How did "China Five Random" Wuhu disappear?

Five Hu and Sixteen Countries: refers to the regime that was active in northern China from 304 to 439 AD from the end of the Western Jin Dynasty to the reunification of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Wuhu refers to Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jie, Bian and Qiang; The Sixteen Kingdoms refer to former cool, later cool, southern cool, western cool, northern cool, former Zhao, later Zhao, former Qin, later Qin, western Qin, former Yan, later Yan, Southern Yan, northern Yan, summer, and Cheng Han. This period is also known as "Five Chaos in China". At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, the world was in chaos. Ethnic tribes scattered all over the country assessed the situation and established political power. Among them, the most powerful are five ethnic groups: Xiongnu, Xianbei, Mangan, Bian and Qiang. Together with the Han people, they have successively established sixteen countries. During the more than 100 years from the end of the Western Jin Dynasty to the unification of the North by the Northern Wei Dynasty, they attacked each other, and there was almost no peace. They were called "five flowers in disorder" in history-naturally, this is a very tendentious word. People who cheat themselves are always cheated. Hu didn't mess up China, but he did. The legendary "Five Lakes" once dominated the world, but it didn't last long. Except for the Qiang people, the other four families soon disappeared without a trace. So, how did they disappear? What the hell happened in here? ■ Let's talk about Xiongnu first. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, an unprecedented drought occurred in Mongolian grassland, with bare land and withered vegetation. Therefore, Xiongnu is divided into South Xiongnu and North Xiongnu. The northern Xiongnu moved westward to Eastern Europe, while the southern Xiongnu was attached to the Eastern Han Dynasty and moved southward constantly. Later, Liu Yuan, a descendant of Xiongnu, unified the five southern Xiongnu departments, claiming to be a descendant of Liu Bang, and became emperor himself, with the title of "Han". Soon Liu Yuan's nephew, Liu Yao, seized power and changed his country name to "Zhao", which was called former Zhao in history. These 20 years are the most prosperous period of Huns. In 329 AD, the former Zhao was destroyed, and the power of Xiongnu gradually faded out of the Central Plains. About one hundred years later, Helian Bobo, a descendant of Xiongnu, established a short-lived Daxia country in Inner Mongolia, but it had little influence. And di people. The Miao people successively established Han Cheng, Qianqin, Hou Liang and other small countries, among which Qianqin was the most powerful. In 35 1 year, Fu Jian claimed to be the King of the Great Qin Dynasty, and was known as the former Qin Dynasty in history. Later, Fu Jian acceded to the throne, unified the area north of the Yellow River one after another, and formed a separatist regime with the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In 383 AD, Fu Jian ordered an attack to the south, and led a million-strong army to fight personally. The Eastern Jin Dynasty sent Xie Shi as the conquering commander, Xie Xuan as the pioneer commander, and 80,000 people on land and water met them. The two armies confronted each other across the bank in the area of Feishui. Wang Meng, an important assistant of Fu Jian, warned him not to attack the Eastern Jin easily before he died. However, Fu Jian believed that the army was powerful and he went his own way. At the foot of the water, Fu Jian saw the neat lineup of 8 jin j, mistaking the grass and trees swaying on Bagong Mountain in the distance for 8 jin j, and began to be timid. Before the war, 8 jin j asked former Qin Jun to retreat a little in order to land and confront it. Fu Jian promised to come down. As soon as the former Qin Jun retreated, the Jin army shouted behind the army: "Qin Jun failed!" Qin Jun soldiers believed it, started to run, and even suffered a crushing defeat. This is the famous "Battle at Water" in history. After the war, the former Qin empire was torn apart and eventually destroyed by the later Qin. Besides, Qiang people. In 386 A.D., Yao Chang, an aristocrat of Qiang nationality, proclaimed himself emperor in Chang 'an, with the title of Daqin, known as Houqin in history, and its capital in Chang 'an (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi). The ruling areas include Shaanxi, Gansu, Henan and other places. The post-Qin dynasty achieved little in history. In 4 17, it was destroyed by Liu Yu in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and the Qiang people withdrew from the Central Plains. However, the Qiang people in other parts of China have been passed down step by step. Up to now, more than 300,000 descendants of the Qiang people still live in the eastern Aba Prefecture of Sichuan Province, Beichuan County of Mianyang City, Pingwu County and other places. At that time, the minority regimes were not large in scale. As historian Lv Simian said, "The five lakes and sixteen countries in the Eastern Jin Dynasty were not a real country, so their foundation was not stable. It seems to be arrogant, but it has not met a strong enemy. It was defeated in World War I and can be abolished. " These ethnic groups are very dependent on the political power. With the disappearance of political power, some ethnic groups have gone far away, and some have been assimilated by the Han nationality and gradually disappeared. ■ Among the "five lakes" of brutal genocide, the disappearance of the Jie nationality is the most tragic. In 3 19 AD, General Jiezu called himself Zhao Haoqi. In 329, the former Zhao was destroyed, and a year later he became emperor, which was called the later Zhao in history. At its peak, this country occupied parts of Shandong, Shaanxi, Jiangsu, Anhui, Gansu, Hubei and Liaoning today. Schleswig has experienced ups and downs. When he was young, he was robbed and sold into slavery because of poverty. Later, eighteen people got together and rose up. Thanks to his courage and resourcefulness, Schleswig-Holstein soon succeeded in the war-torn era. Take refuge in Liu Yuan first, then destroy the former Zhao and establish the latter Zhao. Among the sixteen countries, Schleswig-Holstein was originally a wise king, and his politics was relatively clear, but he adopted the policy of "Hu-Han divide and rule" in ethnic policy, that is, the Han people were separated from the Hu people, and it was stipulated that the Hu people could be exempted from punishment for looting Han Chinese scholars, and the Hu people could arbitrarily ask ordinary Han people for things when necessary, and the Han people could not resist. At the same time, it is stipulated that Han people should not call nomadic people "Hu people" but "Han people". Schleswig-Schleswig made such a policy for its own reasons. In the Golden Age of the Three Kingdoms, which was established by the Han people before, ethnic minorities were oppressed and often sold as slaves, and ethnic conflicts were very sharp. Therefore, after the establishment of the minority regime, they fought tooth for tooth and retaliated crazily. Prior to this, the former Zhao established by Xiongnu also practiced "divide and rule by Hu and Han". After Schleswig's death, his nephew Shi Hu came to power and adopted a more cruel ethnic policy. He once led more than 400,000 Han Chinese to build palaces for him in Luoyang and Chang 'an, and the migrant workers were in dire straits, and their remains were scattered all over vilen. He once plundered 50,000 China women into the harem, wantonly insulted and killed them, and countless people died as a result. During his reign, the number of Han people in the north dropped sharply to 67 million, and a large amount of land was barren. In this case, the post-Zhao general and Han Chinese Ran Min came into being. After Shi Hu's death, Ran Min killed all the sons of Shi Hu, liberated 200,000 abducted Han women at one time, and retaliated against the Hu people by more drastic means. Ran Min once gave an order: "Those who have the same heart as the official will go, and those who have different hearts will do whatever they want", so as to judge who is on their side. As a result, Han people entered the city in succession, while Jie people and Huns fled in droves, thus blocking the city gate. Ran Min then ordered the killing of Hu and Jie. As long as the country has the characteristics of conference semifinals such as deep eyes and yellow hair, it will be beheaded. At that time, in Beijing alone, 200,000 Hu people were killed. After this catastrophe, Xiongnu and Jiejie never recovered, and almost the whole nation was extinct. ■ Active integration The disappearance of Xianbei nationality is due to its active sinicization. Murong, Yuwen and Tuoba, who often appear in various literary works, belong to Xianbei nationality. Yan Qian, Dai Yan, Houyan, Xiyan, Xiqin, Nanliang, Southern Yan, Northern Wei and other countries were successively established, which almost ran through the history of the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties. In 439 AD, Tuoba Tao unified the north, ending the 150 years of melee in the Central Plains. In 490 AD, Emperor Tuoba Hong of Wei Xiaowen began to take charge. The young emperor respected Chinese culture very much. He adopted a completely different policy from the original Wuhu emperor and advocated great ethnic integration. He first moved the capital from Pingcheng, a distant city, to Luoyang, where the Han culture was prosperous. In addition, the official system was reformed according to the tradition of the Han nationality; Change his surname to Han's, for example, change his surname "Tuoba" to "Yuan"; Nonsense is forbidden, and all citizens speak Chinese instead; Marrying with Han people, forbidding Hu people to marry with the same clan, etc. This policy, like the initial sharp opposition between Hu and Han, is also the general trend. After hundreds of years of practice, ethnic groups gradually feel that there is no way out of the struggle and they can only lose each other. It is better to tolerate each other and help them grow. In fact, while the conference semifinals were sinicized, the Han people were also "Hu Hua". The extremely prosperous and decadent Han culture was cleaned and attacked by the rough and lively Hu culture, and the Sui and Tang cultures flourished again. However, the lineage of Hu people in the family of Li Yuan, the founding emperor of the Tang Dynasty, has been constantly discussed by later generations, which can also explain the universality of the integration of Hu people and Han people at that time from another side. Today, no one dares to say that he is the most primitive and pure Han descent.