I need demographic information in English.

Population density is measured by dividing the number of individuals by the area where they live.

Some observers of human society believe that the concept of carrying capacity also applies to the population on the earth, and uncontrolled population growth will lead to "Malthusian disaster". Others question this view. The picture on the right depicts the logical growth of population.

As a verb, Populate means the process of expanding a geographical area through childbirth or immigration.

The countries with the highest population density are micro-countries: Monaco, Singapore, Vatican City and Malta. Among the larger countries, Japan and Bangladesh have the highest population density.

The population is vast and sparsely populated.

When a region's resources (such as food, energy and minerals) far exceed the number of people living there, there will be population shortage. Therefore, the maximum potential of this area has not been realized, because the resources have not been fully developed, so it has not reached a high standard of living. Countries like Canada and Australia can export surplus food, energy and mineral resources, with high income, good living conditions and technical level, and immigrants. If the population increases, the living standard is likely to improve by increasing production and development resources.

However, when comparing on a global scale, there seems to be no direct correlation between population density and overpopulation or overpopulation. For example, northeast Brazil is "overpopulated" with only two people per square kilometer, while California is "overpopulated" with only more than 500 people per square kilometer (so this is related to the amount of resources). Similarly, population density is not necessarily related to per capita GDP. For example, both the Netherlands and Germany have high per capita GDP and high population density, while Canada and Australia have high per capita GDP and low population density. On the other hand, Bangladesh has a low per capita GDP and a high population density, and so on.

The balance of population and resources within a country may be unbalanced. For example, the population of a country is too much for one resource, such as energy, but too little for another resource, such as food. The relationship between population and resources is very complicated, so we must be very careful when using the terms "overpopulation" and "overpopulation".

Population population

Some indicators of living standards include health and education services, housing conditions, employment, communication networks, trade and commerce, life expectancy, mechanization and industrialization level.

Population shortage caused by population decline

In rural areas around major cities in developed countries such as Britain, the population is insufficient due to emigration. In Britain, southwest Wales and the Highlands of Scotland are under-populated compared with other parts of the country. This situation also occurs in older declining industrial areas, where emigration or emigration is due to lower wages and unemployment. This has led to a decrease in population, and as the population decreases, the demand for services will also decrease. Therefore, the lower level of service encourages further emigration.

An attempt to solve the problem of insufficient population

(a) Improve communication networks, such as better transportation facilities, to make remote areas more accessible.

(b) Establishing new capital cities, new towns or development growth points. For example, the population in the southeast and coastal areas of Brazil is unbalanced. Brasilia, the new capital, was built in the 1960 s to attract people to the mainland. This strategy is also used in other developing countries, such as Nigeria and Tanzania. Although this strategy is not successful, these countries have established modern railway networks.

Brazil has also adopted a comprehensive regional development programme. The internal improvement of transportation network, the development of secondary growth points and rural development have all been strengthened to attract more people or prevent emigration. Therefore, due to the improvement of resource utilization, the living standards in these areas will gradually improve.

The concepts of carrying capacity and population ceiling

Carrying capacity is the maximum population that a given land area can fully support. The maximum carrying capacity of population is called the population ceiling, which was first put forward by thomas malthus. The carrying capacity is related to the available resources and the existing technical level. It represents the number of people that the productive capacity of the land can fully support. It means that the carrying capacity equals the population, and the population equals the saturation level of the environmental carrying capacity (in other words, the maximum capacity of the environment is called the saturation level). This ecological concept has been applied to the sustainable management of environment. The carrying capacity is more or less similar to the optimal population and is dynamic. It may rise or increase due to economic progress or technological progress, or due to the discovery of other resources. Population growth is really affected by resources, and it also affects the available resources.

population control

Population control is a way to curb population growth, usually by reducing the birth rate. The existing records of ancient Greece record the first known example of population control. These include the colonization movement, where the Greeks built outposts in the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins to accommodate the surplus population of various countries. An important example of compulsory population control is China's one-child policy, under which it is extremely unpopular to have more than one child. This has led to accusations that this policy has led to infanticide, forced abortion and forced sterilization.

In ecology, population control is sometimes considered to be completely caused by predators, diseases, parasites and environmental factors. Many times, the influence of human beings on animal and plant populations is also taken into account. Animal migration can be regarded as a natural way to control the population, because food on land will be more abundant in some seasons. The place where the migration started was left to provide food for the next large-scale animal reproduction.

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Population decline in population decline

Population decrease refers to the decrease of population in an area. It may be caused by below-replacement fertility rate or mass migration, or more seriously by disease, famine or war. Or is usually caused by a combination of these factors. In the past, the observed population decline was mainly due to disease. In recent years, the population of Russia and other 17 ex-communist countries began to decline (1995-2005). The arrival of the Black Death in Europe or the diseases of the old world in America led to a large population decline.

In biology, the population decline of a species is usually described as the result of gradual deterioration of environmental factors, such as long-term drought or the loss of habitable area of the studied species. These or other factors may lead to a small group. In this case, genetic factors may become the dominant factor for the survival or extinction of a group.

ageing of the population

Population aging occurs when the fertility rate drops. This means that in a period of time, the ratio of old people to young people will be higher than the average. This is also due to the increase in life expectancy. Japan and western Europe are the two regions facing the most serious population aging in the near future. The second largest expenditure of most governments is education, which will decrease with the aging population. However, the elderly are often the most concerned about crime and insist on more (and more expensive) law and order in the population.

emigrant

Immigration refers to the act of temporarily or permanently moving to another country or region. Immigrants are people who intend to stay permanently, unlike occasional visitors or travelers.

Why do people emigrate?

People emigrate for the following reasons:

Economy (for example, getting rid of poverty).

Education (for example, participating in a higher accredited learning institution).

Major (for example, looking for a job; Search for unavailable occupations).

Politics (for example, escaping from dictatorship or other unfair governments; Disagree with the government).

Persecution and oppression, including genocide, ethnic cleansing and bullying.

Retirement (for example, better weather; The cost of living is lower).

Sentimental (for example, because of personal preference, I want to settle in a certain country; Family reunion).

War (for example, avoiding conscription or military attack).

Individuals (for example, based on opinions; Love from another country).

Religion (for example, in some cases they are not allowed to practice their own religion).

Natural disasters (such as the tsunami caused by the Indian Ocean earthquake in 2004).

Please note that many of them mainly refer to the motivation of emigration from the country of origin. It can be assumed that those who emigrate to avoid problems do so in the hope that they will not face the same problems in the destination of immigrants.

Most immigrants are for one economic reason or another, and the wage level and living expenses vary greatly between different countries. The living standard of poor people in less developed countries may be much higher in more developed countries than in their countries of origin. Similarly, people who live in highly developed countries but are economically independent can live better in countries with lower living standards. An example of the former is emigration from Mexico and Central American countries to the United States, while an example of the latter is emigration of retired British citizens to Spain. For the poor in underdeveloped countries, the economic pressure of migration may become so great that when legal means are restricted, people will immigrate illegally.

Different views on immigration

Some free market liberals believe that a free global labor market without immigration restrictions will promote global prosperity in the long run. Major commercial interest groups are one of the most powerful advocates of the liberalization of immigration law, because the mobility of people is crucial to the creation of a truly multinational company. [need to quote]

Protectionists provide another school of thought. They prefer the closed labor market, or regard free migration as a form of enterprise welfare, that is, commercial interests use cheap or free government immigration benefits to compensate employees instead of enterprise resources. Also on the opposite side of this issue are nationalists who advocate the militarization of the border; And xenophobia who are afraid of foreigners, although these views are not shared by all or even most immigration reductionists. Others think that the focus should be shifted from immigration control, but on the importance of equal rights for immigrants, so as to avoid what they think companies take advantage of immigrant poverty.

Some countries, such as Japan, allow relatively few immigrants. However, even in countries that allow relatively large-scale migration, there are differences in quantity, policy and implementation. Those who support stricter restrictions on immigration may argue that the current level of immigration will depress wages and trade unions and lead to unsustainable population growth. Others may disagree. They may think that too strict immigration policies and practices can't meet the economic needs of rich countries for jobs, can't protect national security or cohesion, and may endanger the lives of legal refugees from political or racial oppression.

In recent years, immigration has become an increasingly controversial topic among environmental activists, especially in the Sierra Club in the United States. Some environmentalists who are worried about overpopulation are in favor of restricting immigration as a means to isolate the impact of population growth, while others believe that overpopulation and environmental degradation are global problems and should be solved by other methods.

Some theorists believe that the policies of receiving countries aimed at integrating immigrants into the political, social and economic environment are more important than the level of immigration itself. This idea can explain the relative success of immigration in some countries, such as Canada.

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