the names of tunes are named according to the lyrics and singing emotions, such as "difficult tune", "sad tune", "sad tune", "good tune of snuff" and "non-stop tune". Fourth, the names of tunes named after Liuliu, such as Shandan Meidiao, Jinchaihuadao and Yangliuqing Diaodiao; In addition, there are some unknown or unknown tunes.

The lyrics of "Yuediao" have a wide range of contents and have been circulated for thousands of years, which can be divided into two categories: "written circulation" and "oral circulation". "Handwriting" refers to historical romance stories and immortal Buddhism and Taoism legends recorded in writing from ancient times to the present, such as "Huang San governs the world", "Qujiang Daizi" and "Su Shen III". "Handwriting" refers to the lyrics passed down orally by the people, which is a true portrayal of folk production and life in various historical stages, such as December, Happy Days and Felt String. No matter how it is spread, it mainly talks about loyal ministers and good generals, love between men and women, joys and sorrows of life, and songs about love are also called "sour songs"

According to the narrative form, "Yue Diao" can be divided into "Narrative Song" and "Eighteen La". A ballad tells a story, such as mat, Shili Pavilion and rebellion of the prince of Wu. Based on the images of flowers, moon and wine, Chapter 18 combines the allusions of various figures in past dynasties and later generations, such as Embroidering Ten Scenes and The Point of December.

In the "small singing", whether it is "back to the palace" or "cross-tune", its singing forms can be divided into three types: "leading Dan", "sitting in class" and "moving boat". "Yindan" refers to the "eight-step" step singing method with four or eight students and Dan as a group, accompanied by erhu, Sanxian and other musical instruments, or the "circle" sung by several characters together. "Sitting in class" refers to sitting and singing whenever there are red and white events in a year, which is also called "congratulations" or "chorus"; "Moving the boat" refers to the singing when rowing a dry boat in Yangko performance, which is mainly based on reciting palace songs. Singing in public is called "public field" and singing in private home is called "private field".

2. As mentioned earlier, the "Yangko" in Shehuo Yangko truly reflects the production and living conditions of the people in various historical stages and their inner spiritual world, such as "hoeing cotton", "four girls hoeing the ground" and "picking vegetables". Once in a lifetime is generally a love song that expresses the ambiguous relationship between men and women, such as carrying water, selling water, selling perforated strainer and cutting silk. "Witch" generally refers to stories about stepmother and Ajia abusing their youngest daughter and daughter-in-law, such as "Gui Xiang woman carrying water" and "Wang Denglong divorcing his wife". Shame is generally a humorous sketch that makes people laugh, such as Guanvzhang, Guawazi Leads the Donkey, Zhanggongbei's Wife and so on. "Talking about the mouth" is also called "Wang bian", which is similar to modern allegro, such as catching fleas, living in a bush, talking about baldness, and dating Gong Jiashan.

Most of the "yangko" in the singing songs are in the same tune, such as "Wild Magpie Flower" and "Two Thoughts Hurt Acacia". A few borrowed ditties from the Yuediao, such as "Gui Xiang Nvdan Water" as "Ten Fragrant Tunes" and "Wugengniao Tune"; In addition, there are eyebrow accents, such as in-laws fighting and meeting in the flower pavilion.

Judging from the content, tunes and narratives of the old people, the flame songs of She people in Ge Tan have three sources: one is the creation of local people; The second is the absorption of songs in the surrounding areas such as Longxi, Luomen and Gangu; Third, songs brought by immigrants from Shanxi and Shaanxi.

In a word, Ge Tan Shehuo Yangko has its own distinctive style and local characteristics in performance form, lyrics, tunes, contents and sources, and has evolved from generation to generation, becoming a wonderful flower in Ge Tan folk culture and art today.