Develop and use classical Chinese.

1. Mencius and his disciples' Born in Worry and Died in Happiness is a classical Chinese writing describing struggle.

The original text is as follows: Shun happened in mu, Fu Shuo was raised in the building, glue was raised in fish and salt, Guan Yiwu was raised in scholar, Sun Shuaiao was raised in the sea, and Priscilla was raised in the city. Therefore, when the sky falls, people must first suffer their minds, their bones and muscles, starve their bodies, empty their bodies, and mess around. Therefore, patience has benefited them a lot.

People are unchangeable, and then they can change; Trapped in the heart, balanced in consideration, and then made; Color label, sound hair, and then metaphor. A country, if there are no ministers and wise men who can assist the king, will often be in danger of the collapse of its neighboring countries and the misfortunes from abroad.

Then I know that I was born in sorrow and died in happiness. Mencius and his disciples were born in sorrow and died in happiness before Qin Dynasty. Translation: Shun was used for farming, building walls, selling fish and salt with glue, Guan Yiwu was rescued and appointed from prison officials, Sun Shuaio was used for seclusion at the seaside, and Prissy was redeemed and used from the slave market.

Therefore, if God wants to put the heavy responsibility on a person, he must first make his mind fidgety, his bones and muscles tired, his body hungry, his body empty and weak, and his every move is unsatisfactory. Only in this way can he inspire his mind, make his temperament patient and increase his abilities that he does not have. A person often makes mistakes before he can correct them; When the heart is hard, the mind is blocked. Then you can work hard; Other people's anger is shown on their faces, resentment is spit in their words, and then you will know.

A country is often in danger of collapse if it has no ministers who stick to the laws and sages who can assist the king at home, and no comparable neighboring countries and disasters from foreign countries abroad. In this way, we know that sadness and injury are enough to make people live, and comfort and enjoyment are enough to make people perish.

Note 1. Shun: Yao's surname is Zhong Hua. Don Shi Yao tilled the fields in Lishan (in the southeast of Jinan, Shandong Province, and in the southeast of yongji city, Shanxi Province). "My father is stubborn, my mother is proud, my brother is proud, and I can be filial." Emperor Yao made him a man in the mountains, not fascinated by storms and thunderstorms, and passed him down as the son of heaven.

The name of the country is Yu, and the history is Yu Shun. His deeds can be found in Shangshu Yaodian and Historical Records of Five Emperors.

2. The starting point refers to the date. 3. mu (qu ǐ n): Tian mu, which means cultivated land here.

Field canal. 4. Fu Shuo: Xu Mi (a criminal) was built in Fuxian County of Shang Dynasty (also known as Yan Fu, in Pingludong, Shanxi).

The Shang people, eager to flourish in Yin Dynasty, dreamed of a saint who said that he regarded all the ministers as wrong, which made people look for wild things. When he met Wu Ding, Wu Ding said, "Yes."

With its words, it is a saint, and it is a phase, and it is ruled by yin. Therefore, Fu Xian's surname was named Fu Shuo.

His deeds can be found in Historical Records Yin Benji and so on. 5. lift: selected.

6. Flat building: When building a wall, put the soil between two splints and tamp it with a pestle to make it firm. A pestle used to build and tamp soil.

7. Jiao Wei (gé): Minister Shang Zhouwang, known as a saint with Wei Zi, is as famous as Prince Ji Zi and Prince Bigan. 8. Fish salt: This refers to fishing and drying salt at the seaside.

According to Historical Records, Yan was spared by fish and salt between Bohai Sea and Bohai Sea. Connecting the mountains with the sea, there are plenty of fish and salt. 9. Guan Yiwu: Guan Zhong, a native of Yingshang (now Xuchang, Henan), was born in a poor family.

For Gong Zijiu of Qi, Gong Zijiu failed to accede to the throne, and Xiaobai acceded to the throne for Qi Huangong. Qi Huangong knew his sage, released his prisoner, regarded him as a relative, and called him Guan Zhong.

Biographies of Historical Records of Yan Guan: "Guan Zhong is both useful and multi-pronged, but dominating. Nine princes, one day, Guan Zhong's plan. "

10, judge: prison guard. 1 1, Sun Shuai 'ao (áo): Lou's, whose name is Ming 'ao, whose name is Sun Shu, whose name is Ai Hunting.

In the Spring and Autumn Period, he was the prime minister of Chu. Originally, I was a "humble person to think about". Think about today in Gushi, Henan, that remote place is called contempt.

12, sea: seaside. 13, bailixi (xρ): It's also baili.

This is Dr. Guo Yu. The State of Jin destroyed the State of Yu, and Priscilla was taken into exile with the monarch of the State of Yu.

Jin married a woman of Qin, and Prissy married Qin as a courtier. Prissy fled to Chu and went to Wan (now Nanyang, Henan), where I was held hostage by people on the border of Chu.

When Qin Mugong heard about Qi Xian, he wanted to redeem it again. He was afraid that the Chu people would not agree, so he let people say to Chu, "Minister Prissy is not here. Please redeem it with five sheepskins. " The Chu people then went with the flow.

At that time, Bai Lixi was over 70 years old. When he arrived in the Qin Dynasty, Qin Mugong released his prisoners and held talks with him for three days, which was a great joy. Awarded to the national government, known as the "five doctors."

History says that taking Bailixi, Uncle Jian, as the government, "opened a thousand miles to dominate Xirong" and became one of the "five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period". The deeds can be found in Historical Records of Qin Benji.

14, city: market. 15, therefore: so.

16, Ren: responsibility, burden. 17, yes: pronouns, this, these.

18, and: auxiliary words, used at the end of the first half of the sentence, indicate a pause, and the second half will explain. 19, must: must.

20. Suffering: The causative usage of verbs makes ... distressed. 2 1, mind: will.

22. Labor: The causative usage of verbs makes ... tired. Hunger: The causative usage of the verb makes ... hungry.

24, body skin: skin. 25. Empty: The causative usage of adjectives makes ... pitiful.

26. Bastard: The causative usage of adjectives turns ... upside down. Violate, violate or violate.

Chaos and disorder. 27. What did you do: What did you do?

28. So: use (in that way ...) 29. Verb: The causative usage of verbs makes ... panic.

30. Restraint: The causative usage of adjectives makes ... difficult. 3 1, Ceng Yi: increased.

Once, pass "increase". 32. ability: talent.

33. Heng: Often, all the time. 34. Fault: Fault.

35, trapped in the heart: there is difficulty in the heart. 36. Balance under consideration: Thinking about congestion.

Balance, "horizontal", infarction, refers to obstruction. 37. Work: Stand up and make a difference.

38, sign in color: there is a sign on the complexion, indicating that the complexion is embarrassing. Sign, sign, sign.

Color, face, skin color. Zhao Qi notes Mencius: "If Qu Yuan is haggard, the fisherman will blame him if he sees it."

Historical Records Biography of Qu Yuan and Jia Yi: "As for the riverside, Qu Yuan was released by the river, looking haggard and haggard. When the fisherman saw it, he asked, "Isn't this son Dr. San Lv's?" ? "Why are you here?" Qu Yuan said, "It's cloudy and I'm alone. When everyone was drunk, I woke up alone, so I let go.

39, from the sound: there are expressions in the speech, indicating verbal anger. Zhao Qi notes Mencius: "If you sing the song of Shang Qi, it will be different."

Yan Qi was a patriot in the Spring and Autumn Period. A poor family is a rickshaw driver.

Arrive here, feed the cows to get off the sedan chair, go out to welcome guests at night, and see them together. I am very happy.

2. What are the classical Chinese learning games that imply unlimited development in the future? Teaching objective: 1. Learn three new words, understand the meaning of sentences, grasp the content of the text, and realize the truth of concentration in doing things.

2. Read and recite the text with emotion, so that it is correct, the rhythm is properly paused, and the language characteristics of classical Chinese are initially felt from repeated reading. 3. Understand the methods of learning classical Chinese and cultivate the interest in learning classical Chinese.

Teaching emphasis and difficulty: read the meaning of each sentence, punctuate the sentence correctly, and read and recite fluently. Teaching process: 1. Ask questions after reading the text roughly; 1. Stimulate interest and introduce 1. The teacher retells the allusions of Meng Mu's three movements, and the students guess.

2. Introduce the author and get to know Mencius. Students read their own textbooks: Mencius, a famous thinker, politician and educator in China, was a native of Lu during the Warring States Period.

He is a master of Confucianism after Confucius and is honored as an "elegant sage". Later generations called him and Confucius "Confucius and Mencius". He and his disciple * * * compiled the book Mencius. 3. Today, we will learn a classic article by Mencius (1), the title of blackboard writing, and question it.

(2) Guide students to read illustrations to understand the topic (there are illustrations in the courseware). What else do you want to know after understanding the topic? (2) Read the doubts 1 by yourself, read the text by yourself, read the correct pronunciation and read the sentences.

2. Talk about feelings while reading (classical Chinese is difficult to read and understand). 3. The old teacher reads (1), listens to the rhythm, and marks the words and sounds that are paused and mispronounced.

(2) Just reading this classical Chinese, did you hear the difference between a teacher and a vernacular Chinese? Summary of reading methods: reading is slow and there are many pauses in sentences. Students practice reading at the same table. 5, indicate reading aloud, pay attention to the accent: (Hu) (Fu) Frodo and Gong (Zhu) 6, hey, you suddenly seem to be poetic young scholars! Are there any questions after reading the text carefully? 7. problems.

Second, read the text intensively to solve doubts and doubts 1, and read the book one hundred times to reveal its meaning. If the method is just right, it will be easier to learn. Let's pick up the textbook and read the translation together. 2. Group cooperation, comparative reading of ancient prose and translation, and exploration of solving doubts.

Third, re-examine the problem of reading the text. 1. Quiet thinking and heated discussion make the teacher feel that the students are very enthusiastic about learning classical Chinese. Did you get anything? Did you find anything? Who dares to be the best in the world? -Who dares to speak first? (Raise your hand) OK! The man who dares to be the first in the world appears. Please report to everyone boldly: I found many things in the text, but the meaning is different. 2. What a great discovery: Qiu Yi, who knows this country very well/is good at playing games.

Do/play autumn/teach two people/play, one of them/concentrate, but/play autumn/listen; Although a person/listens, he is preoccupied with thinking/that a swan/is coming, thinking/bowing/shooting it. Although/use/use learning, if enough.

Why/is it its wisdom/Froude and? Yue: No/but there are. 3. Encourage students to annotate the meaning of the word "zhi" or draw the corresponding meaning in the translation.

4. Report and exchange △ "Qiu Yi, a good player in China." (1), guide students to talk about the meaning of sentences against the translation, and help students master the basic methods of understanding classical Chinese sentences with the help of pictures.

(2) The camera guides students to understand the meaning of "zhe" and "ye". Student: A person who is good at playing chess.

Teacher: You are right. In this way, the word "zhe" is strictly what "person" should look like.

Look at what you just said: the author-the person who writes the article, the reader-the person who reads the article, and the winner-the winner are all "good people", right? △ "Let Qiu Yi teach two people to play chess ... shoot when you think of a bow. Although there is reference, it is a blessing. "

(1), exchange the understanding of each sentence, and then understand the different meanings of several "zhi". (2) Everyone has read the text and now they understand it.

So, what about two people who also learn chess from chess? Why does a person study well? What about the other person who can't learn well? Health: one person is absorbed, and one person is half-hearted. Health: One person is absorbed in his study, while the other is thinking about how to shoot down the swan.

Teacher: Can you read their respective performances? Student: Find a sentence Reader: Is the intelligence of the last apprentice not as good as that of the previous one? -.Delta "What is wisdom? Say: unnatural. " (1), understand the meaning of communication sentences, and ask students to make the meaning of sentences clear in their own words and speak fluently.

(2) Guide reading and experience the tone of classical Chinese reading (in the form of question and answer). 5. What's their attitude towards learning? The idiom "One person is attentive, one person is half-hearted, and one person is attentive" comes from the article "Learning Chess". Can you also summarize their performance with different idioms? Concentrated-absent-minded-single-minded-half-hearted-single-minded-meticulous-looking around 6. Performance reading 4. Test feedback extension. Yes, because attitude is everything.

Students, come on, let's use our intelligence to make a few aphorisms for all those who are half-hearted in life and give them directions. 2, students' own warnings: 5, recommended reading to improve literacy 1, recommended reading to show "the number of games today, decimal, if you don't pay attention, you can't."

("Mencius? The original "Gao Zi" is an unselected sentence in this lesson), and the deskmate understands and exchanges, deepening the understanding of the ideological connotation of the text. 2. Collect and read short stories in classical Chinese such as "Carving a Boat for a Sword" and "Waiting for a Rabbit".

3. Expand or create a story. What happens if two people concentrate? Attachment: concentrate on blackboard design, learn half-heartedly, and get nothing. Attitude determines all the teaching objectives of "Two-Child Debate Day": 1. Organize students to read the text and correctly read and understand the new words and phrases in the text; 2. Reading the text with the notes in the book can grasp the main idea of the text; 3. Cultivate students' interest in questioning and exploring knowledge, and stimulate their enthusiasm for innovation.

Teaching emphasis: 1. Organize students to read the text and correctly read and understand the new words and phrases in the text; 2. Read the text with the notes in the text, and you can grasp the main idea of the text. Teaching difficulties: 1. Cultivate students' interest in questioning and exploring knowledge and stimulate their enthusiasm for innovation.

Teaching hours: one class teaching process: 1. Situation introduction "Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing."

3. The development history of classical Chinese:

Classical Chinese is the written language in ancient China, mainly including the written language based on the spoken language in the pre-Qin period. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, no articles were invented to record characters, but bamboo slips, silks and other things were used to record characters, and silks were expensive, bamboo slips were huge and the number of words recorded was limited. In order to record more things on a roll of bamboo slips, unimportant words must be deleted. Later, when "paper" was used on a large scale, the habit of using "official documents" among the ruling classes had been finalized, and the ability to use "classical Chinese" had evolved into a symbol of reading and literacy. Classical Chinese comes from vernacular Chinese, which is characterized by writing based on words, paying attention to allusions, parallel prose, neat rhythm and punctuation, including strategies, poems, words, songs, stereotyped writing, parallel prose and ancient prose.

The main characteristics of classical Chinese:

The first word "Wen" means beauty. The word "Yan" means writing, expressing and recording. The word "classical Chinese" means written language. Classical Chinese is relative to spoken Chinese, which is also called vernacular Chinese. The last word "Wen" refers to works, articles, etc. , and represents the genre.

"Classical Chinese" means "beautiful language articles", which is also called stylistic writing. And "vernacular" means: "articles written in ordinary and plain oral language", such as "have you eaten?" .

In ancient China, it was different to express the same thing in "spoken language" (written language). For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, you can express it in spoken English as "Have you eaten?" And expressed in written language, it is "rice?" . "Fanbu" is classical Chinese. Here, the noun "Fanbu" is used as a verb, which means to eat.

Before 19 18, China's articles were all written in classical Chinese. Now we generally call "ancient Chinese" "classical Chinese".

In the history of China for thousands of years, great changes have taken place in spoken English, but the classical Chinese has always maintained a similar format. Classical Chinese can make users of different languages "talk in writing", which is a fixed format but not very difficult way of communication.

4. About the original publisher of inspirational classical Chinese: * * Asia

On inspirational and complete classical Chinese

Chapter one: Complete classical Chinese writing about inspirational writing.

2, the light is midnight chicken, it is the time for men to study. Teenagers only know how to play, but don't know how to study hard. When they are old, they regret why they didn't know how to study hard when they were young.

Yan Zhenqing

People who made great achievements in ancient times not only had extraordinary talents, but also had perseverance.

Su Shi

4, reading does not know the depth of spring, an inch of time and an inch of gold.

Wang Zhenbai

5. There is a road to diligence in Shushan, and there is no limit to learning the sea.

Han Yu

6. Nine times out of ten things in the world are abandoned by difficulties and nine times out of ten by laziness.

yan zhitui

7, rope saw wood, water droplets wear.

Luo dajing

8, thousands of blows are still strong, the wind is east, west, north and south.

Zhenbanqiao

9, time flies, the sun and the moon fly like a shuttle.

Expanded sage

10, I worked hard all my life and got nothing.

Zhang heng

1 1, there must be a teacher in a threesome. Choose the good and follow it, change the bad.

Confucius

12. If you have ambition, you will live forever.

Shi Yukun

13, once you climb to the top of the mountain, you will see that all the other mountains are short in the sky. ..

Du Fu

14, poor will change, change will pass, and the general rule will last for a long time.

I Ching

15, the ancients learned nothing, and it takes time to grow old.

Lu you

16, fly to the sky without flying; If you don't sing, it will be a blockbuster.

Sima Qian

17, I have a shallow understanding of what I got on paper and don't know how to do it.

Lu you

18, you must make up your mind before you learn anything.

Chu Hsi

19, if a worker wants to do a good job, he must sharpen his tools first.

Confucius

20, leap, not ten steps; This is a great contribution to the success of Ma Xu.

xunzi

2 1, all rivers run into the sea, with great tolerance; The wall stands a thousand miles, and it is just without desire.

Lin Zexu

22, life is like a dream, a bottle or a month. Su Shi 75 The so-called heroes in ancient times must have extraordinary festivals. People can't be ninjas. People see humiliation, draw their swords and stand up and fight. This is not brave enough. Tianxiayou