I want to know about airplanes in China.

plane

A heavier-than-air aircraft with a power plant and fixed wings. The power device is used to generate push (pull) force or dynamic lift, and the wing is used to generate lift when moving in the atmosphere. Some people call aircraft other than balloons and airships airplanes.

classify

According to the purpose, it is divided into military aircraft and civil aircraft. Military aircraft include fighters, attack planes, bombers, fighter-bombers, anti-submarine aircraft, reconnaissance planes, early warning aircraft, electronic countermeasures, aerial tankers, military transport planes, military trainers and so on. Civil aircraft include: transport aircraft (passenger aircraft, passenger and cargo aircraft, cargo aircraft), sports aircraft, business jets, agricultural aircraft, experimental research aircraft and other special-purpose aircraft.

Aircraft can also be classified according to the shape, quantity and relative position of its components. According to the number of wings, it can be divided into monoplane, biplane and multi-wing aircraft. According to the position of the wing relative to the fuselage, it can be divided into lower monoplane, middle monoplane and upper monoplane. According to the plane shape of the wing, it can be divided into straight wing aircraft, swept wing aircraft, swept wing aircraft and delta wing aircraft. According to the position of the flat tail and whether there is a flat tail, it can be divided into normal layout aircraft (with a flat tail behind the wing), canard aircraft (with a small wing in the front fuselage) and tailless aircraft (without a flat tail); The normal layout of aircraft includes single vertical tail, double vertical tail, multiple vertical tails and V-tail. According to the type of propulsion device, it can be divided into propeller plane and jet plane; According to the engine type, it can be divided into piston aircraft, turboprop aircraft and jet aircraft; According to the number of engines, it can be divided into single-engine aircraft, double-engine aircraft and multi-engine aircraft. According to the type of landing gear, it can be divided into land aircraft, seaplane and amphibious aircraft. It can also be classified according to the flight performance of aircraft: according to the flight speed of aircraft, it can be divided into subsonic aircraft, supersonic aircraft and hypersonic aircraft According to the voyage of the aircraft, it can be divided into short-range aircraft, medium-range aircraft and long-range aircraft.

form

The main components of aircraft are airframe, landing gear, power plant, flight control system, airborne equipment and other systems. Fighters and airborne weapon systems.

The fuselage includes a wing, a fuselage and a tail.

The role of the wing is to generate lift when moving in the atmosphere, and it is also equipped with ailerons and spoilers; An airplane without a tail is equipped with a longitudinal control device (lift aileron) on the wing. In addition, it is equipped with a high-lift device.

The fuselage is used to place people and load equipment, goods, weapons, power plants and fuel. Wings and tails are fixed on the fuselage, and landing gear struts of some aircraft are also fixed on the fuselage.

The tail is divided into horizontal tail and vertical tail. Horizontal empennage generally consists of horizontal stabilizer and elevator, and vertical empennage consists of vertical stabilizer and rudder. Some aircraft make the horizontal tail into a whole and can control the deflection, which is called full-motion horizontal tail. Some aircraft have no horizontal tail, and a small horizontal wing surface is installed in front of the wing, which is called the front wing or canard wing. The horizontal tail ensures the pitching stability, maneuverability and balance of the aircraft. The vertical tail ensures the directional stability and maneuverability of the aircraft, and ensures the lateral stability and maneuverability of the aircraft together with the wing, aileron or spoiler or differential horizontal tail.

landing gear

It is used to support the aircraft when it takes off, lands, parks on the ground (water surface) and taxies. It includes landing gear, wing lift device, take-off acceleration device and landing deceleration device, and some aircraft also have arresting hooks.

The landing gear can generally be put away when the plane is flying, but some old-fashioned planes and low-speed planes can't. There are many types of landing gear, such as wheel type, pontoon type, hull type and sled type.

powerplant

Aero-engine and various devices and systems to ensure the engine working. Comprises a propulsion system, a starting system, a control system, a fuel system, a lubricating oil system, an engine fixing device, a thrust direction control system and fire extinguishing equipment.

The most commonly used engines of modern aircraft are gas turbine engines, including turbojet engines, turbofan engines, turboprop engines and propeller fan engines. Piston engines are only used for light aircraft, and rocket engines are used for test aircraft and acceleration devices.

flight control

It is used to transmit control instructions, drive control surfaces and other mechanisms to control flight attitude. It can be divided into main control system and auxiliary control system. The former is used to control the flight trajectory, including special devices such as steering rod (disc), pedal, rudder, transmission device connecting elevator (or full-motion horizontal tail) and aileron. The latter includes wing, flap, speed brake, adjustable stabilizer and wing control mechanism with variable sweep angle. According to the different sources of control instructions, aircraft flight control system can be divided into manual flight control system and automatic flight control system.

airborne equipment

Including driving navigation instruments, engine instruments, radio communication equipment, radar, electrical equipment, environmental control and life support equipment. Military aircraft are also equipped with special equipment such as electronic countermeasures.

The weapon system of combat aircraft includes weapons and ammunition, fire control system, weapon mounting and launching device, etc.

brief history

1903 The airplane designed and manufactured by Wright Brothers of the United States successfully flew, which is the first time in the world to realize the power and maneuver flight of an airplane heavier than air. In the First World War, airplanes have been used in combat. At that time, the speed of the plane had reached 180 ~ 220km/h, the ceiling was 6000 ~ 7000m, the range was 400 ~ 450km, and the bomber's bomb load was 1000 ~ 2000kg. In World War II, the speed of aircraft reached 750 km/h, and the bomb load of bombers could reach about 10 tons.

After the mid-1940s, the engine developed from piston to jet, and the flight performance of aircraft was significantly improved. In the 1980s, the ceiling of the aircraft has exceeded 30,000 meters, the maximum speed has exceeded 3 times the speed of sound, the range has exceeded 20,000 kilometers, and the maximum payload has exceeded100t.

development trends

Further improving aircraft speed (some countries are considering developing hypersonic jets) and supersonic flight performance, improving aircraft performance and safety, improving maintenance support performance and improving economy (especially reducing life cycle cost) are the future development directions. The development of transoceanic aircraft is also a noteworthy trend.

The Wright brothers, the inventors of the plane.

1in the winter of 877, there was a heavy snow in Dayton, USA, and the hills in the suburbs were all white. A group of children came to the hillside covered with thick snow and slid down quickly in a homemade sleigh. Laughter broke out on the hillside.

Next to them, two boys stood quietly, watching the cheerful sledge pass from top to bottom. The big boy sighed, "Hi! If only we had sledges, too! "

Another child pursed his lips and said, "Who told us that dad was always away!" " "He had a brainwave and then said," Brother, let's do it ourselves! " Hearing this, the boy called brother immediately laughed and said happily:

"Yes! We can do it ourselves. Come on, Orville, let's go back! " So, the two children jumped off the hillside and ran home quickly.

These two brothers are the Wright brothers. The elder brother's name is Wilbur and the younger brother's name is Orville. They like to play some things since childhood and often play all kinds of games together. Their grandfather is a craftsman who makes wheels. There are all kinds of tools in the house. The two brothers regard this place as their paradise and often go to see his grandfather's work. After a long time, they imitated and made some small toys. So, the two brothers decided to build a sledge this time and pull it to the hillside to compete with their companions. That night, the two brothers told their mother the idea. Hearing this, my mother said happily, "OK, let's do it together!" " "

So, the two brothers ran to grandpa's workshop, found a lot of sticks and tools, and started without thinking.

"No," their mother stopped them from saying. "We must do everything in a planned way. We have to draw a picture first and then do it! "

The two brothers understand this truth and design patterns with their mother. Mother measured the bodies of the two brothers first, and then drew a short sledge. "Mom, someone else's sleigh is very high. Why is your sleigh so short? Will this work? " Orville, the younger brother, asked.

"Son, if you want the sledge to run fast, you have to shorten it, which will reduce the wind resistance and make it much faster." Mom explained gently. The two brothers realized that nothing should be done rashly, and they should first find out the truth.

A day later, the Wright brothers' short sleigh was made. The two brothers pushed it to the mountain, and just after putting it on the hillside, a boy came running.

"Look, the Wright brothers have brought a monster!" The boy started to cry in a fuss.

After a while, all the children gathered around and talked about this strange thing. The Wright brothers disagreed and bravely said, "Who is better than us!"

The boy who ran over earlier quickly shouted, "I'll come!" " I will compete with them! "Say that finish, he pulled up his sledge.

The result of the game, of course, is that the Wright brothers won. Instead of laughing at the sled, the children gathered around and looked around as if they wanted to find something from it.

The Wright brothers were very happy and went home with the joy of victory.

Christmas is coming, and my father is back from other places. On Christmas morning, their father gave them a present, and the two brothers eagerly opened it. That's an unknown toy. It looks strange.

Dad told them that this is a flying spiral that can fly very high in the air. "Birds can fly! How can it fly! " Wilbur is a little skeptical.

Dad smiled and performed live. I saw him twist the rubber band on it first. As soon as he let go, it flew into the sky with a loud noise. Only then did the two brothers believe that man-made things can fly into the sky besides birds and butterflies. So, the two brothers took it apart and wanted to explore why it could fly to the sky.

From then on, in their young hearts, things that can fly high in the blue sky will be created in the future. This wish has been affecting them. 1896, the Wright brothers read a news in the newspaper: German Lilienthal died in a glider accident. The news shocked them so much that the two brothers decided to learn to fly.

At this time, the Wright brothers opened a bicycle shop. They learn flight information while working to earn money. Three years later, they learned a lot about aviation and decided to copy a glider.

They first observed the movements of eagles flying in the air, then drew them one by one, and then set about designing gliders. 1900 5438+00 in June, the Wright brothers finally built their first glider and took it to the Kitty Hawk, which is far away from Dayton. It is very remote, there are no trees and houses around, and the wind here is very strong, which is very suitable for flying gliders.

The two brothers spent a week installing the glider, first tied it to a rope and flew it like a kite. The result was successful. Then Wilbur sat on it and did the experiment. Although it flew, it was only 1 m high.

In the second year, the two brothers made a glider after many improvements on the basis of the last one. This autumn, they came to the seaside of Kitty Hawk again. After an experiment, the flying altitude suddenly reached 180 meters.

The two brothers were very happy, but not satisfied. They want to know if they can make a machine that can fly without wind.

The two brothers thought over and over again, collected information about flying, studied it over and over again, but never thought about using any power to transport pet gliders and people into the air. One day, a car stopped in front of the garage and the driver borrowed a tool from them. To repair the engine of the car. Two brothers had a brainwave. Can they use the engine of the car to propel the flight?

Since then, the brothers have been thinking about the engine. They first measured that the maximum carrying capacity of the glider was 90 kilograms, so they ordered an engine of no more than 90 kilograms from the factory. But the lightest engine at that time was 190 kg, and the factory could not make such a light engine.

Later, an engine engineer learned about it and promised to help the Wright brothers. After a while, the engineer really built a gasoline engine with 12 horsepower and a weight of only 70 kg.

The two brothers were very happy and soon began to study how to use the engine to propel the glider. After countless experiments, they finally installed the engine on the glider, but only installed the propeller on the glider. The engine drove the propeller to rotate and drive the glider to fly.

1903 In September, the Wright brothers took their engines to Kitty Hawk Sea for another test flight. Although the test flight failed, they learned a lot from it. Soon after, they made several test flights in succession, either because of propeller failure, engine failure or driving technical problems.

Undaunted, the Wright brothers still insisted on the test flight. Just then, an inventor named Langlai was commissioned by the American government to build a plane with a gasoline engine and fell into the sea during the test flight.

After learning the news, the Wright brothers went to investigate, learned lessons from Langley's failure and gained a lot of experience. They made a strict inspection of every part of the plane and formulated strict operating procedures. 1903 12 14 They came to Kitty Hawk for flight test.

This afternoon, the two brothers first put two rails fixed on wood on the ground with a certain inclination, so that the plane can slide easily. Then, put the plane they made on the track.

Finally, there is a question of who will fly first. The two brothers could not argue, so they had to flip a coin and Wilbur flew first.

Wilbur got on the plane, lay in the middle of the plane and quickly started the plane. The engine roared and the propeller turned slowly.

After taxiing on the slope for 3 meters, the plane broke free from the wire tied behind it and roared into the air.

"It's flying!" Orville shouted excitedly.

As soon as the voice fell, the plane suddenly slowed down and soon fell to the ground. The whole flight time is less than 4 minutes.

Orville rushed forward. Wilbur had jumped out of the falling plane, and the two brothers soon observed that the plane was not damaged.

"What's the problem?" The two brothers thought about it and checked it one by one. There is nothing wrong with the engine, the propeller rotates well and the technical operation is completely correct. ...... "Brother, I know why!" Orville said with a big smile: "We used the slope to slide, and the plane took off only 3 meters away. At this time, the rotation of the propeller has not reached high speed, and it will be planted in a short time. " "Yes!" Wilbur nodded yes, and then said, "We can't take off by taxiing on the slope, but we must fly by the power of the propeller.". Well, put the track on a flat place and try again. "

They worked continuously for three days, and then re-laid the tracks on the flat ground.

1903 12 17 in the morning 10, the sky was cloudy and the wind was biting. The farmers invited by the two brothers to watch the flight were shivering with cold and repeatedly urged the two brothers to fly quickly.

During Orville's test flight, I saw him climb on the plane and lie in the driver's seat. After a while, the engine began to roar and the propeller began to turn.

Suddenly, the plane skidded, rose to a height of more than 3 meters, and then flew forward horizontally.

"fly! Fly! " Several farmers shouted happily, followed Wilbur and ran after the plane.

After flying 30 meters, the plane landed firmly. Wilbur rushed forward, jumped excitedly at his younger brother who had just climbed out of the plane, and cried with tears in his eyes, "We made it! We succeeded! "

After 45 minutes, Wilbur flew again, with a distance of 52 meters. After a while, Orville flew again, this time for 59 seconds, with a distance of 255 meters.

This is the first successful flight in human history. The Wright brothers told the news to the newspaper, but the newspaper didn't believe it and refused to publish it. The Wright brothers don't care. Continue to improve their plane. Soon, the two brothers built a plane that could take two people, and they flew in the air for more than an hour.

After the news spread, people rushed to tell each other. The American government attached great importance to it and decided to let Wright do a test flight performance.

1908 September 10, the weather was exceptionally clear, and the ground over which the plane flew was surrounded by people watching. People are in high spirits, waiting for the Wright brothers to fly

At about 10, my brother Orville flew their plane freely into the sky with cheers. Two long wings crossed the air, just like an eagle spreading its wings and flying.

People can no longer restrain their excitement, holding their heads high in the sky calling the names of the Wright brothers. Many people's dreams have finally come true.

The plane flew at an altitude of 76 meters 1 hour 14 minutes, carrying a brave passenger. When it landed, people gathered from all directions. Soon after, with the support of the government, the Wright brothers set up a flight company and a flight school. Since then, airplanes have become another advanced means of transportation.