Can you talk about the current situation of turtle breeding in China and suggestions for improvement?

Soft-shelled turtle is one of the special breeding varieties that developed rapidly in line with the market demand after China's reform and opening up. After nearly 4 years of breeding development, the output has increased from less than 1, tons in the 198s to 3, tons in 212. Soft-shelled turtle breeding has become an important way for rural farmers in China to become rich and well-off. Because excellent varieties are one of the elements of healthy turtle breeding, turtle germplasm has been highly concerned by all parties in the industry. For this reason, I put forward my own suggestions on the present situation and improvement of turtle varieties in China and discussed them with my peers in the industry. I. Introduction of main turtle breeding species in China

The indigenous turtle species in China mainly include Trionyx sinensis, Trionyx sinensis and Trionyx sinensis, and the latter two species are few in number, so they are listed as protected animals by the state, especially Trionyx sinensis, and their preciousness can be discussed with pandas. China has also introduced several varieties from abroad, which have settled down in China through domestication, and achieved certain breeding results. In order to let everyone know the characteristics and differences of turtle varieties at home and abroad, a brief introduction is made.

(1) Trionyx sinensis

Trionyx sinensis is the main breed in China at present. However, due to the vast source of China and the great difference in latitude and climate between the north, the south and the east, there are also some eco-geographical strains in different regions, and their products are also different in the market because of the different prices of regional strains, and some even differ greatly.

1. Yellow River strain (Yellow River turtle)

It is mainly distributed in Gansu, Ningxia, Henan and Shandong in the Yellow River basin, among which the turtles from Henan, Ningxia and the Yellow River estuary in Shandong are the best. Due to the special natural environment and climatic conditions, the Yellow River soft-shelled turtle has the characteristics of large body, wide skirt and yellowish body color, which is very popular in the market and its growth rate is similar to that of Taihu soft-shelled turtle.

2. Dongting Lake strain (Hunan soft-shelled turtle)

is mainly distributed in parts of Hunan, Hubei and Sichuan. Its body shape is basically the same as that of Jiangnan soft-shelled turtle, but its abdomen is not spotted, especially in the stage of soft-shelled turtle seedling. It is also a valuable regional soft-shelled turtle strain in China, and its growth and disease resistance are similar to those of Taihu soft-shelled turtle.

3. Poyang Lake strain (Jiangxi soft-shelled turtle)

is mainly distributed in eastern Hubei, Jiangxi and northern Fujian, and its adult shape is similar to that of Taihu soft-shelled turtle, but its belly is orange without mottling, and its growth speed is similar to that of Taihu soft-shelled turtle.

There are other soft-shelled turtles, soft-shelled turtles, soft-shelled turtles, small soft-shelled turtles, etc. Because of the small population, I won't go into details.

(II) Varieties introduced from abroad

1. Japanese soft-shelled turtle

Japanese soft-shelled turtle is mainly distributed in Saga, Oita and Fukuoka, which are south of Kanto, Japan. It is also said that the Japanese soft-shelled turtle introduced from China was originally bred from the Chinese soft-shelled turtle in Taihu Lake (but there is no report of anthology), so some of them are called Japanese soft-shelled turtle, which is currently designated as Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Japanese strain) by the Ministry of Agriculture.

2. Pearl soft-shelled turtle (Trionyx florida)

Trionyx belongs to soft-shelled turtle, also known as Pearl soft-shelled turtle and American fish. It is distributed in the United States, but the main producing area is Florida. In 1996, China began to introduce aquaculture. Florida soft-shelled turtle is beautiful in color, large in size and fast growing, but its steamed meat is not as delicious as Chinese soft-shelled turtle.

3. The Thai soft-shelled turtle

is long and round in shape, plump and bulging, with a dark gray back, smooth abdomen, reddish, smooth neck and no warts. The ventral deck at the front end of the dorsal abdominal nail is hinged, and the dorsal abdominal nail is completely closed when it goes up. There are two semi-lunar movable cartilage on the inner side of the hind limb, with a small skirt, which is slow to move and does not bite people, including 5g. Its outer body color is similar to that of Trionyx sinensis, but its abdomen color is dot, not block. This kind of soft-shelled turtle grows fast and likes high temperature, but its meat quality is poor, and it is precocious. Generally, it begins to lay eggs at 4g, so it is most suitable for breeding soft-shelled turtle directly in greenhouse, and it is not suitable for breeding in the field with large temperature difference for many years.

4. Spiny soft-shelled turtle

, also known as horny soft-shelled turtle, is mainly distributed from the southernmost part of Canada to the northern part of Mexico. The body is large, and the body length can reach 45 cm. The kiss is long, forming a kiss process. The carapace is oval, and there is a small prickly wart on the front edge of the back, so it is called the prickly turtle. Introduced to China at the beginning of the new century, it is also a large variety, so the consumption target is mainly hotels and restaurants, so it should not be blindly developed due to market limitations. ? Second, suggestions

(1) Strengthen the protection of the origin

Because the soft-shelled turtle has the advantages of regional characteristics, it is imperative to protect the origin population. Protection is not simply enclosure protection, but should really work hard on germplasm purification. For example, the germplasm of the Yellow River strain in Ningxia and Henan is purer than that in other regions, which may be related to the backward circulation in this region. Another example is the southwest strain (yellow sand turtle), which not only has a certain growth advantage, but also has a wide skirt when it is over 1 grams. The disadvantage is that the exposure of the back rib obviously affects the sales appearance in some places. The stress resistance of Taihu strain is the key to improve the survival rate of aquaculture, especially the facial pattern on its ventral back is the characteristic advantage of its population, so the soft-shelled turtle is favored by local consumers in Zhejiang Province. Therefore, the advantages of purification and optimization while protecting will be more obvious.

(2) Do a good job in regional planning of seedlings

The development of industry is closely related to the development of regional economy. Similarly, the industrial development of turtle, a high-end consumer product, is mainly in economically developed areas. For example, at present, the main production and sales areas of turtles in China are mainly in East China, South China and Central China. According to incomplete statistics, the total output of turtles in China in 29 was 2,8 tons, of which 68% were produced in these three areas. Therefore, the demand for seedlings, which is one of the factors related to industrial development, is mainly in these areas. At present, the state and local governments have built a large-scale turtle breeding farm in these areas, but it should be strengthened with the current development needs, especially in some places, there are still indiscriminate construction and indiscriminate construction, while in some places, demolition has also been reduced due to the needs of other local construction. Therefore, it is very important to make a long-term regional planning of turtle seedling base in combination with the national economic development plan after studying the development trend of turtle production and marketing in China.

(3) Strengthening the Selection of Excellent Germplasm

The selection of superior varieties of soft-shelled turtle is a hard and time-consuming basic project, especially the selection work needs senior engineers and technicians, so it is difficult for general enterprises to undertake it, and some research institutions dare not win the job because of their slow achievements and large investment, so the selection of excellent varieties of soft-shelled turtle is almost blank in China. The author thinks that it is indeed difficult to breed new varieties, but it is possible to use local indigenous varieties to purify and select the best. For example, Zhejiang selected soft-shelled turtle from the mutant soft-shelled turtle of Taihu Lake strain as a new strain to promote. Guangxi has also selected and popularized the soft-shelled turtle with better characters from the local indigenous strains, and the effect is also good. Soft-shelled turtle is a special creature that has evolved since ancient times, and its growth and stress resistance advantages are best brought into play in the native place, so selecting the best local strain is the best way to improve the Excellence of the regional strain of soft-shelled turtle. The author thinks that we should try not to introduce exotic species for breeding, because it will not only be risky and take a long time, but also easily destroy the original biodiversity. For example, it took more than ten years for Japanese soft-shelled turtle to be domesticated after it was introduced into China, and the price paid was very high.

(4) dynamic management of improved variety breeding bases

It is necessary to carry out effective dynamic management of the existing improved variety base of soft-shelled turtle. The management can be carried out by the provincial competent department, which mainly manages the quality and yield flow of varieties, and carries out effective testing and inspection, especially the management of imported varieties. The specific management measures can be organized by relevant experts according to relevant national laws and regulations and the specific conditions of various places. In this way, we can achieve good guidance and coordinated development. For example, Zhejiang province has implemented dynamic supervision and inspection in management, and put forward rectification measures for unqualified ones first, and then take management measures of disqualification and brand removal for unqualified ones, which has achieved good results.