A poem of passive seclusion

Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence is leisurely, and Nanshan in the distance is printed in my eyes.

Appreciation of Tao Yuanming's drinking

Drink wine/alcohol

Building a house is human, and there are no horses and chariots.

What can you do? The heart is far from being self-centered.

Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely.

The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back.

That makes sense. I forgot what I wanted to say.

Tao Yuanming's Drinking has 20 poems. This group of poems was not written after drinking, but the poet's dissatisfaction with reality and love for rural life on the topic of drinking, in order to escape persecution through drunkenness in a very sinister environment at that time. In the twentieth "Drinking", he wrote that "it is more fallacious to hate, so be lenient", which shows his good intentions. This is the fifth one. This poem is based on emotion and melts into the scenery, writing the carefree mood of the poet after retiring to the countryside.

The artistic conception of this poem can be divided into two layers, and the first four sentences are one layer. The poet's mood after getting rid of secular troubles shows his thoughts and feelings of despising officialdom and not colluding with the rulers. The last six sentences are on the first floor, which describes the beautiful night scene of Nanshan and the infinite fun that poets get from it. It shows the poet's true feelings and noble personality of loving rural life.

"Building a house is on earth, but there are no horses and chariots." Although poets live in a dirty world, they are not troubled by the secular world. The noise of horses and chariots is a portrayal of all kinds of ugliness in officialdom, such as fighting with each other and trying to get an official position. However, Tao Yuanming's "building a house" is not a very distant place. How can he not hear the sound of horses and chariots? The poet seems to understand the reader's psychology very well, so he used a rhetorical question "Ask what you can do" and then replied "I am far from my heart". As long as you stay away from the noise of those dignitaries, other aspects will naturally not entangle with them. These four sentences contain incisive philosophy of life, telling us that people's spiritual world can be self-purified. Under certain conditions, as long as we give full play to our subjective initiative, we can change the influence of the objective environment on ourselves and find the joy of life everywhere. The word "far" reflects the poet's spiritual world, extraordinary and free from vulgarity, and has no thoughts of fame and fortune.

"Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence and seeing Nanshan leisurely" is a famous sentence that has been circulated for thousands of years. Because of the spiritual realm of "my heart is far away from myself", I will leisurely pick chrysanthemums under the east fence and look up at the mountains. It is so complacent, so different! These two sentences set off the poet's leisurely mood with the description of objective scenery. The word "carefree" is used beautifully, indicating that what the poet saw and felt was not intended to seek, but met unexpectedly. Su Dongpo was full of praise for these two sentences: "The second time I picked chrysanthemums, I happened to see the mountains. I didn't mean it at first, but I enjoyed it." The word "see" is also used strangely, and "see" happens by accident. The beautiful scenery of Nanshan just set off the carefree mood when picking chrysanthemums, and synthesized the "land without me" I forgot. If you use the word "hope", you will have Nanshan in your mind before you look at it. As a result, you will lose your naive interest in forgetting the plane. What is the beauty of Nanshan, which makes poets admire it so much? Then there is "the weather is getting better every day, and the birds are coming back", which is also the scenery that the poet inadvertently saw. In the beautiful evening scenery of Nanshan, birds fly back to the mountain together, and everything is free and adaptive, just like a poet who got rid of the shackles of officialdom and was carefree, and the poet realized the true meaning of nature and life here. "That makes sense. I forgot what I wanted to say." What did the poet realize from the birds of nature, Nanshan, sunset and autumn chrysanthemum? Is it a natural law that everything moves in its place? Is it a yearning for an ideal society of simple self-sufficiency in ancient times? Is letting nature take its course a philosophy of life? Is it a straightforward and sincere character? The poet didn't express it clearly, but asked questions implicitly for readers to think about, while he "wanted to identify himself and forget his words." If combined with the previous "building a house is human, but there are no horses and chariots", "true meaning" can be understood as the real meaning of life, that is, life should not be squandered on fame and fortune, should not be defiled by the filth of officialdom, but should return to nature and appreciate its infinite freshness and vitality! Of course, this "true meaning" has a great connotation, and the author has not said it all, and there is no need to say it. These two philosophical summaries give readers endless imagination and are memorable.

The whole poem is written in plain and simple language, and the form and content are highly unified. Whether it is writing about the beautiful scenery of Nanshan in the evening, expressing the leisure of seclusion, telling the fun of rural life, or telling the true meaning of life, it is full of fun. For example, "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely seeing Nanshan" and "The mountains are getting better every day, and the birds are coming back every day", and the famous sentences that combine scenery, emotion and reason are self-evident as "What can I ask you?" Sentences such as "My heart is far away from self-prejudice" and "I have forgotten what I want to say" are plain, simple and natural, but they also have profound meaning, lofty, meaningful, chewy and endless truth and interest.

Tao Yuanming

(365~427)

Jin and Song writers. A potential, intelligent character. Xunyang Chaisang (now southwest of Jiujiang, Jiangxi) was born. Tao Yuanming was born in a declining official family. In the family, he admired his great-grandfather Tao Kan's initiative and enterprising spirit, and especially appreciated his grandfather Meng Jia's desalination of nature. Confucianism and Taoism are integrated into one. In the early stage (before 4 1 year-old), he was eager to make progress and made a wine sacrifice in Jiangzhou. Emperor Wu of song joined the army and Peng, and the protagonist was Confucian spirit. However, due to the contradiction between Confucianism and Taoism, officials are sometimes hidden and indecisive. In the later period (after 4 1 year-old), Tao Yuanming resigned and retired, and broke away from the officialdom completely because of the turbulent political situation, sinister official career, corrupt official politics and strict gate system.

In his fourth year of seclusion, his hometown was burned down and his life fell into extreme poverty, but he lived in poverty and happiness. In the last few years in Yixi, the court recruited him as an official. In the third year of Yuanjia, Tandaoji, the secretariat of Jiangzhou, advised him to go out of the mountain. He kept a festival and refused to be an official. Obviously, Taoism played a leading role in this period.

Tao Yuanming was the most outstanding poet in the Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Tao poems 125, mostly five-character poems. From the content, it can be divided into three categories: drinking poems, chanting poems and pastoral poems.

Drinking poems

Tao Yuanming is the first poet in the history of China literature who wrote a large number of drinking poems. The 20 songs he "drank" were all "intoxicating" or accused the right and wrong of being reversed, discrediting the same upper class; Or expose the decadent darkness of the world; Or reflect the sinister occupation; Or express the joy of the poet after he quit the officialdom; Or express the poet's grievances in difficulties. Judging from the interest and style of the poem, it may not be a work of the same period. In the second year of Yuanxi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (420), Emperor Wu of Song abolished Gong Jin as the king of Lingling, killed him the following year, and established the Liu and Song Dynasties. Narrating wine records the process of usurping power in a subtle and tortuous way by metaphor. He expressed infinite sorrow for the downfall of Emperor Jin Gong and the Jin Dynasty. At this time, Tao Yuanming had lived in seclusion for many years and was used to troubled times and usurping power. But this poem still reveals his unforgettable human spirit.

Poetry of the soul

Represented by 12 miscellaneous poems and 13 reading Shan Hai Jing. 12' s miscellaneous poems mostly show their political depression after retirement, and express their noble personality of not drifting with the tide. It can be seen that the poet's heart is infinitely deep and broad. 13 in Reading the Classic of Mountains and Seas expresses the same content by reciting the wonders in the Classic of Mountains and Seas. For example, the poem 10, by praising Jing Wei and Xing Tian's "fierce ambition is always there", expresses and shows that their ambition to help the world will never die.

idyll

Tao Yuanming has the largest number of pastoral poems and the highest achievements. This kind of poetry fully shows the poet's lofty interest in disdaining fame and fortune and his noble integrity in keeping his ambition; It fully shows the poet's extreme hatred and complete break with the dark officialdom; It fully shows the poet's love for simple pastoral life, his understanding of labor and his friendly feelings for working people. It fully shows the poet's pursuit and yearning for the ideal world. As a scholar-bureaucrat, such thoughts, feelings and contents are unprecedented in the history of literature, especially in a society with strict gate system and concept. Some of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems also reflect his predicament in his later years, which can help us indirectly understand the miserable life of the peasant class at that time. Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden was written in the early Song Dynasty. It depicts a utopian ideal society. It shows the poet's complete denial of the existing social system and infinite admiration for the ideal world. It marks that Tao Yuanming's thought has reached a new height. Tao Yuanming is the pioneer of pastoral poetry. With its simple and natural language and lofty artistic conception, it opened up a new world for China's poetry circle and directly influenced the pastoral poetry school in Tang Dynasty.

Tao Yuanming's existing articles include 3 poems, 5 rhymes and 4 essays, totaling 12. The leisure fu in Ci Fu is written by imitating Zhang Heng's fixed love fu and Cai Yong's static love fu. The content is to write a dream about love, which is meaningless. "Feeling Men Meet Fu" is an imitation of Dong Zhongshu's "Feeling Men Meet Fu" and Sima Qian's "Sad Men Meet Fu", and its content is to express the resentment under the door valve system. Gui Xi Ci is a political declaration that Tao Yuanming publicly broke with the upper class when he resigned and retired. The article uses a lot of space to write about his infinite joy of leaving the officialdom, imagine his infinite joy after retiring to the countryside, and show the author's yearning and love for nature and seclusion. The article skillfully integrates narrative, discussion and lyricism to create a vivid, natural and fascinating artistic realm; The language is natural and simple, washing away the strong local flavor. The rhymes include Painting Praise on the Fan, Reading History, Nine Chapters, Sacrifice to Sister, Sacrifice to Brother and Sacrifice to Yourself. Prose includes "Biography of Meng Fujun, General of the Western Expedition to Jin Dynasty", also known as "Biography of Meng Jia", which is a biography written for Meng Jia, the ancestor of foreign nationalities; In addition, there are Biography of Mr. Wu Liu, Peach Blossom Garden and Dissipation with Yan Zi. Generally speaking, Wen Tao's numbers and achievements are not as good as Shi Tao's.

Xiao Tong in the Southern Dynasty compiled Tao Yuanming's works into 8 volumes, Yang Xiuzhi in the Northern Qi Dynasty supplemented it with 10 volume, and Song Yu in the Northern Song Dynasty reprinted it with 10 volume. But all the books on it are gone. The existing versions mainly include the shadow sculptures in Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty, and the Ji Gu Collection 10 Volume. Annotations mainly include Li Gonghuan's annotation on Tao Yuanming's collection in Yuan Dynasty, Mr. Jingjie's collection annotated by Tao Shu in Qing Dynasty, Yuanlou series of my wife in ancient times, and five kinds of ice pavilions. The latter is called Tao Jingjie's poetry talk.

The poet was disappointed with the reality and was forced to return to poetry to build an ideal society. Peach Blossom Garden poetry is a reflection of his ideological tendency.

In addition to his pastoral poems, Tao Yuanming also has poems praising warriors, poems full of patriotic enthusiasm and poems isolated from the world, which shows the complexity of his poetic thoughts.

Tao Yuanming's poems are mostly based on rural scenery and ordinary life, which are directly expressed by simple language and line drawing techniques, making people feel natural, cordial and sincere, without any traces of artificial carving, guiding readers to appreciate the relaxed and diluted feelings and enter the artistic conception created by the poet.