Ye Shengtao's meticulous writing attitude is worth learning. How to write this composition?

text correction is a time-consuming and inefficient task in Chinese teachers' daily work, but its importance is self-evident. Once a composition comes down, the composition book is like a hill on the desk of the Chinese teacher. The teacher works hard to "fine-approve and fine-correct", and some of them have to be busy until the next composition is about to start, and then work overtime to make a surprise attack before they can barely finish it. The so-called "evaluation guidance" is mostly a "Monday morning quarterback" that hastily searches for a few "typical cases" and gives students a praise and accusation. Many experienced writers admit that good articles are "changed", and the key to writing training is to guide students through the writing process, especially the process of reflection, processing and improvement of their own works. The so-called batch is nothing more than saying a few hints to students to guide them to think about what to think and how to write; The so-called change is nothing more than demonstrating to students that it is not appropriate to think like that or write like that. We must think like this and write like this.

1. Enlighten and induce to give full play to the initiative of students' thinking

Ye Lao believes that the so-called change is actually to change students' thinking and to help students correct those places that are incomplete. Teachers don't write articles for students, don't tick off and erase students' articles, and then say something for him in long paragraphs ... There is also a very important point in correcting, that is, we must find ways to make students pay attention to and understand why his composition should be changed like this. If this can't be done, the students will pay no attention to the corrected places, then the teacher's hard work of correcting will be in vain.

Generally speaking, it can be divided into two steps: first, from the macro perspective, whether the thinking is clear, whether the content meets the requirements of the topic, whether the key points are prominent, whether there is any omission or repetition, whether the structure is complete, whether the order is reversed, whether the parts are connected, whether the front and back are taken care of, etc.; Micro-examination, from the local paragraph by sentence scrutiny, to see whether the content of each paragraph is clear, whether the sentence is smooth, whether the words are appropriate, whether there are typos and so on. Teachers should give accurate tips and guidance on the attitude, process, content and method of modifying processing in view of the universal problems that students have in drafting.

ye Shengtao believes that "the so-called leading role of teachers lies in being good at guiding and enlightening, so that students can exert themselves and learn from themselves." The most effective way is to correct the composition face to face. Of course, the face-lifting can be changed by lifting the pen, but "it is best to read the manuscript with the students and discuss the change with them." Stop at places that need to be changed and ask students some questions, such as' how is it here' and' is it clear here', so that students can think for themselves. After waking up, the student paid attention to what he had neglected. He used his brain. After using his brain, there are two possible situations: First, he realized that the manuscript was not written correctly, so what should he do? Which is wrong and which is right is realized by himself, which is of course the most impressive; Second, he used his brain and still didn't understand why the teacher asked him questions here. At this time, he felt extremely confused. When he was extremely confused, he listened to the teacher's correction and will never forget it. " This is one of the heuristics: wake up.

When discussing with students, we must correctly identify the problems and identify the reasons. For example, why a certain paragraph is not good, so it should be changed; Why is a sentence not fluent, so you have to change it. It is necessary to be accurate everywhere, and to be able to distinguish everywhere, even if a word "de" and a word "le" are added or deleted; Even if there is a period or a comma, there is a reason to change it. This is the second heuristic: discussion.

second, read the whole article first, in order to correct the pertinence

Ye Shengtao believes that correcting an article is essentially a kind of research, which means finding and solving problems. It's best not to change the pen, but to read it through several times first, both in general and in detail, considering whether the content is correct or not, whether it is perfect or not, whether the material is appropriate or not, whether the structure is tight or not, and whether the language is appropriate or not. In this way, the evaluation can be targeted: where is not correct, it is time to put it another way; What is not perfect, what should be added; What materials are not needed and should be removed; What materials are necessary and should be supplemented; Where the structure is not tight, how to arrange it tightly. In a word, these are the main issues and must be considered very carefully. It is not a good idea to change words and sentences at the beginning. All words and sentences serve the central meaning of the whole article. It is inappropriate to consider individual sentences without considering the central meaning first. In short, "No matter whether you write your own manuscript or discuss the manuscript written by others, you should read the whole article first, and consider the content, material selection, structure and other aspects. These aspects are all there, so you should consider the words and sentences while adding, deleting and moving."

there are three requirements for its correction: first, it is accurate. "Emotions move with things, and words are sent with feelings." The so-called "accuracy" is to truly achieve "isomorphism of mind and matter" (meaning can "weigh things") and "words are heartfelt" (words can "catch meaning") in the process of mutual transformation between things, feelings and words. For primary school students, it is mainly to express correctly and not to make common sense mistakes; Seek truth from facts, write what is what, and write what looks like; All the expressions are true feelings, emotions, joys and sorrows, from the heart, not hypocrisy and affectation. The second is decent. Speech ability is communication ability, which includes "when, where, what to say, who to speak to and how to speak". If language competence focuses on "grammaticality", communicative competence focuses on "acceptability". The so-called "appropriateness" means that words can be "appropriate" and words are "pleasant". For primary school students, it is mainly to look at the object and pay attention to the occasion. The third is vivid. The so-called "vividness" means that what is written is concrete, real and touching, fascinating and has artistic aesthetic effect. The concrete invites people to watch, while the abstract declares the view: in order to make the article vivid, you must first have concrete details and vivid images. For primary school students, it is mainly to sensitize their sensory and emotional thinking and cultivate rich association and imagination. Let them understand: if you look carefully and truly, you can write a concrete image; If you want to be fascinated by emotion, you can write fascinating.

Third, not only read, but also read in order to find out the accuracy of the questions.

Mr. Ye Shengtao never taught his children the introduction to composition and writing methods, only asked his children to "write a little" every day. In his spare time, Ye Lao asked his children to read aloud what they had written that day. When listening to Mr. Ye, it is not easy to say "well written" or "poorly written", but more "I understand" and "I don't understand". If Elymus says, "What does this mean? I don't understand. " Their children have to dispatch words or reorganize sentences to try their best to make their father understand. Don't read until Elymus says, "Oh, I see.".

Read and listen to yourself to see if it is pleasant to the ear-this can be called "language sense diagnosis". Modifying an article depends on a keen sense of language. "Words are attached to language, and the independence of visual sense of language is relative, and sometimes it is not as reliable as auditory sense of language. Therefore, the identification of the right and wrong, beauty and ugliness of speech objects depends on the sense of hearing and language. According to Ye Shengtao, fluency in language means two conditions: "catchy" and "catchy". It is quite smooth to say, and it sounds unambiguous, so that readers can fully understand it. " "catchy" means similar to common language habits, and "in the ear" means similar to the psychological mechanism of the audience.

"read" means to talk about the whole manuscript orally, or you can say it silently in your heart without speaking aloud. Read on all the way, and you will naturally find the negligence. The next sentence is out of breath, the latter paragraph is not closely connected with the previous paragraph, the coordination between words is not right, the composition of the sentence is more or less, and such faults can be found. At the same time, it's easy to find out how to say it, to be close, to be right, to be no more, no less, and these findings are the way to modify it. "Read it smoothly because the language is fluent and appropriate, and the language is fluent and appropriate, which means fluent and appropriate. On the other hand, if you don't read it properly, for example, there are bumps in language, and any bump in language is also a bump in meaning. Writing to express your meaning is the same as saying something, but the only difference is that you speak with your mouth and write with a pen. Therefore, it is most convenient and effective to test the written manuscript by reading-that is, by speaking. "

Fourth, care for childlike innocence, change less if you have more, and cultivate students' self-confidence in their homework

Mr. Ye Shengtao once said, "Correcting is not picky, but encouraging more and pointing out more advantages." He stressed that writing a good comment on writing should "consider how to encourage and inspire students". When a teacher corrects a composition, he must give reasons for the changes. Why are there too many words? Why is this sentence not fluent? Why is this word wrong? Why add a few words or remove a few words? The teacher should think it over before changing it. Never ask for complete blame or add blame to your child's composition. Protecting the enthusiasm of children's homework is the most important thing; Chinese literacy is a long-term process of edification, accumulation and cultivation. In the process of guiding the revision and processing, remember to care for childlike innocence, and insist on more and less changes.

Ye Shengtao has always advocated "correcting more and correcting less". He said: "When correcting, we should respect the original as much as possible, and if we can not change it, we will not change it. You should respect the meaning of others, and whatever you say correctly and clearly, don't move it. " In fact, as early as 1911, in the "Opinions on Composition Professors in Primary Schools" published by Ye Lao, he clearly pointed out and demonstrated in detail: "Those whose meaning is not fallacious but still incomplete need not be added; There is no need to change the words if they are fluent but not concise and ancient; The endless meaning is due to the students' lack of understanding ... If there is something unfinished in a certain meaning, how to add it is more complete and thorough; There is a suspicion of being careless in some words, so how to say it is more accurate and economical. If so, it not only attaches importance to the students' intensive research, but also does not lose the purpose of teaching. "

5. Face-to-face criticism to improve the affinity between teachers and students.

The main purpose of primary school students' writing is to practice, not to create literature. Therefore, teachers' correction should focus on guidance, not appreciation. Since it is guidance, face-to-face communication is more natural and effective. Mr. Ye Shengtao wrote in "The Practice of Writing-An Outline of Speaking to the Chinese Teachers of the Female Middle School Attached to Beijing Normal University": "It is better for teachers to make corrections with students than to make corrections with students alone, which is more effective. Assuming that the students themselves have carefully checked and revised, but there are still some inadequacies, it must be out of negligence. Teachers should pay attention to make them aware of their negligence when teachers and students change. He is aware of his negligence and knows how to change it. Of course, it is best for him to change himself. When the teacher points out that there is negligence somewhere, but he is not conscious of it, he will be very confused at that time, and it will be more impressive to change it than to send it back to see it. This method is * * * thinking for teachers and students, * * finding the appropriate language, and the effect is definitely good. " This is Ye Lao's concrete exposition of "noodle batch", and its method and significance are all in it.

the effect of face-to-face criticism is undoubtedly good, but its workload is huge, which can't be completely achieved in real teaching. Elymus also said that "what we cherish cannot be universally done", and at the same time, he proposed that "we should always try to do it properly". This suggests that we should be flexible in correcting the composition according to the specific situation and combine various correction methods. One exercise, face-to-face approval of several books, a semester can always give each student a chance to face-to-face approval. In fact, face-to-face criticism does not focus on revising an essay, but on enabling students to obtain the methods of revising the essay and learn the skills of choosing words and making sentences.

6. Encourage self-correction and cultivate students' initiative in correcting

Ye Shengtao believes that teachers change their compositions and students are in a passive position. If we focus on cultivating students' ability to make corrections by themselves, and teachers only give some guidance and guidance, how to make corrections for students to consider and decide for themselves, won't students be in an active position?

As for the method, Ye Shengtao said that it is useless to talk about how to write. "All abilities must be exercised in practice." The more training, the better, but it is not easy for students to improve just by practicing and not correcting. It is obviously difficult to ask for fine approval and fine revision of articles. To this end, Ye Shengtao suggested another method: "Or the teacher only points out the main shortcomings of the exercise and lets the students modify it themselves;" Or pick out one or two essays each time and discuss and revise them with the whole class in class; Or divide the whole class into several groups, and each composition will give advice to each other in the group, and the teacher will guide the revision. " In this way, the teacher's careful criticism and careful correction is "giving a corner", and encouraging and organizing students to "self-correct" is "anti-three". Teachers can also inspire and give directions at any time, and students should also find problems when correcting their own or classmates' compositions, and make corrections carefully to get proper treatment and thorough understanding. As long as teachers and students are serious, they can also achieve good results. Over time, they can write and correct on their own initiative without relying on others.

After the students have finished an exercise, they have been instructed by the teacher, drafted, commented and revised, and the final version given to the teacher should be said to be "carefully checked and revised by the students themselves". If there are still some problems in the composition, such as unreasonable sentences, improper words and unclear organization, it is as Ye Lao said, either negligence or inability to detect. For negligence, the teacher just reminds you, and you don't need to step in; Teachers can guide students to think and explain what they are not capable of, so that students can not only know why, but also know why. This is far more effective than teachers writing their opinions directly on paper.

First of all, students are required to carefully study their compositions corrected by teachers, refer to the model provided by teachers, find their own (continued on page 23)

(continued on page 21), and summarize the main successful experiences and gains, outstanding problems and problems. On this basis, we will discuss with close pen pals, or participate in group discussions, circulate exercises to each other, report their successful experiences and discuss their remaining problems.

Secondly, guide self-correction and highlight the subjective view of correction. Ye Shengtao pays great attention to the development of students' subjective initiative, and repeatedly advocates that students should correct their own compositions. "Composition teaching should focus on cultivating students' ability to correct themselves." He believes that "revision is closely related to writing, and the priority of' revision' should belong to the author of the composition". Ye Shengtao attaches great importance to students' guidance. He has an incisive saying: "Teaching is to not teach", and the ultimate goal of teaching is "to study without waiting for the teacher to speak; I can write by myself, not waiting for the teacher to change. "

Seven, be good at saving the lost, leaving a growth footprint

As the ancients said, "Learn and then know the deficiency", "Know the deficiency, and then you can react." The so-called "reflexive" is to go back and ask yourself again. The purpose of composition evaluation and post-writing guidance is not to praise or criticize the past, but to open the future. The key is to constantly improve ourselves and promote sustainable development through "self-reflection" and "saving the loss by being good" on the basis of profound review and clear gains and losses.

First of all, we should carefully read the exercises corrected by teachers, understand the symbols of correction, understand the intention of correction, seriously study and respond to teachers' correction opinions with positive actions. Mistakes and ill sentences in the exercises should be corrected meticulously; There are leaks, inversions, and inconsistencies, which should be carefully repaired. If necessary, you can rewrite key paragraphs or even the whole text.

Secondly, we should make a good record of comments and fill in the writing files. The new curriculum standard points out: "Advocating the establishment of writing files for students. In addition to writing in and out of class, the writing file should also record the writing state.