Tell me about Wang Anshi's contribution? Why did Lenin call him "the reformer of the eleventh century"?

Wang Anshi's Reform in Xining Period of Song Shenzong in Northern Song Dynasty. In the first month of the fourth year of Zhiping (1067), Song Shenzong Zhao Yong ascended the throne. Zongshen is determined to innovate. In April of the first year of Xining (1068), Wang Anshi was called to Beijing to carry out reforms and establish a system to enrich Qiang Bing and change the current situation of poverty and weakness.

Wang Anshi established a new organization to guide the reform-the third department of laws and regulations. After the cancellation of the Planning Department, Sinong Temple presided over most of the political reform affairs. Lv Huiqing, Ceng Bu and other countries participated in the drafting of the new law. These new laws can be roughly divided into the following aspects according to their contents and functions.

Restrict businessmen

The policies to supply national needs and restrict businessmen are mainly equal loss method, market exchange method and exemption method.

Equal loss method

In July of the second year of Xining, the loss sharing law of Huai, Zhejiang, Jiang and Hu was promulgated. By sea, we can grasp the financial situation of the Sixth Road, consider the annual supply situation and the materials needed by the capital, and then "change convenience into easy purchase" according to the principle of "moving expensive is cheap, and using near is easy to go far" and store it for later use, so as to save the price and the labor cost of transshipment. Equal-loss method captures some interests of wealthy businessmen, and at the same time slightly reduces many extra burdens of taxpayers.

Yi Shi Football Association

In March of the fifth year of Xining, the Chengyi Law was promulgated. Establish urban services in Kaifeng. According to the market situation, the municipal easy service determines the price, purchases unsalable goods and sells them when the market needs it. Vendors can borrow money or buy goods on credit from the municipal simple service office. Later, Kaifeng e-commerce, as the general organization of e-commerce, was promoted to the capital of e-commerce. The market change law has played a role in limiting the monopoly of the market by big businessmen, and also increased the financial income of the court.

Tax exemption method

In July of the sixth year of Xining, the exemption law was officially promulgated. According to the exemption law, shops in all walks of life pay the exemption amount to e-commerce every month according to their profits, and no longer supply physical objects or manpower to the government in turn.

Increase agricultural output

Policies to adjust the relationship between feudal countries, landlords and farmers and measures to develop agricultural production include young crops law, conscription law, land equalization tax law and farmland water conservancy law.

Young crop method

In September of the second year of Xining, the Young Crop Law was promulgated. It is stipulated that the grain stored in Changping and Guanghui warehouses should be based on money. When the food price is high, it is sold at a price lower than the market price, and when the price is low, it is purchased at a price higher than the market price. The accumulated cash is divided into two periods every year, that is, the first month and May, when sowing is needed and summer and autumn are immature, and farmers borrow money and goods from the government on a voluntary basis. After the harvest, with the summer and autumn tax, the interest will be increased by two or three tenths to return the food or cash. The Young Crop Law keeps farmers from being exploited by the usurers of the "merger house" at inappropriate times, so that farmers can "keep pace with the times".

Financing mode

Xining was promulgated and implemented in four years. The conscription law (exemption law) stipulates that state and county governments should pay for military service. States and counties expect that the annual employment expenses will be shared by families according to their level. The law of supporting service makes rural residents who used to serve in turn return to their hometowns to farm, and farmers who used to enjoy the privilege of exemption from service have to pay service money, which increases the government's income.

Square field average tax law

Xining was promulgated in the fifth year. Tian Fang's tax equalization law stipulates that every September, county officials should measure the land and test the fertility of the land, which is divided into five grades and the tax amount is stipulated. After the measurement is completed, the land hukou post will be issued in March of the following year as a "land sign". The division of property, the sale and division of land are all based on the field now measured, registered by the government and issued with title deeds. Restrict bureaucratic landlords from annexing land and concealing land property and population.

Farmland water conservancy law

Xining was promulgated in the second year. The treaty encourages all localities to reclaim wasteland, build water conservancy and build dikes, and the beneficiary households will invest in the project according to their grades. Under Wang Anshi's advocacy, an upsurge of "four parties vying for farmland water conservancy" was formed for a while. While harnessing the Yellow River, Zhanghe River and other rivers in the north, a large number of "silt fields" have been deposited along several rivers and canals, turning barren land into fertile fields.

Stabilize feudal order

Measures to consolidate the feudal ruling order, rectify and strengthen the army include Sun Tzu's Art of War, Armor Law, Horse Protection Law and the establishment of military equipment supervision.

The general art of war

As a "Qiang Bing" measure, on the one hand, Wang Anshi streamlined the army, eliminated the old and the weak, and merged the barracks, on the other hand, he also practiced the art of war. From the seventh year of Xining, military attaché s with higher martial arts and more combat experience were selected for special training in the north. The implementation of Sun Tzu's art of war will enable soldiers to know their generals and practice their soldiers, thus improving the combat effectiveness of the army.

Jiabao method

Xining was promulgated in three years. Rural households everywhere, regardless of the main household or the customer, have one guarantee for every ten (later changed to five), five guarantees and one guarantee, and ten guarantees and one guarantee. Where there are more than two people at home, one person will protect Ding. During the slack season, gather for military training in Baoding; Patrol in turn at night to maintain law and order. Garbo law can not only enable the able-bodied men all over the country to receive military training and join the regular army, thus saving a lot of national military expenditure, but also establish a strict security network according to Garbo, organize the people of the whole country and stabilize the feudal order.

revamp the educational system

Reformers such as Wang Anshi also reformed the imperial examination system, reorganized schools at all levels, and trained needed talents for the society.

The influence of political reform

Wang Anshi's reform aimed at "enriching Qiang Bing", and it took nearly 15 years from the implementation of the new law to its abolition by the old school. During this period, after the implementation of each new law, it basically achieved the expected results, limiting the activities of powerful mergers and usurers, reducing some privileges of middle and upper-level officials and the royal family, while rural landlords and farmers reduced some obligations and tax burdens. Feudal countries also strengthened their rule over direct producers and increased their fiscal revenue. The new law more or less violated the interests of middle and upper-level officials, royalty, tycoons and usurers, and was eventually abolished. In the sixth year of Xining in the Northern Song Dynasty (1073), Wang Shao, the envoy of Song Xihe Road, led an army to attack Tubo under the command of Wang Anshi, and fought in five states, including Linxia (Gansu) and Min (now Min County, Gansu). Song Jun recovered five states, expanded its territory to more than 2,000 miles, took care of 300,000 registered households of Qiang people, and established a favorable front for attacking Xixia region. Wang Anshi is not only an outstanding politician, thinker, but also an outstanding writer. In order to realize his political ideal, he closely linked literary creation with political activities, emphasizing that the role of literature lies in serving the society first. He opposed the vague and powerless style of Yang Yi and Liu Yun of Quincy School, and thought that "the so-called writers are just doing something to make up for the world." The so-called resignation, there are still sculptures. Sincerity is ingenious and elegant, and need not be smeared; If you apply it, you don't have to be smart and flashy. It should be application-oriented and painting-oriented. "It is precisely because Anshi regards the concept of" application "of" serving the world "as the foundation of literary creation, so his works expose the shortcomings of the times, reflect social contradictions and have a strong political color. Linchuan Collection, Linchuan Collection and Mr. Linchuan Song are now preserved.

Wang Anshi was one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. His prose is energetic, concise and extraordinary. Most of his papers appear in the form of books, tables, notes and prefaces. Explain political opinions and opinions to serve reform and innovation. These articles have clear views and profound analysis on current political or social issues. Long articles are horizontal but not concise, short ones are broken but not detailed. Quotations from Emperor Ren Shang is a masterpiece advocating social change. On the basis of in-depth analysis of the diplomatic dilemma of internal troubles and foreign invasion in the Northern Song Dynasty, it put forward a complete political reform proposal, which showed the author's progressive thought of "ruling the country from the people's diseases". "Nothing happened in this century", while describing and explaining the peaceful situation and reasons in the early Song Dynasty for more than a hundred years, pointed out sharply the social problems that were at stake at that time, expected the Sect to make political achievements, and thought that "the promising day is today". It played the prelude to the New Deal that began in the second year. Answering Sima Zhi's remonstrance, he refuted Sima Guang's accusation that the new law invaded officials, caused trouble, demanded benefits and refused to remonstrate. It is short and clear, and its wording is appropriate, which reflects the author's firm and principled statesmanship. An Shi's political essays, whether long or short, are very rigorous in structure, excellent in thinking, thorough in reasoning and concise in language. "It only takes one or two sentences to wipe out a large number of others" (Liu Xizai's Art Outline). Text outline), with strong generality and logic. At this time, it played a positive role in promoting the political reform and consolidating the achievements of the poetry innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty. Some of Anshi's essays, such as GunShuo, Reading Biography, Biography of Book Assassin, Shang, etc., are well-known, with strong comments on characters, sharp writing style and rich feelings, giving people a fresh and clear feeling. He also has a part of landscape travel prose: "The Rise and Creation of Chengkeng Courtyard", which is concise, lively and labor-saving, just like Liu Zongyuan; A trip to Baochan Mountain not only records a trip, but also is very meaningful. The two are closely and naturally combined. Even if the abstract truth is vivid, it adds ideological depth to the specific notes and makes the layout flexible and tortuous.

Wang Anshi's poems can be roughly divided into early and late periods, with obvious differences in content and style. "Gong Jing was not very confident, so the poetic language was just what he wanted, and he was no longer more restrained ... Later, he was a group of shepherds who made a fake collection of poems in the Tang Dynasty from the Song people and used it for reference. In his later years, he began to have a deep and unpretentious interest" (Ye Mengde's Shi Lin Shi Hua). The early poems are good at reasoning and have obvious tendencies, involving many important and sharp societies. The problem noticed the sufferings of the lower classes and made an unfair voice for them. Feelings, mergers, reinforcements, etc. Describe and prompt the weakness of the national situation or the corruption of internal affairs in the Song Dynasty from the political, economic and military aspects, point out the harm to the country and people caused by the annexation of land by big landlords and businessmen, and put forward the suggestion of "elite soldiers"; "Collecting Salt" and "Hebei People" reflect the tragic experience of the people being oppressed by the rulers at that time. "In the Examination Room" and "Examination Paper" directly criticized the imperial examination system of selecting scholars by poetry and fu, and demanded the use of talents who can help the country through the world; The new atmosphere and people's joy brought by the enthusiastic reform of Yuan Ri and Song Yuanfeng; Shang Yang and Jia Sheng, etc. By evaluating the merits and demerits of historical figures, their new viewpoints and progressive significance are expressed. An Shi's seclusion in his later period brought about changes in his poetry creation. He lingered and reveled in the countryside, with a narrow theme, and a large number of poems about scenery and things replaced the previous political poems, expressing a leisurely interest. But artistic expression is perfect. "Elegant and exquisite, vulgar and unbearable, every irony will sink between the teeth and cheeks." Poems such as The Story of Poems in the Back of the Mountain, Boating in Guazhou, Flowers on the River, Plum Blossoms and Mr. Yin's Wall in the Book Lake are carefully observed, exquisitely carved, with distant and fresh artistic conception, showing praise and love for the beauty of nature, which has always been told by people.

As far as the poetic style is concerned, Anshi's ancient poems mostly use classics and arguments, but like Qu and Taoyuan Xing, they have novel ideas, rich feelings and rich imagination. Rhyme, on the other hand, is steady and appropriate, but sometimes it is inevitable to lose too much carving. Five musts and seven musts are especially famous. "Wang Banshan has many styles and is good at quatrains" (Hanting Poem) and "Gong Jing's quatrains are amazing in the world" (Boat House Poem). His poems have great influence on contemporary and later generations, and are called "Wang Gong Jing Style" (Yan Yu's Poems on Canglang).

Wang Anshi wrote about twenty poems today. Although he is not a famous poet, his "works are thin and elegant, washing away the old habits of the Five Dynasties" (Liu Xizai's "Art, Ci and Qulue"). The word "Gui Zhi Xiang Jin Mausoleum Nostalgia" reveals the decadent life of the ruling class in the Six Dynasties by describing the magnificent scenery and homesickness of Jinling (now Nanjing, Jiangsu), and is known as the swan song of ancient times. Coupled with Fan Zhongyan's "Fisherman's Passion" and "Qiu Lai's Unique Scenery", Su Dongpo's bold voice was opened, which had a good influence on later ci circles.

From the literary point of view, Anshi's works have made outstanding achievements in poetry, prose and ci. The poetry innovation movement in the mid-Northern Song Dynasty was vigorously promoted by him, which contributed to sweeping away the glitz and splendor that was all the rage in the early Song Dynasty. However, An Shi's literary thought overemphasizes "practicality" and often underestimates the role of art forms. Many of his poems often show that the elements of argument and reasoning are too heavy, thin and stiff, and lack image and charm. There are also some poems about Buddhism, which are obscure and dry, but they are also a star in the history of China's poetry.