Taiyuan turned from prosperity to decline.

Taiyuan was called Jinyang in ancient times. Many cultural relics unearthed underground show that as early as the Paleolithic Age and Neolithic Age, China's ancestors flourished in Taiyuan and created splendid culture.

About 497 BC, Yangcheng in Kuching came out. After more than ten dynasties, such as Spring and Autumn Period, Warring States Period, Qin, Han, Three Kingdoms, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties, Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, Taiyuan has always been a military center in northern China. In 979 AD, Zhao and Song destroyed Taiyuan, and the emerging Taiyuan rose in succession in the Song, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is not only a military town, but also developed into a famous cultural ancient city and commercial city.

There are many legends and events worth recording in the history of Taiyuan: "Taiyuan Dragon" entered Longshan, and Yu Xia changed Longtou Mountain to Zhoushan; 1 1 century BC, his younger brother was given to Tang, and his son? Father changed Tang to gold; In 497 BC, Zhao Jianzi's home minister Dong 'an built Jinyang City; In 453 BC, Zhao, Han and Wei "divided Jin into three parts" and Jinyang became the capital of Zhao. In 180 BC, Liu Heng ascended the throne in Jinyang Longgan 16 years. In 304 AD, Liu Kun, the secretariat of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, defended Jinyang in wyndell dichinson for 9 years to resist the invasion of Xiongnu. In 5 50 AD, Gao Huan and Gao Yang in the Northern Wei Dynasty designated Jinyang as "Overlord" and "Other Capital". In 6 17 AD, Li Yuan and Li Shimin and his son set out to seize the world, calling Jinyang the land of "Longxing" and making Jinyang the "northern capital" and "Beijing". Li Cun from 923 to 960? , Shi Jingtang, Liu Zhiyuan, Liu Chong brothers and Jinyang for the world, proclaimed himself to establish the later Tang Dynasty, the later Jin Dynasty, the later Han Dynasty and the northern Han Dynasty, and called Jinyang the "Dragon City"; In 979 AD, Jinyang was captured, and the "nail" was burned with water to break the "Long Mai" and completely destroy Jinyang; In 982 AD, Song Zhao sent Pan Mei to rebuild Taiyuan City in Tang Ming Town; After Yuan, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, Taiyuan expanded in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and commerce rose. Later, it suffered from natural and man-made disasters and became increasingly depressed. Taiyuan, an ancient city, has experienced many vicissitudes.

The first rise and fall period (AD 497-AD 396)

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, due to the development of productive forces, handicraft industry and agriculture gradually had a division of labor, forming towns and villages. In order to maintain their rule, the ruling class built cities everywhere. Jinyang City was originally built by Dong Anyu, the retainer of Zhao Jianzi, Minister of Jin State. Dong Anyu established Jinyang ancient city in about 497 BC, so his toes are in the area of Jinyuan ancient city camp today, and he was named Jinyang because the city was built in the golden water Yang (the ancient city is Yang in the north). Jinyang Ancient City faces Wengshan in the east and Linfen in the west. The terrain is very dangerous and the castle is very strong. It is said that when Dong Anyu built Jinyang City, he concentrated the wisdom and strength of the working people, rammed the soil into a wall with board clips and repaired the city wall. Taking more than ten feet of vegetation as the palace wall, bronze was smelted and cast into palace columns, making Jinyang the capital of Zhao Chu with high city, deep pool and magnificent palace garden.

In 246 BC, Qin Shihuang unified China, and China was divided into 36 parts. Taiyuan County, located in Jinyang, was initially established. Jinyang is also called Taiyuan at this time. In 20 1 year BC, in order to resist the Huns, Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang appointed Han Wangxin to sit in the Northern Dynasty, changed Taiyuan County to South Korea, and made Jinyang its capital. Since then, Jinyang has become one of the northern border towns. In BC 196, Emperor Gaozu drew Yanbei and Taiyuan County together and called them Daiguo, and named his son Liu Heng Daiwang. Jinyang has become the capital of Daiguo again. In BC 180, Lv Hou died, and Zhou Bo and others acclaimed Liu Heng as the famous emperor of China. Liu Heng attached great importance to Jinyang City after he ascended the throne, and lived here for 16 years after his mother left the palace.

At that time, Jinyang was not only a military town, but also developed in commerce and agriculture. Handicraft industry has developed to a considerable level, which can produce white and bright steel mirrors and dazzling iron mirrors. Known as "the famous pass in the east, the strong Hu in the north, the adventure in the valley, enriching the people, the land of four wars, the land of attack and defense." According to "History of Han Geography", Taiyuan County in the Han Dynasty was "a state with 169863 households, 684888 people and 2 1 county". At that time, there were more than 2.52 million people in Shanxi. Today, it shows that nearly 30% of them live in Taiyuan. From Jinyang to Han Dynasty, it was the first prosperous period in Taiyuan's history.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the national strength was weak, and the Xiongnu aristocratic forces gradually moved south. In the early Jin Dynasty, most of Bingzhou was occupied by Xiongnu, leaving only some counties near Jinyang. Especially in 304 AD, Liu Yuan, the leader of Xiongnu, established his capital in Zuoguocheng (now Lishi City), calling himself Hanwang. Occupy Gaoping, Tunliu, Pingyao, Jiexiu and other places respectively, and the contradiction points to Jinyang. Jinyang people, led by Liu Kun, an assassin in Bing, resisted the invasion of Xiongnu and held fast to wyndell dichinson for nine years. At that time, there were less than 20,000 refugees in Taiyuan, the people were in dire straits, bandits and thieves were rampant, the roads were blocked, and it was desolate. After Liu Kun's defeat, during the 80 years from 3 16 to 396, Taiyuan was occupied by the post-Zhao, pre-Qin, and post-Yan founded by Xiongnu, Jie, Xianbei, Shi and Qiang, and was called "Five Lakes" at that time. Taiyuan people have been in a state of chaos for a long time and suffered numerous disasters.

The second rise and fall period (523-979 AD)

In 396 AD, King Tuoba of the Northern Wei Dynasty captured Jinyang and annexed it. In 523 AD, Gao Huan (also known as He Liuhun) took control of the Northern Wei regime. Based on Jinyang's dangerous terrain and strong city, the Great Prime Minister's House was established, which effectively controlled the real power of the Northern Wei Dynasty and called Jinyang the "tyrant's house". In 550 AD, Gao Yang, the son of Gao Huan, seized the Eastern Wei regime and became emperor himself. Historically known as the Northern Qi Dynasty. Although its capital is in Ye (now Anyang, Henan), it is still based in Jinyang, also known as "Biedu". Because Gao and his son have feelings for Jinyang, they attach great importance to the construction of Jinyang. In 545 AD, Gao Huan built the Jin Yanggong in Jinyang; After 576 years, the Daming Hall was built by Gao Wei. In 577 AD, the 12th Academy of Jinyang was built in Shaozhu Peak, which was more spectacular than the imperial palace in Yecheng. In order to visit Jinci Temple, the Northern Qi Dynasty also built facilities such as reading desk, Wangchuan Pavilion, Fish Pond, Feiliang Pavilion and Er Quan Pavilion, which are beneficial to the good and difficult to support the elderly. At the same time, Tianlong Temple, Tongzi Temple and Huokeji were built in Tianlong Mountain and Longshan Mountain in Jinyang Xishan, where rock drilling and stone carving were carried out. This is the earliest excavation of Tianlong Mountain Grottoes preserved to this day. During this period, Taiyuan's agriculture and commerce also recovered and developed. Jinyang City prospered in commerce and market, and became the main commercial port of Northern Qi Dynasty.

The Sui Dynasty was founded in 58 1 year. Because the Turks ruled the north at that time, in order to resist the invasion of ethnic minorities, Jinyang City became the military center of the north. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty appointed his second son, Yang Guang, as King of Jin and stationed in Jinyang. In 605 AD, Yang Guang ascended the throne, known as Emperor Yang Di. He took Jinyang as his "Longxing" land, and built a wall with a height of 13 meters and a circumference of 3.5 kilometers outside Jin Yanggong in the Northern Qi Dynasty, which was called the new city. He built a "Cangcheng" with a height of13m and a circumference of 4km at the edge of the city, and also built the Yang Gong in A Jin. Because Emperor Yang Di was barren and built many buildings, peasant uprisings broke out all over the country.

In 6 17, Li Yuan and his son Li Shimin stayed in Taiyuan, set out from Jinyang, invaded Chang 'an, seized the Sui regime, and established the Tang Dynasty in 6 18. Because the Li and Tang Dynasties attached great importance to the birthplace of their troops and constantly expanded Jinyang City, the original Jinyang City was mainly located on the west bank of Fenhe River, and was called "Capital City" or "West City". There are Daming City, Jin Yanggong City and Cangcheng City in the city. Emperor Taizong and Li Shimin sent people to build the East Side of Fenhe River. When Wu Zetian was in power, Cui, the secretariat of Bing State, built the Midtown between Dongcheng and Xicheng, just across the Fenhe River. At that time, the capital was connected with the East and Middle Cities, which were collectively called the Three Cities of Taiyuan. Da Jinyang, Taiyuan City, became the northern barrier of the Tang Dynasty. Because the well water in Dongcheng is bitter and unpalatable, a water diversion project from Xicheng to Dongcheng was built, called Jinqu. Later, when we were in Hedong, Masui built a project to divert water from the east to Jinjiang, and also stored it into a pond to store water, and divided Fenshui into many small streams to flow around the city, with willows on both sides shaded, further greening and beautifying the city. At the same time, Jinyang has also built many halls, halls and temples, which surround Jin Yanggong and Daming Palace and are located among clear water and green trees, making Jinyang City more magnificent and elegant. In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, there were three cities of Jinyang, * * *, and twenty-four gates. The Jinhe River passed through the Xicheng, the Fenhe River flowed through the Nancheng, the Jin Canal passed through the Xicheng, crossed the Midtown, and crossed the Fenhe River to reach the Dongcheng, making it flow, with willows floating and balconies facing each other. This palace is magnificent. At that time, Jinyang had convenient transportation, rich economy, developed handicrafts and commerce, and was the center of major currencies in the country. Iron weapons are becoming more and more perfect, and Bingzhou scissors are extremely sharp. Iron mirrors and bronze mirrors are famous all over the country. In addition, Jinyang saltpeter and wine were tributes at that time. Jinyang in Tang Dynasty is not only a prosperous city, but also a city with rich cultures and talented people. Bai Juyi, a poet, a writer, Qiao Lin, the minister of the Ministry of Industry, and Di, the prime minister, were all celebrities in the Tang Dynasty who were born in Taiyuan. Poets Li Bai and Du Fu have also been to Jinyang. Li Bai also left a poetic drama of "Jinci water is like a jasper, and a hundred feet of clear water flows in the pool." Du Fu also wrote "Cut quickly in Ande and Bingzhou, and cut half of the river in Wu Shu".

In 690 AD (the first year given by Wu Zetian in the Tang Dynasty), Taiyuan was designated as the northern capital. In 742 (the first year of Tianbao in the Tang Dynasty), Beijing was all in the north, and it was called the five capitals together with the capitals Chang 'an, Nanjing (Chengdufu), Xijing (Fengxiang House) and Tokyo (Henan House). According to records, at that time, Taiyuan government "led thirteen counties, with 128,950 households and 78,278 population", and Taiyuan entered its heyday in history.

Due to the strong city of Jinyang City, it was used as a fortress by some ambitious warlords several times in the five dynasties after the Tang Dynasty, claiming hegemony and becoming emperor on its own. During the 70 years from 907 to 979, Taiyuan experienced several dynasties, such as the late Tang Dynasty, the late Jin Dynasty, the late Han Dynasty and the Northern Han Dynasty. The ancient city of Jinyang was devastated, and the people in Taiyuan were miserable. The most sad thing is that in 979 (the fourth year of Longxing in Song Taiping), Zhao Guangyi of Song Taizong passed the "Three Rivers Flowing East" in 19, and finally destroyed the Northern Han Dynasty and ordered Jinyang to be burned. The following year, Jinshui and Fenshui flooded into Jinyang Site and destroyed the city, which made this famous city that had been running for nearly 1500 years completely destroyed with the end of the Five Dynasties.

The third fluctuation period (982- 1 126)

After Zhao Guangyi destroyed Jinyang City, in order to show off his achievements in suppressing the Northern Han Dynasty and destroying Jinyang, he changed the Chongsheng Temple where he was stationed to direct operations to Tongping Temple (in the future forest) and built Pingjincheng, but Jinyang people dared not live there. Many homeless people, displaced, fled to Tang Ming Town and Sanjiao Village to settle down. Tang Ming Town was a small village with only one street at that time, near Daguandi Temple in Xiyang City, and Sanjiao Village was in Gucheng Village in the north of Taiyuan City.

Because Taiyuan's geographical location is very important, in 982 (the seventh year of Song Taiping's revival), three religions from Zhao Guangyi, Song Taizong deployed Pan Mei on the basis of Tang Ming Town, expanded the scope, built the city wall and built Taiyuan City. Taiyuan City, built in the early Song Dynasty, is a earthen city with a circumference of 5.28 kilometers. Build four doors: "sunrise in the east, far in the south;" Sisu; The north name is wilder. Yingze Street is north and southwest, and Xinjian Road is east and west. Houxiaohe and Donghouhe were moats in the north and east at that time. It is said that Jinyang at that time was considered to have had several emperors and was a "Dragon City". When Zhao and Song destroyed Jinyang's newly-built streets in Taiyuan, they all built T-shaped streets, in order to nail down the "Long Mai" and make Taiyuan no longer a "real dragon emperor", endangering Zhao and Song's world. It is forbidden to use the names of "Jinyang" and "Taiyuan", and it is designated as the Tight State Military Department, guarded by Pan Mei and Yang Ye. After Song Renzong ascended the throne in A.D. 1023, Taiyuan was built again. 1025, in order to prevent the flood of Fenhe River, Taiyuan and State Chen Yaozuo built a long dike on the east bank of Fenhe River to divert water into the lake. Many willows are planted on the shore of the lake, called "Liuxi", and the Dongshan Mountain is covered with lush cypress and locust trees. In A.D. 1059, Zhao Zong took Bingzhou as Taiyuan, and the government was located in Taiyuan. In 1060, the famous Notre Dame de Jinci was built. 1069, a large temple, Fanglin Temple, was built in Genmazhuang, Dongshan. These two temples reflect the splendor of the East and the West, and tourists are constantly coming.

With the development of society, Taiyuan's industry and commerce gradually flourished in the Song Dynasty. Mishi Street, Shinan Street, Chaishi Lane, Chua Street and Mashi Street in the southwest of Taiyuan City were then rice market, chaimi market, vegetable market and commodity market. Maoer Lane, Boot Lane, Scissors Lane, Curtain Lane, Felt Lane and Soybean Garden Lane are places where industry and commerce are concentrated. Handicraft industry, ceramics industry and smelting industry are particularly developed, and the bronze mirrors made are presented as tributes. The "wood grain porcelain" produced by Mengjiajing and Yu Yeguan Kiln was quite famous in China at that time.

After 70 or 80 years of development in the Song Dynasty, Taiyuan was full of vitality at that time, with the praise of "Huahua is Zhengding House and beautiful Taiyuan City". According to the Records of History and Geography of Song Dynasty, during the period of Song Chongning (1102-1106), Taiyuan set up a magistrate to govern ten counties, with "155583 households,/kloc-" This period can be said to be another prosperous period after the completion of Taiyuan New Town in history and the stable development of the Northern Song Dynasty for more than one hundred years.

At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the feudal ruling class brutally enslaved and exploited the working people, class contradictions intensified day by day, peasant uprisings broke out one after another, and the rule of Zhao and Song Dynasties was crumbling. During this period, the Jurchen people scattered in Changbai Mountain and Songhua River gradually became stronger. 1 1 15 years, the leader of the jurchen nationality, akuta, proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of gold. In A.D. 1 125, nomadic people invaded south in two ways, and the west road reached the gate of Taiyuan in 65438+ February. Fu Xuan of Hedong led Tong Guan to flee, and Zhang Xiaochun, the magistrate of Taiyuan, led his troops to the death. He was besieged for more than 250 days and finally lost food. 11February 26 (the first year of Duankang), Zhongshan, Hejian and Taiyuan towns in Zhao Heng, Song Qinzong paid gold. Since then, Taiyuan people have spent more than 80 years under the ravages of war and the oppression of foreigners. According to records, the population of Taiyuan Road (later changed to Jining Road) decreased to "75,440 households, 15532 1 person".

The fourth rise and fall period (A.D. 1368 to 1948)

The Ming Dynasty was founded in 1368, and Taiyuan was designated as one of the "Nine Borders" towns. Zhu Yuanzhang, the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty, made his third son King of Jin and stationed in Taiyuan, where he set up a "Shanxi Zhongshu Province" and later changed it to "Chief Secretary Cheng Xuan" to take charge of the administrative affairs of the whole province. King Jin asked his father-in-law Xie Cheng to expand Taiyuan City. Extending to the east, south and north, a wall with a circumference of 14 km and a height of about 18 m was built. It is made of bricks and has eight doors: Yichun (Dadongmen), East Ying Hui (Xiaodongmen), Yingze (South Gate), Nan Chengen (the first door) and Xizhenwu (Shuiximen). King Jin also built Miyagi, a magnificent palace with three gates: Donghuamen, Xihuamen and Nanhuamen. The outer walls of Miyagi are called Dong Xiao Wall, Xiao Xi Wall, Xiaonan Wall and Beixiao Wall. In the Xiao wall, various facilities were built for Jin Wangjian, such as a heaven and earth altar for holding sacrifices, a restaurant for managing meals, and entertainment gardens, such as Xinghualing and Songhuapo. The royal family of the Jin Dynasty was divided into kings, covering an area to build palaces, including Ninghua Mansion, Linquan Mansion, Fangshan Mansion, Dapu Mansion, Bell Tower, Drum Tower and temples. By the Qing Dynasty, the planning of Taiyuan City was basically the same as that of the Ming Dynasty. In order to prevent people's rebellion, the rulers built more than 4,000 barracks on the ruins of the Golden Palace, and stationed them in Qi Jing Camp, which later became the so-called Elite Street. Many of the above names are still preserved today.

With the development of social economy and the need of military affairs, the weapons manufacturing in Taiyuan in Ming Dynasty was more developed. Naishengtang in the city and the "iron pit" in Banpo Street are said to be the remains of copper forging workshops in the early Ming Dynasty. Since the Song Dynasty, "official kilns" for firing pottery have become more and more common. In the middle of Qing dynasty, handicraft industry developed greatly, and ironmaking and sulfur production also developed. In business, there has been a sealed trade association, which has formed ten major industries such as grain shops, oil noodle shops and silk satin shops. Many streets are named after industries, such as Dongmi City, Simi City, Dongxiang City and Xiyang City, Clothing Appraisal City and Huamian Lane. The currency industry, which is closely related to commercial capital, once flourished. Taiyuan was a border town in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and gradually became a major industrial and commercial city in the north.

There is no record of Taiyuan population in Geography of Ming History and Geography of Qing History Draft. According to the official records of Taiyuan in the Ming Dynasty, during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1573 to 1620), Taiyuan government administered 25 counties, with 990,450 households and 9827 households and 73,438 people in Taiyuan county. However, due to several natural disasters, Taiyuan City declined again. 1646 (the third year of Qing Shunzhi), a fire broke out in the imperial palace of the Jin Dynasty, burning from the inner city to the palace gate for several months, and all the palaces and various buildings were reduced to ashes: 18 15 (the twentieth year of Jiaqing), the Dongshan flood broke out, and the high waves washed away the east and south gates, which was very serious, resulting in the destruction of Taiyuan city. In the third year of Guangxu in A.D. 1877, there were successive droughts and no harvest. At the same time, the plague was prevalent, and people either starved to death or fled. In A.D. 1886 (Guangxu 12), the Fenhe River burst its banks and the current was fierce. Half of Xicheng is Chengze Garden, and Manchuria City, Xuetai Yamen, Taiyuan Wenfu Temple, Yangqu County Wenmiao and many houses are gone. After several great robberies, according to local records, Taiyuan was a city of four passes with a population of only 30,000 in A.D. 1900 (the 26th year of Guangxu).

After the Revolution of 1911 (19 1 1), although some modern industrial and mining industries were established, airstrips and north-south Tongpu railway were built, and shops, restaurants and public facilities appeared one after another in the urban area, the urban and economic development was extremely slow. Especially in the war years, the ancient city of Taiyuan was depressed and the people were poor.