Han Yu's Classical Chinese Writing

1. Han's classical Chinese works can be roughly divided into the following categories:

(1) Essays can be divided into two categories: one is to promote orthodoxy and Confucianism, such as The Original Road, Primitive Nature and Primitive Man; The other kind also has a more or less Ming Dow tendency, but it focuses on reflecting reality and creating dissatisfaction. Moreover, many articles have a kind of anti-vulgar and anti-traditional power, and have a strong emotional tendency in writing, such as the most representative Shi Shuo and Ma Shuo.

2 Essays, compared with essays, essays are more free and casual, long or short, Zhuang or harmonic, and essays vary from thing to thing and have their own uses. For example, "Jin Xuejie" uses questions and answers for irony, and the full text uses rhetoric and prose for comparison and confrontation, so the writing is relaxed and lively. The most famous essays are those that mock reality and have sharp arguments, such as ZaShuo and Huo, which are lively and eclectic in form and have high literary value.

(3) Preface (that is, the gift preface) is concise and ingenious, showing all kinds of feelings about the real society, such as the postscript to Zhang Zhongcheng's Biography, the preface to seeing off Li Pangu and the preface to seeing off Meng Dongye. In addition, Han Yu also showed outstanding material narrative ability in biographies and epitaphs, such as Biography of Mao Ying and Epitaph of Liu Zihou.

2. Ask for an ancient prose about Han Yu. This is not Han Yu, but Meng Haoran.

Meng Haoran, whose real name is Haoran, is from Xiangyang, Guizhou. People who are less kind and righteous and willing to inspire trouble are hidden in Lumeng Mountain.

At the age of forty, I went to the capital. After tasting the poems written by imperial academy, I was at a loss and didn't dare to resist.

Zhang Jiuling and Wang Weiya praised. Wei privately invited him into the office, went to Xuanzong and hid under the bed. Wei was honest with him. Emperor Xi said, "I have heard of him, but I have never seen him. Why can't you hide? " Hao Haoran came out.

When the emperor asked about his poems, Haoran bowed again and recited what he had done. At the end of the sentence "I was exiled by a wise ruler because of my mistakes", the emperor said: "Your Majesty did not ask for an official position, but I never abandoned your Majesty. How can you falsely accuse me? " Due to release. The interview brought the integrity of Han Dynasty Sect to Beijing and wanted to recommend the dynasty.

I will meet my old friends and have a good time. Or: "Jun and Han Palace have a regular schedule."

Haoran said angrily, "I have already drunk, and I pity him!" " The pawn is not going. Chao Zong said goodbye angrily, and Ran Hao did not regret it.

Zhang Jiuling is Jingzhou, which is located in the mansion. At the end of Kaiyuan, he died of gangrene.

(selected from New Tang Book).

3. Ask for an ancient prose about Han Yu. This is not Han Yu, but Meng Haoran.

Meng Haoran, whose real name is Haoran, is from Xiangyang, Guizhou. People who are less kind and righteous and willing to inspire trouble are hidden in Lumeng Mountain. At the age of forty, I went to the capital. After tasting the poems written by imperial academy, I was at a loss and didn't dare to resist. Zhang Jiuling and Wang Weiya praised. Wei privately invited him into the office, went to Xuanzong and hid under the bed. Wei was honest with him. Emperor Xi said, "I have heard of him, but I have never seen him. Why can't you hide? " Hao Haoran came out. When the emperor asked about his poems, Haoran bowed again and recited what he had done. At the end of the sentence "I was exiled by a wise ruler because of my mistakes", the emperor said: "Your Majesty did not ask for an official position, but I never abandoned your Majesty. How can you falsely accuse me? " Due to release. The interview brought the integrity of Han Dynasty Sect to Beijing and wanted to recommend the dynasty. I will meet my old friends and have a good time. Or: "Jun and Han Palace have a regular schedule." Haoran said angrily, "I have already drunk, and I pity him!" " The pawn is not going. Chao Zong said goodbye angrily, and Ran Hao did not regret it. Zhang Jiuling is Jingzhou, which is located in the mansion. At the end of Kaiyuan, he died of gangrene.

?

(selected from New Tang Book)

4. What are Han Yu's classical Chinese?

For example:

Essays occupy an important position in Han Wenzhong. The novellas that focus on respecting Confucianism and opposing Buddhism include The Original Road, The Buddha's Bone Table, The Original Nature, The Teacher's Commentary and so on. Most of them are well organized, well organized. Miscellaneous essays such as Miscellaneous Notes and Enlightenment satirize the current social situation, with clever metaphors and profound implications; Novels, such as "Sending Poor Articles" and "Learning Solutions", adopt the form of question and answer, with humorous strokes, strange ideas and sharp edges. Literary thoughts and writing experience are diverse in genre, changeable in writing style, fantastic in image and exquisite in theory. Narrative occupies a large proportion in Han Wenzhong. Scholars who study classics, such as Pinghuai Xibei, use the styles of Shangshu, Ya and Fu, which are large in length and heavy in sentences. Ji Hua directly tells many characters, and its writing style is beyond Shangshu Gu Ming and Zhou Li's Examination of Gong Ji's Zi Renzhi. Inherit the tradition of historical prose in Historical Records, such as the famous Biography of Zhang Zhongcheng, which combines narration, discussion and lyric in one furnace. Draw lessons from Historical Records and Hanshu to portray vivid and strange characters without discussion, such as the epitaph of Wang Jun in Dali and the epitaph of Zhang Jun in Qinghe. Memorizing literary friends can highlight the characteristics of different writers, such as Epitaph of Liu Zihou, Epitaph of Nanyang Fan Shaoshu and Epitaph of Mr. Yao Zhen. But in a large number of tombstones and epitaphs, Han Yu also wrote some works of "praising the tomb" (referring to praising the behavior of the deceased and exaggerating all his achievements in the epitaph), which was already ridiculed at that time.

Odes in lyric articles, such as Ode to Twelve Lang, are written in prose, which breaks through the routine of four rhymes. One kind writes about friendship between friends and hardships in life, with four rhymes, such as Henan Foreign Language and Liu Zihou. In addition, a wild letter with Meng Dongye and a preface to seeing Yang off are also representative works with certain appeal. Han Yu's other essays, such as Biography of Mao Ying and Preface to Ding Shilian's Poems, are completely fictional and close to legendary novels. Han Yu's prose is magnificent, vertical and horizontal, odd and even, and clever metaphor; Or cunning, or solemn, with a variety of artistic characteristics; Sweep away the gentle and charming style of writing since the Six Dynasties.

He is good at sublating the language of his predecessors and refining the spoken language at that time, such as "flying as a dog" ("seeing poverty"), "doing different things together" and "taking everything" ("learning to understand"), which are widely used in Han Wenzhong. He advocated "preface", created a written prose language extracted from spoken language, and expanded the expressive function of classical Chinese. But he also has an embarrassing sentence. The self-assertion that "it is impossible to do things in good times and entertain yourself" ("Sending the Poor") has a certain influence on future generations. Han Yu is also a famous poet, whose artistic characteristics are mainly strangeness, heroism and strangeness. For example, Lu Hun's Rhyme of Mountain Fire and Huangfu, Poem of Eclipse, Yuchuan Self-made, etc. have strange and profound contents. Nanshan's poems, Yueyang Tower's four ambitions of fighting, Meng Dongye's lost son, etc. Very spectacular. However, in the pursuit of strangeness, Korean poetry is often full of strange words and rhymes. Han Yu also has an unpretentious poem. Korean poetry is ancient and short, but there are also excellent quatrains. For example, in the Seven Laws, I moved to Languan to show my grandnephew, Answering Zhang's Eleven Palace Exercises, Titing Yiliang, Sending Zhang's Twelve Pavilions to Tongguan and Titing Chu Zhao Wang Dian, etc.

Among the ancient books of Han Dynasty, Wei Huaizhong's Collection of Works of Mr. Changli of the Five Hundred Music School in Southern Song Dynasty and Waiji are the best. The most popular editions are The Collection of Mr. Changli, The Collection Outside and Legacy (reprinted by Xu Shi Dong in Ming Dynasty). In Qing Dynasty, Gu and Fang Shiju each had a single note on a poem. Qian Zhonglian's Annotation of Han Changli's Poems in the Year is another year's collection of notes. In addition, Jing Yun,, Wang, Shen Qinhan, Fang Cheng, Modern Xu Zhen, etc. The Chronicle of Zi Han written by Hong Xingzu in Song Dynasty is the most detailed. The relevant parts of Zhao Yi's Poems of Oubei, Fang's Zhao Mei and Lin Shu's Korean Studies Law are representative works to comment on his poems.

5. Han Yu's translation of ancient Chinese is fluent, so it is not easy to make friends with others. When I was young, I was good friends with Meng Jiao in Luoyang and Zhang Ji in Dong Jun. They didn't pursue fame and gain, the more they didn't avoid the cold and heat, saying that they were recommended to the public and officials, and eventually became the division, which was rewarded by the land division. Although the post is expensive, every time I retire, I will talk about banquets and write poems, just like the past. And the opinions of all powerful people, such as servants, ignore them. And it's quite tempting him to fall down. The people in the museum are sixteen or seventeen years old. Although they don't give it in the morning, they don't mind. Generally speaking, it is a matter of raising fame and teaching and rewarding righteousness. Only ten people have married friends and orphans at home and abroad. It is often thought that scholars have been detained many times since Wei and Jin Dynasties, but under the guidance of imperial edict, that touching and heroic spirit no longer resonates. So, the more you do, the more you write and the more you do. Express your thoughts and express your new language. Those who learn later should learn from others. At that time, there were many authors, so they were called "Koreans" internationally.

Translation:

Han Yu is easy-going and open-minded, and will not change his attitude because of his position. When I was young, I had a good relationship with Meng Jiao in Luoyang and Zhang Ji in Dong Jun. At that time, these two people had no fame and status. Han Yu often worked for them in princes and princes, and Zhang Ji finally embarked on a career. Later, although their status in North Korea became higher and higher, whenever they finished their official duties, they talked about poetry and literature together, as usual. But at that time, powerful nobles were treated like servants. In addition, they inspire the younger generation of children to make progress. There are 16 or 17 students throwing themselves at each other. Although some can't afford it, Han Yu doesn't mind. They all work together to promote morality and reward justice. People often think that since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, people who write articles have stuck to a fixed style, with empty content and lack of practical things. The style of that era (Wei and Jin Dynasties) did not exist at that time. Therefore, the idea is that writing an article is to express one's mind directly. Create your own article and become your own family. The younger generation followed suit and learned Han Yu's style, which set off a wave. Nothing can match the atmosphere at that time, so people call that question style "Korean".

6. Paintings translated in classical Chinese-Han Yu's The Original Miscellaneous Figures of Ancient and Modern Times Volume 1: Five people ride and stand, ten people ride and be led by a soldier, one rides and stand with a flag, ten people ride and be led by a soldier, two people ride and lose, two people ride and hold a device, one rides and holds a field dog, two people ride and lead, and three people drive. Sitting refers to an emissary, seven people who planted armor with bows and arrows, ten people who planted armor with lots, seven people who lost, two people who stopped sleeping, one who sat sleeping in armor, one who took part in a party, one who fell off his feet while sitting, one who caught a cold and caught fire, and eight people who carried pots and arrows with utensils.

There are two things in the affairs of 30 mortals, and there are three things in the affairs of 120 people, but none of them are the same. Nine horses; Among the horses, there are ups and downs, walks and collars, wading, landing, warping, caring, singing, sleeping, being wrong, standing, standing, drinking, falling, itching and grinding trees, and hissing.

There are seven things about horses in twenty and three things about horses in eighty, but there are no similarities. The size of a cow is eleven.

Camels have three heads. Donkeys are like camels, but with one.

Koichi Dog, sheep, fox, rabbit and elk * * * thirty.

There are three cars. The bow, arrow, target, sword, contradictory bow and clothes of miscellaneous soldiers belong to the armor of the sagittal room, and the utensils for eating, drinking and drinking are all wonderful.

During the Zhenyuan period, Yu was in the capital and had nothing to do. Only people who live alone and live alone and Uncle Shen can get this painting, and I and I are lucky to get it.

I cherish it very much and think that it is beyond the power of a worker. Gai Meng has gathered the strength of many workers, although it is not easy to spend 100 yuan. Next year, I will leave the capital and go to Heyang, and I will discuss the painting with Ersan, and observe because I am away.

There are imperial officials in Zhao Shi and gentlemen. If you see them, you will feel embarrassed. One day less: "Hey! I touched it with my hand. It's been dead for twenty years.

I have always been interested in this matter, gained the foundation of the country, felt that it was senseless, lost my ambition by traveling in Fujian, enjoyed my leisure alone, and made friends with Huai Yu from time to time. Although it happened today, it is very important that we can't save our lives for ourselves and the workers. "

I love and feel about Zhao Jun. Because I gave it to him, I remember the shape and quantity of his words, and I explained it myself when I looked at it. Note ① Soldiers are carried by armor: wearing armor and carrying weapons.

Pretend, wear together, and wear negatively. Tian Gou: Hunting dogs.

Tian is the same as "Yi". ② Participants: Those who have crossed the water.

Land: Jump across the "land (1u land)". Vault: A horse ready to jump.

Miser: refers to a moving horse. ③ Zhan car: a car with a red crank flag.

Bow and arrow room: bow bag and arrow bag. Clothes, like "Mao", are an arrow rack made of bamboo or animal skins.

⑤ Zhenyuan Xu Jianian: the tenth year of Zhenyuan, that is, 794 AD. 6 Gigi: Party.

Autumn is the same as "from". ⑦ Heyang: Meng County, Henan Province today.

Zhao Shiyu: His name is unknown. Pet-name ruby touch: hand drawing.

10 credentials: a book painted by the national hand. Minzhong: the name and location of the ancient county (now Fuzhou, Fujian Province).

Probably: probably. 1 1 self-release: self-comfort.

A small scroll depicting all kinds of people and things in ancient and modern times: there are five people riding a horse, ten people standing there riding a horse wearing armor and holding weapons, one riding a horse standing in front holding a flag, ten people riding a horse holding weapons while walking, two riding a horse carrying things, and one sleeping in armor and helmet. Because one person keeps warm to keep out the cold, eight people do all kinds of utensils, one person holds a pot and throws arrows at it, eleven people prepare meals under the house, four people scoop water into the utensils, two people lead cows, four people drive donkeys, one person carries things with crutches, six people can see women and children sitting in the car, three people get on and off, and nine people are playing with children. * * * depicts the activities of 32 characters, and draws 123 characters with different sizes, none of which have the same appearance.

There are nine horses; Some horses stand high, some stand low, some walk, some are led, some swim, some jump, some lift their legs to jump, some turn around, some howl, some rest, some move, some stand with their feet lifted, some look like people, some bite, some drink water, some urinate, some run high and some walk low. * * * depicts the activities of 27 horses. There are 83 horses of different sizes, but there are no horses of the same size.

Three camels. The number of donkeys is the same as that of camels, plus one.

A stork. Thirty dogs, sheep, foxes, rabbits and elk.

Three cars with red crank flags. Weapons 25 1 piece, bows and arrows, flags, swords, contradictions, bows and arrows, armor, hats and helmets, as well as drinking utensils such as bottles, umbrellas, square baskets, pots and pans, as well as utensils for throwing pots and playing chess, are all euphemistically and meticulously painted.

During the reign of Zhenyuan Xujia, I was in the capital and had nothing to do. I live with a Mr. Dugu Shenshu. As soon as he got this painting, he made a bet with me to let me play. Fortunately, I won, so I got this picture scroll.

I cherish it very much in my heart. I think it was not just conceived by one painter, but probably painted by many painters. Even if someone gave me 120 gold, I would never sell it. In the second year, I went out to Heyang in Beijing to talk with several guests about the character of the painting, and I took it out.

There is a Zhao Shiyu sitting here. He is a man of noble character. When he saw the picture, he looked sad and seemed to be moved. After a while, he said to me, "Alas! This is a picture I drew myself. I have lost it for almost twenty years.

When I was young, I was interested in painting and got a hand-painted picture of China, so I put aside the secular world and painted this picture myself.

7. Han Yu represents case 50 1. The style of "Shuo" in Han Yu's Shi Shuo is the style of explaining things by narration, discussion or explanation in ancient times. You can make comments or take notes, all to show the author's point of view and explain the reason of boarding. Preface to the article: "The speaker explains his meaning and explains it with his own meaning." "Writing is more flexible, roughly similar to modern essays. Usually, we use the method of seeing the big from the small, telling fables and describing things to explain things, which is what we call "excuse." Speaking means talking. For example, "Ma Shuo" can be literally interpreted as "talking about maxima" or "talking about maxima". Novels such as Ailian, Snake Catcher, Teacher Shuo and Huang Sheng Borrowing Books all belong to this type. Editor's brief introduction Han Yu Han Yu (768~824) was a writer and philosopher in the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, he is called "Han Changli" in the world. In his later years, he served as assistant minister of the official department, also known as the Korean official department. Posthumous title is also known as Han Wengong. He was an advocate of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty, and advocated learning the prose language of the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, breaking parallel prose and expanding the expressive function of classical Chinese. In Song Dynasty, Su Shi called him "the decline of eight generations of literature", and in Ming Dynasty, together with Liu Wen, he was called the first of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. Known as "great writer of articles" and "literary school of one hundred generations", all his works are included in Mr. Changli's anthology. Han Yu is also a master of languages. He is good at using predecessors' words, paying attention to the refinement of contemporary spoken language, and can create many new sentences, many of which have become idioms that have been passed down to this day, such as "falling when someone is down" (this is another way of writing) and "easy to move". He is a symbolic figure who respects Confucianism and opposes Buddhism. Han Yu was lonely at the age of three and was raised by his brother and sister-in-law. He was displaced in his early years and had the ambition to study the world. Although he is lonely and poor, he studies hard. At the age of 20, he went to Chang 'an to take the Jinshi exam, but he was not the first to take the third place. He failed in three exams, and he went to Jin Dong in Bianzhou and Zhang Jianfeng in Xuzhou as shogunate. Demote Yangshan. Xian zong returned to the north to be a doctor in Guo Zi. He was tired of being an official for the son of the prince, but failed to realize his ambition. He first recruited Wu Yuanji from Pei Du, and then transferred to assistant minister of punishments. Because of remonstrance, he was demoted to Chaozhou secretariat and moved to Yuanzhou. He soon returned to Korea, where he served as a wine sacrifice, an assistant minister of the Ministry of War, an assistant minister of the official department and Beijing. Politics. I went to Beijing to take the Jinshi exam with the ambition of learning, and I failed three times in a row. It was not until the eighth year of Zhenyuan (792) that he was admitted to Jinshi for the fourth time. According to the law of the Tang Dynasty, after entering the Jinshi examination, he had to take the erudition and macro-speech examination of the official department. Han Yu participated in the official election three times and failed. I wrote three letters to the Prime Minister and got no reply. Those who have been in power for three times have been turned away. In July of the 12th year of Zhenyuan (796), Han Yu was 29 years old and was recommended by Dong Jin as an observation and promotion officer of Xuanwu Army. This is the beginning of Han Yu's political career. During his three years as an observation and promotion officer, Han Yu took every opportunity to publicize his innovative ideas in prose. In the second year (80 1), through official election, I wrote Answer to Li Yishu during this period, expounding my thought of closely combining the ancient prose movement with the Confucian retro movement, which is the representative work of Han Yu's ancient prose movement. At the end of autumn this year, Han Yu was thirty-four years old and was appointed as a doctor of imperial academy No.4 School. This is also the beginning of Han Yu's entry into the Beijing * * * organization, and he served as a doctor of No.4 School.