How did Xu Shu die in history? What was the cause of death?

Xu Shu's "The History of the Three Kingdoms" has not been circulated, and Pei Songzhi's "Wei Lue" records: "Shu Ren is famous first, and this single family is less good at fencing. At the end of Zhong Ping, he tasted the taste of revenge for others. Chalk suddenly appeared and he was sent away. In order to earn money, he asked his last name and kept silent. The official was standing on the pillar of the car, beating gongs and drums to make it difficult for the city to know, but his party member * * * usurped and got rid of it. So I was grateful, abandoned the sword and halberd, and was even less clothed and less educated. When the students heard that they were thieves before, they used * * * and refused to stop. Fu Nai bends down to get up early, often cleans up alone, moves forward, listens to the scriptures, and understands reason. " After reading this record, we can know that the introduction of Xu Shu's life in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms is taken from Wei Lue, and the origin of this name undoubtedly comes from "every ordinary person has a blessing first, and this is a single family". According to the description in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Xu Shu's surname was Fu earlier, so he was called Fu because he was the son of a single family, and later he was renamed Xu Shu. But this understanding is all wet. . . "The word' singles' doesn't mean' singles' here. A word has four tones. When used as a surname, it is pronounced as "mountain" and generally as "Dan". The word "single family" is very common in ancient books. Such as the book of Jin. Su Junchuan: "Jun Ben is exclusive, and people gather in troubled times." Pei Songzhi quoted the History of the Three Kingdoms, Wei Lue, to describe Xia Xue's deeds: "Xia Xue's words show that people in Tianshui are also in Zhaozhao. Be knowledgeable and versatile. In Tianshui, the old surnames such as Jiang, Jing, Ren and Ren are often pushed to the county, but in summer they are single-family families, not to surrender. Four surnames want to be * * *, summer is a wanderer, and Dongyi is the capital. So the so-called "Xu Shu Exclusive" in Wei Lue means that Xu Shu was born in a poor family, not a noble family. It is not that Xu Shu is the son of a single family.

Tell me about Xu Shu.

Xu Shu is an important counselor of Cao Wei, and his personality is straightforward. When I was in Xinye, I went to Liu Bei. In 208, Cao Cao went south and broke into a new field. When Xu Shu and Zhuge Liang went to Longbanpo together, he was defeated by Cao Cao, and Xu Shu's mother was arrested by Cao Cao. Xu Shu said to Liu Bei, "I can only give full play to my talents in Xinye County. There are no new items now, and my heart is in a mess. Mother is at Cao Cao's place, please let me go. " After Liu Bei signed the contract, Xu Shu went to Cao Cao. Battle of Red Cliffs and Xu Shu were sent to guard Chang 'an in case of Marten. After Battle of Red Cliffs, Xu Shu played a very good role as a counselor and was deeply loved by Cao Cao. After Cao Pi succeeded to the throne, Xu Shu became one of the three public officials, and gave many ideas to Sima Yi during Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition. Xu Shu in history and Xu Shu in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms are totally two people. The so-called "Xu Shujin in Cao Ying-didn't say anything" is totally unfounded. Far from saying nothing, Xu Shu said a lot. Otherwise, he will never be an official. If it is not loyalty, Xu Shu is indeed a good counselor.

According to the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Xu Shu's talent is better than that of Erxun. However, in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, there is little description of Xu Shu, only that he was a friend of Zhuge Liang when he was a teenager, and then followed Liu Bei, but he didn't make any achievements. He just recommended Zhuge Liang as a hero. However, if combined with the statement in Pei Zhu's "Slight", Xu Shu's image is even more imperfect: "Look at the outline from the bright side. Every morning and evening, I am calm and often scream with my knees. I said to the three people, "You three can go to the county secretariat." "-in the eyes of Zhuge Liang, Xu Shu's talent can only be a leader, not a level at all. Later, due to the pursuit of Xiangyang, Xu Shu's mother was captured, so she followed Cao Cao with her friend Shi Tao, and finally succeeded only in making suggestions, which seemed to verify Zhuge Liang's remarks. Therefore, some people think that Xu Shu in history is an ordinary person who is completely different from Xu Shu in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, that is, he does not have the talents of Xun and Guo, nor is he ambitious. For Liu Bei's camp, there are not many people without him. But if we read history more carefully, we will find that this is not the case.

It is clearly recorded in the "Three Kingdoms" that Xu Shu's ambition is "to build a career with generals"-as big as Zhuge Liang's ambition. After he followed Liu Bei, he immediately gained Liu Bei's esteem. Why did he steal the truth? Lin? Stealing roses and getting rid of mildew? Enthalpy? Pan Fang sugarcane flat roll crisp dysentery 6? What? Hey? Enthalpy? Are you sweating? Chest incision? Hey hey hey hey hey hey. "False master? Immediate trouble? Coal acyl junbao? What's the matter with you?

A passage in Zi Tong Zhi Jian can better explain Xu Shu's position in Zhuge Liang's mind: "In May, Prince Zen ascended the throne at the age of seventeen. Said empress dowager cixi, amnesty the world, changed to xing. Seal the Prime Minister Liang as the Hou of Wuxiang, and lead Yizhou to shepherd. There are no details in politics, and the salt is determined by the light. Ming is the appointment of official positions, the maintenance of the legal system, education and the group: "The husband of the Ministry gathers public thoughts and is loyal and beneficial. If it's too far away, it's hard to break it and it will be lost. If you break the rules and win, you will get jade instead of jade. However, people's hearts will not be exhausted, but Xu Yuan is not confused. In addition, Dong Youzai has been in the department for seven years, and there is nothing wrong with it. As for the ten rebellions, I'll tell you. If you can admire Yuan Zhi's eleventh, the diligence of young Zaiqu and the loyalty to the country, you can shine less. " "Xu Shu, who was already an official in Cao Wei at that time, was mentioned as a model of high morality. It can be seen that in Zhuge Liang's mind, Xu Shu is not an ordinary person.

According to Wei Luzhong, Xu Shu was a wild boy fencing in Ren Xia as a teenager-maybe he was a robber. He once avenged people (my understanding is that he killed an enemy), and later he became a scholar. He should be no less than fifteen or sixteen years old when he abandoned martial arts. At this time, Xu Shu, who has always been a bohemian, was able to ignore the supercilious eyes of his classmates, bow down and get up early, study hard, and soon gained deep attainments in his studies. Zhuge Liang, on the other hand, put him in the same class as Meng, thinking that he could only be qualified for the position of secretariat state and county. If it is true, it may be because Zhuge Liang and he knew each other shallowly at that time, while Xu Shu was not very knowledgeable because of his short study time. Later, when Xu Shu finished his studies and got to know Zhuge Liang, his ambition and moral knowledge were basically mature. In Zhuge Liang's eyes, he is naturally not "Amon under Wu".

However, judging from Xu Shu's abandonment of Liu for Cao Cao, Xu Shu and others' ambition of "the career of drawing pictures" may indeed not be his childhood ambition, but his ambition gradually grew up with the growth of knowledge. But because of the short time, he is not very firm. After his mother had to go to Cao Cao, Xu Shu's view of fame and fortune was very weak. And Cao Cao's account is full of talents, and there is no suitable position for Xu Shu. Xu Shu's ambition is to find out Wang Ba's career with others, and he needs to engage in it instead of driving, so Xu Shu finally succeeded only in the imperial history. In fact, Xu Shu at this time is a hidden person. If Xu Shu does not return to Cao Cao and continues to follow Liu Bei, although his fame is not as good as Zhuge Liang's, it should be no less than that of Sun Gan, Jian Yong and others, and he may be tied with Fazheng Pang Tong.

Xu Shu

As soon as Xu Shu appeared, he called himself Shan and Fu. The romance of the Three Kingdoms is introduced in this way. In fact, Xu Shu just changed his name, not his surname. Weiluo said that he was a "single family" because he was born in a poor family, not a noble family. Interpreted as "the son of a single family", the author of Romance of the Three Kingdoms is quite ambitious. This young man, Ren Xia, once avenged others, but he was caught by mistake. His partner made a scene and saved him. From then on, he changed his purpose, cut corners and read books, and met Zhuge Liang in Jingzhou. When Liu Bei was stationed in Xinye, he went to see Liu Bei and introduced Zhuge Liang to Liu Bei, so there was a scene of "visiting the thatched cottage". He left Liu Bei and went to Cao Cao, but he was not as glorious as the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, and there was no so-called "recommendation of Zhuge". He recommended Kong Ming to Liu before, not when he left. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms said that Cao Cao welcomed Xu Mu and asked Xu Mu to write and call Xu Shu. Xu mother scolded, inkstone hit Cao Cao. So Cheng Yu gave advice and forged a letter from Xu Mu, which attracted Xu Shu. Xu Shu had to bid farewell to Liu Bei and defected to Cao for "loyalty and filial piety can't be satisfactory to both sides". The Romance of the Three Kingdoms created an awe-inspiring and quite successful mother Xu here.

The fact is, however, that in the 13th year of Jian 'an, Cao Caonan levied Liu Biao, Ada surrendered before the army, and Liu Bei was caught off guard, leaving Fan Chengnan, and Cao Bing was too poor to give up. On the way, Xu's mother was captured by Cao Bing, and Xu Shu said goodbye to Liu Bei. He resigned from Liu Bei to Cao for the sake of "filial piety" when Liu Bei was most embarrassed. "Recommend Zhuge" was inserted by the novelist to arrange the plot. In fact, Zhuge Liang was invited out of the mountain by Liu Bei at that time.

The Romance of the Three Kingdoms made Xu Shu reappear when Pang Tong put forward a series of stratagems. It was added in a lump sum, which is not recorded in the official history. I stopped talking about it after that. But according to the official history, when Xu Shu was (Cao Pi), the official was the right corps commander, and the suggestion was put forward by Zhong Cheng. Zhuge Liang listened and said with emotion, "Is Xu Yuanzhi just an official?" The implication is that he was wronged. However, other behaviors are also untested. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms certainly protects Xu Shu, but it is quite "spring and autumn brushwork" to arrange Xu's mother to denounce her son's hanging, which is not only to shape Xu's image. If Xu Shu had not voted for Cao, Xu's mother might not have died. Because for Cao Cao, he was going to compete with Liu Bei and Sun Quan for the world. In order to collect talents, he refused to kill the mother of a person who works under an opponent's door at will, so as not to arouse many people's opposition. Instead, he will deliberately give preferential treatment to Xu Shu's mother in order to gain the reputation of Aixian. The story of Chen Gong can also be used as evidence: There is a passage in the biography of the Three Kingdoms Lu Bu: "When Mao captured the palace, he asked if he wanted to have an old mother in the palace. The palace said to him:' It is said in the palace that those who govern the world with filial piety are like brothers and sisters, and those who are kind to the whole world are all people's sacrifices. My mother is in the office, but not in the palace. Mao adopted his mother and married his daughter. "The death of Xu's mother is a creative arrangement of the author of The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, and its significance is profound.

The Real Destination of Xu Shu in Romance of the Three Kingdoms

Feng Chu taught Xu Shu a word, just like a swimming fish should be decoupled. This is the moment when Xu Shu, a celebrity of the Three Kingdoms, got rid of Cao Wei Group and soared freely. In the war-torn era, where will Xu Shu go? According to the available information and legend, Xu Shu, who recommended Zhuge Liang to Liu Bei in history, lived in seclusion in Maozi Peak, Jiaonan, Qingdao after several travels.

As one of the few wise men in the early Three Kingdoms, Xu Shu once played a very important role in the establishment of Liu Bei Dynasty. After becoming Liu Bei's military adviser, Xu Shu showed his talents. In a few months, he tried his best to kill Lv Kuang, behead Lv Xiang, defeat Coss and Fancheng, change Liu Bei's morale and let Cao Cao's arrogance cool down. He recommended Zhuge Liang to Liu Bei. After his mother was forced to surrender by Cao Cao, Xu Shu became a corps commander and served as a counselor. However, neither the Romance of the Three Kingdoms nor other historical books have given an account of the whereabouts of the famous Three Kingdoms. Did the author inadvertently ignore such an important person, or did he consciously avoid talking about it for some reason? We have no way to prove it. There are also different opinions about where Xu Shu went. The legend about Xu Shu's seclusion in Jiaonan can be found in the book Lingshan Wei Zhi compiled in Jiaonan area in recent years. Maozi Peak in Jiaonan still has the remains of Xushu Temple, and there are many legends about Xu Shu among the people in Jiaonan.

From the 13th year of Jian 'an (A.D. 208), the story goes like this: The Three Kingdoms were in melee, and the lives of ordinary people were miserable; Liu Bei led the crowd to cross the river and plug the river; A fire in Chibi claimed the lives of hundreds of thousands of soldiers. Facing the cruel reality, plus the stupidity that the old mother hates Jiuquan. Xu Shu indignation to the extreme. Although he intends to get rid of Battle of Red Cliffs's involvement, he also feels desperate and has nowhere to vent. He can't help but sigh: "I am Xu, and I have the heart to serve the country, but I am unable to return to heaven;" Unfaithful, unfilial, and a minister. " Full of literary talent, he watched hundreds of thousands of soldiers die in flames, unable to volunteer for rescue, but acted as if nothing had happened. He recalled the oath that "a gentleman does not make meritorious deeds, and plants do not rot" when he was young, and he felt ashamed and ashamed to see the world.

When I was young, I was ambitious and heroic. I just want to find a wise Lord who can plan for the country. Not only can you realize your great ambition, but you can also devote all your efforts to the ideal of "great in the atlas and clear in the sea county" to prevent the decline of great men, such as Guan Zhong, an ancient sage, and Yan, who is famous for bamboo and silk, virtue and vegetation. However, looking at the trend of the world at that time, it has become a tripartite confrontation. Although Cao Mengde defeated Chibi, it had a good time. Although this man is guilty, he is always a lean man, fighting for power and profit. With the help of the emperor, he ordered his ministers to build his own steps to the peak of power with the bones of millions of soldiers, which could not help the Han family and save the people from the war. Sun Lang lives in the east of the river, where he enjoys a favorable geographical position and harmonious people. Xu Shu, who is disheartened, only knows his own sadness. He has mixed feelings, and his mind is full of the idea of retiring from the Jianghu and not competing with the world. He is looking forward to retiring from the mountains, the breeze blowing on the door and the time when the moon sits down. Cao Cao was in full swing when he made a bronze sparrow terrace to lock the second bridge. At this time, Xu Shu has disguised himself as a hidden person, avoiding the bustling downtown, going through customs all the way, going around Chang 'an, visiting Songshan and returning to Yingchuan. Visit Taishan, Qingzhou, Penglai and Bohai Bay; I set foot on the Langya platform where Qin Shihuang went on stage three times to worship, carve a monument to praise virtue and seek longevity. He paid homage to the four seasons gods visited by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and Qin Shihuang, and paid tribute to the footprints of his ancestor Xu Fu. Xu Fu is the representative and leader of Qi township alchemists, and Langya is the most concentrated area of Qi alchemists, with a large number and strong strength. An Qisheng, the alchemist leader of Xu Fu's contemporaries, was regarded as a fairy by later generations, that is, the director of the pavilion in Langya House. He talked with Qin Shihuang for three nights. Perhaps Xu Shu was attracted by Langya's fame and many "immortals" and wanted to cultivate immortals here.

He has just reached the top of Mount Tai and enjoyed all the other dwarfed peaks in the sky. S heroic spirit, at the same time in Langya Taiwan have a foothold to feel the heroic power of Qin Shihuang. Although Mount Tai is high, it is ugly to watch the sea at sunrise, but watching the sun from Langya Terrace can witness its panoramic view rising from the seabed, which is even more majestic. Standing on the Langya platform, looking around, the turbulent sea is boundless, and the sun shines in the morning and evening, which makes people feel relaxed and happy. Clouds cover the sun under your feet, and water returns to nature; Crane dance on Songtao, Luming Literature water shadow, Dazhushan, Xiaozhushan, Shuilingshan Island and Zhaitang Island (the small island that Qin Shihuang fasted) are all around; The Bailong Opera Beach and the mirage in Guanlongwan intoxicated him and made him forget the blood spilled on the battlefield.

He arrived at Dazhu Mountain, facing Langya Taiwan across the sea. Dazhushan is a remote and desolate area, with rugged rocks and relying on sea and the sky. Rabbits fly into the sky, green trees turn cloudy, pine trees sing, springs play with flowing water, and white clouds dance with the breeze. There is a peak like a hat on the mountain, called Hat Peak. The bottom of the mountain falls into the sea. At the high tide, the snow spread horizontally, and the turtles in Jiao Xiao lived for a long time, and the fishing reefs survived. The white sail hangs alone in the poor sky, a paradise for immortals and a sacred place for hermits. He chose Maofeng to live in seclusion. On the hat on the top of the jade plate, there are wide sleeves and green swords. Dan furnace red light flashing, cigarettes around, the wind whistling. Xu Shu, a demigod and a demiman, has reached the realm of no self at this time. In the following years, villagers often saw a bearded hermit walking along the Jiaonan coast. He is Xu Shu, a militarist who is tired of war and a social activist who retired to Maofeng. According to the investigation of Qingdao Museum and Qingdao Academy of Social Sciences, Xushan (originally from Jiaonan, now Huangdao District of Qingdao) not far from Maozifeng was named after Xu Shu. Legend has it that during the Three Kingdoms period, Xu Shu passed by Dazhu Mountain and stayed in a cave in the western hills for one night, so he called this mountain Xushan, that is, Xushu Mountain. On the stone on the west slope of Niuwang Temple, there are two stone troughs several meters long, which are as thick as teacups and shaped like self-propelled rut marks. The local people said that this was the rut mark pressed by Xu Shu when he pushed the wheelbarrow. There is a Xushu cave on the east slope of Xushan Mountain, which was bombed several years ago because of quarrying. Now there is only a big sinkhole, about 100 square meter.

Xu Shu helped the villagers with his profound knowledge and extraordinary wisdom. He knows astronomy from above and geography from below, so he chooses a suitable climate season for fishermen to go fishing in the sea. Avoid evil wind, eliminate dumpling harm, and use his Huang Qi skills to solve problems for the people. Teach farmers to pick mulberry and raise silkworms and grow grain to get rich. Villagers are always ready to help each other when they are in trouble. He did a lot of good for the local people and left many legends and stories about him. In Jiaonan, there is also a proverb that "Xu Shu never leaves Maofeng". Wei Zhi in Lingshan recorded the legend of Xu Shu's activities in Jiaonan. He was regarded as a fairy by the villagers, and he spread his praise to Fiona Fang for hundreds of miles. A few years later, people built the Xushu Temple at Maozi Peak in Dazhu Mountain. Since then, incense has continued, and worship has reached a feverish level, with nothing to ask for. In the past, fishermen and people from Jiaonan, Jiaozhou, Zhucheng, Gaomi and other places came to pay homage and were very respectful. Just as southerners worship Mazu before going out to sea, people here go to Xushu Temple to worship before going out to sea.

Xushu Temple was destroyed in the 1940s, and the temple foundation still exists today. Many local residents still believe in Xu Shu, and whenever they sail out to sea, they must go to Xushu Temple to worship Xu Shu on time. The legend of "Xu Shu never leaves Maofeng" is a household name in the local area. From the first day of the first month to the fifth day of the first month, people flocked to Maofeng to worship him. Climbing Maofeng in the first month is a unique custom in Jiaonan. After the New Year's Eve dinner on the first day of the first lunar month, people nearby climbed to Maofeng with lanterns and firecrackers. From a distance, it looks like a winding dragon, which is extremely spectacular. "Hu Shi Shuo" says that there is a drum ocean in the North Sea of Lingshan. There are honeysuckle flowers on the island, which can be arched. A good man crossed the ocean. When an old man arrived by boat, he looked very old. Ask: "Where is the child going?" Tell the truth. He said, "This is not a worldly thing. You can keep it with people who are resistant to winter." Another cloud said, "There is a Taoist teacher named Hu Yuyang in Jimo who wants to make an inquiry for me." The words have disappeared. The man was surprised and boarded the raft. The wind suddenly rises and has been abandoned. I visited Hu Yuyang, indeed. Nonsense: During the Three Kingdoms, Xu Shu lived in seclusion for a long time.

Maozifeng in Jiaonan and Three Kingdoms Xu Shu

Maozifeng, located in Yuchi Village at the southern foot of Dazhu Mountain in Jiaonan City, Qingdao, is one of many dangerous peaks in Dazhu Mountain, with an altitude of 223 meters. The mountain peak is abrupt and steep, and the uplift is wide, which looks like a hat (some people say that it is like wearing a hat from a distance because of frequent white clouds). Hat Peak is so high and steep that it is difficult to climb. Climbing to the top of the mountain, I feel free and relaxed. Standing on the top of the mountain, I look at Lingshan Island in the east, Langya Taiwan in the west, the sea in the south and Dazhu Mountain in the north. The ancients left such a poem: "When you climb to the top of the hat, the stone chin will rise a thousand times." . The cliff is timid everywhere, and the narrow path is rugged enough. Looking at Lingshan in the east, there are two wonders, surrounded by peaks in the west. Zhushan Mountain leads to caves in the north and fishermen in the Yellow Sea in the south. The clouds in front of Xiangzi are hazy, and the water outside Taolin Village is bright. "According to research, in the Three Kingdoms, Xu Shu lived in seclusion in Jiaonan, and Xushu Temple was built in Maozifeng in his early years. The temple is square, with four sides 3.5 meters long and four meters high. It has cornices, arches and a blue tile roof. This is an ancient and elegant building. There is a clay statue of Xu Shu in front of the temple, in the middle of the incense table, with murals painted on the walls, and the incense has flourished throughout the ages; There is a pavilion on the north side outside the temple, which is said to be the place where Xu Shu reads and watches the sea. The temple has long collapsed, but its foundation is still clearly visible. There are also several column holes in the pavilion. When Xu Shu lived in seclusion in Jiaonan coastal area, he used his intelligence to do many good things for local fishermen. In memory of him, people built the Xu Shu Temple on Hat Peak. Now, although the Xu Shu Temple has collapsed, the local people still have a special feeling for Hat Peak, where the incense has been burning. Every year on March 3 and September 9, fishermen go to the top to pray. Every year during the Spring Festival, people in nearby villages will set off firecrackers here with offerings to remember Uncle Xu and pray for peace for one year.