Reflections on Reading China's Classical Poems

Whoa, whoa, whoa! High risk! It's hard to get through the Shu Road, and it's hard to get to the sky. Until the two rulers of this area forced their way through in the foggy age! Forty-eight thousand years have passed. Don't talk to Qin Sai. And Dabaishan, to the west, still has only one bird path, all the way to the peak of Emei. Once it was broken by an earthquake, some brave people lost it, and then the ladder stone pile was hooked. On the high flag, six dragons drive the sun, and far below, the river lashes its twisted channel. Such a height is difficult for a yellow crane, poor monkey, they only have claws to use. Green clay mountain is made up of many circles! Every hundred steps, we have to turn nine times in the middle of its mound. Panting, we passed Orion, passed Jingxing, and then fell to the ground with our arms folded and groaned.

We wonder if this road to the west will never end, and the terrible road ahead is getting darker and darker, even darker. Nothing can be heard except the cries of birds surrounded by ancient forests. The male bird rotates smoothly and follows the female bird. Jathyapple, what comes to us is the melancholy voice of Du Fu, a sad empty mountain. The difficulty of Shu Dao is difficult to go to the sky! Even hearing it makes your cheeks pale. The highest cliff is less than a foot from heaven, and the withered pine trees hang low on the cliff surface. One thousand waterfalls rushed forward one after another, sending out the thunder of rotating stones in ten thousand valleys. Faced with many dangers, why did you come all the way?

Although the pass of the watchtower is strong and steep, one person guards it and ten thousand people can't beat it. What if he is not loyal, but a wolf to his companions? . There are scary hungry tigers during the day and poisonous reptiles at night. With their teeth and fangs, they kill like hemp. Although the Silk City is beautiful, I'd rather go home soon. The difficulty of Shu Dao is difficult to go to the sky, and it is difficult to squint at the west.

Li Bai (70 1-762), whose name is Taibai, is a violet layman. Ji Cheng, a native of Longxi (now Qin Andong, Gansu), is the grandson of the ninth Wu Wang of Liang. Or Shandong people, or Shu people. White is not talented, ambitious and has a detached heart.

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1. The difficulty of Shu Dao: an old topic in Yuefu, which belongs to the tune topic in Harmony and Seraphone. The content is mostly the difficulties and obstacles of Shu Dao. In addition, there are two poems by Liang, two poems by you, one by Yin Keng and one by Zhang Tang. Li Bai wrote this poem about sending friends to Shu in Chang 'an. This poem is based on Yin Keng's Difficult Shu Dao, which means "Difficult Shu Dao, commendable fame".

2. Aye aye: Shu dialect. Song Yao's Note on Song Wengong: "Shu people are amazed at things, so they say' alas, alas'."

3. Can Cong and Yufu: the legendary two kings of ancient Shu. Liu Kui's Selected Works, Volume 4, Notes on the Three Capitals: "Yang Xiong's Biography of the King of Shu says:' The first king of Shu was named Yue, Bai Lian, Yu Fu, Pu Ze and Ming Kai. From enlightenment to Can Cong, I have been 34,000 years old. "Huayang Guozhi Shu": "Can Cong, the duke of Shu, was king at first, and died as a sarcophagus, and the Chinese people followed him. So it is customary to use the sarcophagus as the tomb. The second time Wang Guan, the second time Wang Fu. Wang Tian, a fisherman, was in the mountains, and suddenly he got a fairy road. Did Shu people regard it as a shrine?

4. Second: Since then. Forty-eight thousand years old, exaggerated.

5. Taibai: Taibai Mountain, also known as Taiyi Mountain, is located in the west of Chang 'an (now Meixian County and Taibai County in Shaanxi Province). Bird path: a path that only birds can fly over.

6. The ground collapse sentence: "Huayang Guozhi Shuzhi": "Qin knows that he is lascivious and promises to marry five women in Shu. Shu sent five Ding to meet him. I also went to Zitong and saw a big snake enter the hole. " One man grabbed its tail and pulled it, but he couldn't help it until five people helped him and shouted to pull the snake. During the landslide, five people and five women in Qin were crushed and followed, and the mountain was divided into five mountains.

7. The Six Dragons Return to Japan: The Book of Beginners, Book 1, Part 3: Huainanzi: "Stop the river and rest for six days, is it a suspended car?" Quot Note: "Every day by car, six dragons drive. What is Xi? At this point, the sunset has crossed the Yu Garden, so why go back to the six countries? " A thorn is a dragon. High standard: refers to the highest mountain peak in Shushan, which can be used as a sign of one side. It is said that Gaobiao Mountain, also known as Gaowang Mountain, is the main peak of Jiading House.

8. Reverse folding: water flows around. Huichuan: A river with a whirlpool.

9. Ape: The most crawling monkey in Shushan.

10. Qingni: Qingniling is located in the south of huixian city, Gansu Province, and in the north of Diluye County, Shaanxi Province. "Yuanhe County Records" volume 22 Shannan Road, dignified appearance, the governor cited the county order: "Qingniling is 53 miles northwest of the county seat, connecting Xixi Shandong, which is the current access road." Cliff Wan Ren, the mountains are rainy and rainy, travelers often encounter mud, hence the name Qingniling.

1 1. keeper Li Jing: Shenjing is the name of two stars. The ancients assigned the stars in the sky to the state on the ground, which was called "dividing fields", and predicted the state on the ground by observing the astronomical phenomena. Shen Xing is the dividing line of Shu and Jingxing is the dividing line of Qin. Touch it with your hand. Calendar: After that. Hold your breath: Hold your breath and don't dare to breathe.

12. False: chest.

13. Zigui: That is, cuckoos are the most in the land of Shu, and their songs are sad. Volume 4 of Selected Works leaves some thoughts on Shu Du Fu: "Birds give birth to Du Yu spirit." Liu Yuanlin quoted Ji Shu as saying: "Once upon a time, there was a man named Du Mingyu, whose name was Wang Shu and his nickname was Wang Di. After his death, it is said that it became a second rule. Zigui, the name of the bird. " After listening to Zi Gui's song, Shu people all said that they were looking forward to the emperor. Wang's Note: "According to the sub-rules, cuckoos are also the most abundant in Sichuan and also in the south. It looks like a bird's owl, but it is dark red and has a small crown. It sings at dusk in spring and cries at night, especially in Zhixia. It will sing day and night, it will go north. If the cloud is' not as good as going home', the sound is very sad. "

14. Noisy: the sound of water flowing. Cliff: the sound of water hitting rocks. Turn, turn.

Hu Wei: Why?

16. Jiange: Also known as Jianmenguan, it is located in the north of Jiange County, Sichuan Province. It is a plank road between Dajianshan and Xiaojianshan, about 30 miles long. There are records in Huayang National Records, Volume 20, Zhu and Yuanhe County Records, Volume 33.

17. One sentence per person: "Selected Works" Volume 4 Zuo Si Shu Du Fu: "One person guards the customs, and ten thousand people are at a loss." Fifty-six volumes of Selected Works contain the inscription on the sword pavilion: "One person loses the halberd, and ten thousand people lose their hoofs. In the land of victory, the relatives of robbers should not live. "

18. Jincheng: Records of Yuanhe Counties (Volume 31) Jiannan Road Chengdu County: "Jincheng is ten miles south of the county, so Jinguan City is also." Chengdu, Sichuan today.

19. Consultation: sigh.

Tang Mengbang's "Poetry of Technology, Gao Yi" is the third: "Li Taibai entered Beijing from Xishu, but turned away. He Jian knew Zhang's name. When he visited him for the first time, he was surprised at his appearance and invited him to write again. The publication of "Difficult Road" is to show it. " Haven't finished reading, there are four people sigh, the number is fairy fairy, dung beetles replaced by wine, drunk. According to this, we can see that the poem "Difficult Road to Shu" was written before the early years of Tianbao. Only "from West Shu to Beijing" is wrong. Li Bai Tianbao entered Beijing from Nanling in his early days. There have been different opinions about the meaning of this poem (refer to the notes of the Complete Works of Li Bai and the commentary part). One of the more credible ones is that because my friend is in Sichuan, I hope my friend will return as soon as possible. The poet did not experience Jiange Shudao personally, but with rich imagination and exaggerated methods, quoted historical stories, myths and legends, described the steep mountains and rivers of Shudao and lamented the difficulties of Shudao. The poetic style is magnificent, the syntax is vivid and changeable, and the rhyme and prose are used together. This is one of the representative works of Li Bai's romanticism. ★

Translation of Shu Dao Nan

Lipper

Alas, how dangerous and noble! The Shu Road is so difficult to climb that it is almost impossible to go to heaven. Legend has it that Can Cong and Yufu established Shu, and the founding date is too long to discuss in detail. After that, about 48,000 years, Qin and Shu were separated by the Qinling Mountains and did not communicate with each other. There are paths that birds can cross in Taibai Mountain in the west. You can cross the top of Mount Emei from that path. The five strong men of Shu were crushed to death by the landslide, and the ladder and plank roads between the two places began to connect. There is a mountain top that blocks the six dragon cars of the sun god, and a steep wave drains back to the tortuous Dachuan. The oriole, who is good at flying high, still can't fly. Even if the lynx wants to climb over, she is worried that she can't climb over. How does the winding Qingniling hover around the mountain, and the surrounding rocks turn nine times within a hundred steps. You can touch the stars of Shen and Jing and hold your breath. You can put your hand on your chest and sit down and sigh in horror.

Good friend, when will you return your westward journey? The terrible rocky mountain road is really difficult to climb! I saw the sad bird whining on the old tree; Male and female birds fly each other in the virgin forest. What I heard on the moonlit night was the sad cry of the cuckoo, which made me sad. What a desolate empty mountain! It's hard to get through the Shu Road, and it's hard to get into the sky. Why don't people suddenly change their faces when they hear this? The peaks are connected together, less than a foot from the sky; The withered old branches hung upside down and got stuck between the cliffs. Swirls and waterfalls scramble to make noise; Water and stones collide and rotate, just like a thousand valleys are thundering. This place is so bad and dangerous that it has come to this; Alas, how did you come all the way to make a guest appearance in this place?

The land of Jiange is towering into the sky. As long as one person is guarding it, it is difficult to capture a thousand troops. If the accredited official is not a close relative of the royal family; Being a jackal is inevitable, and this is not rebellion. In the morning, you should avoid the tiger in fear; Be alert to the disaster of the long snake at night. Jackals, tigers and leopards have prepared their teeth and fangs, which is really disturbing; Poisonous snakes and beasts kill people like hemp, which makes people tremble with fear. Although Jinguancheng is a happy place; So sinister, it is better to return to China early. Shu Dao is too difficult to walk, and it is almost impossible to go to heaven; Looking sideways to the west makes people feel sorry and sigh!

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This poem was written by Li Baichu when he came to Chang 'an in the early years of Tianbao, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. "Difficulties in Shu Road" is an ancient theme of Yuefu. He developed a rich imagination about it, focused on describing the wonderful and breathtaking mountains and rivers on Qin Shu Road, and revealed some worries and worries about society.

Poets generally follow the clues from ancient times to the present, from Qin to Shu, and describe them by grasping the landscape characteristics of various places to show the difficulty of Shu Dao.

It is a passage from "Ehu" to "then the ladder is connected with the stone pile" At the beginning, he spoke highly of the difficulty of Shu Dao and pointed out the theme with strong emotion, which laid the tone for the whole poem. With the ups and downs of feelings and the changes of natural scenery, the chanting of "it is difficult to get through the Shu Road and get to the sky" appears repeatedly, like the main theme of a piece of music, which touches the readers' heartstrings.

Why is Shu Dao more difficult than Tian Dao? This is because since ancient times, Qin and Shu have been separated by mountains. From Qin to Shu, Taibai Peak bears the brunt, and only birds flying high can fly low. Taibai Peak, located in the southwest of Xianyang, Qin Dou, is the highest peak in Guanzhong area. There is a saying among the people that "martial arts are too white, and three hundred miles reach the sky." The poet wrote an insurmountable obstacle in history with exaggerated pen and ink, which blended into the myth of Wuding Mountain and touched the magical color, just like the overture of a movement, which was fascinating and magical. The following is a description of the high danger of Shu Dao.

From a height, such as on a high flag, six dragons drove the sun to the point where even hearing its pale cheeks was another passage. This paragraph describes the high risk of this mountain. The more complete the mountain is, the harder the road is. Look at that abrupt mountain, towering high in the sky, blocking the operation of the sun god; At the foot of the mountain is a choppy and winding river. Poets not only combine exaggeration with myth, but also describe mountains and heights, and are lined with the risk of "returning to Sichuan" Only its water risk, but also its mountain high risk. The poet's meaning is not enough, and he compares it with that of an ape. The mountain is so high that even the yellow crane flying thousands of miles away can't fly, and the agile ape is worried that he can't climb it. It goes without saying that it is even more difficult for people to walk. The above is the foil of layers of imaginary writing, and the following is a detailed description of the difficulty of clearing the spirit.

Qingniling, "Wan Ren on the Cliff, Cloudy and Rainy" (Yuanhe County Records), is the main road for people in Shu in the Tang Dynasty. The poet focuses on the entanglement of the peak road and the steepness of the mountain, showing the hardships and fears of pedestrians, and capturing detailed actions such as wandering on the ridge, touching the stars, breathing nervously, touching the chest and sighing. In a few words, he vividly described the difficult steps and expressions of fear of pedestrians, and the situation of being trapped and dangerous was like this.

At this point, the difficulty of Shu Dao seems to have been written to the extreme. However, when the poet turned his pen, he used "ask the gentleman" to draw out his travel worries, and with a low melody, he brought the reader into a realm of desolate ancient trees and sad birds. The cuckoo is ringing in the empty valley, full of sadness, which makes people feel pale and more difficult to escape from the road. Poets express their feelings with scenery, and use natural landscapes with strong feelings such as "sad birds, ancient trees" and "Zigui Strip" to render the lonely and desolate environment and atmosphere on Shu Road, which effectively sets off the difficulties of Shu Road.

However, the winding Shu Road has a more magical scenery. From "barely one foot below the highest cliff in the sky" to the end of the whole article, it mainly reveals the difficulty of Shu Dao from the danger of mountains and rivers, and tries to render a thrilling atmosphere. If "the sky is high and the cliff is low" is a boast of the height of the mountain peak, then "the withered pine hanging from the cliff surface" is a danger of precipice.

The poet first showed the high risk of the mountain, then turned from static to static, and wrote the thrilling scene of water and stone stirring and valley roaring. Like a series of focal planes: at first, it is a distant view of rolling mountains and continuous peaks; Then gently push it into a close-up of dead pine hanging upside down; Then, followed by a group of fast shots, speeding rapids, waterfalls, cliffs and rocks. With the sound of thousands of valleys and thunder, it flashed quickly from the eyes, which was amazing and dizzying, thus causing overwhelming artistic effects and making the description of Shu Road difficult to reach its peak. If the high risk of the mountains above is daunting, then the mountains and rivers here are even more thrilling.

The scenery is changing and there are many dangers. In a very thrilling atmosphere, I finally wrote the Jiange fortress in the middle of Shu. There is a 30-mile plank road between Dajianshan and Xiaojian Mountain. The peaks are like swords, standing tall, cutting walls like doors, forming a natural fortress. Because of its dangerous terrain, it is easy to defend but difficult to attack. Historically, there were many people who claimed to be kings here. The poet described a political situation from the danger of Jiange. He used the phrase "If you win, it's not suitable for bandits' relatives to live in" in Zhang Zai's Ming of Jiange in the Western Jin Dynasty to advise people to take warning and be alert to the occurrence of war. In connection with the social background at that time, he revealed that "he bared his teeth and claws, and Sichuan jackal killed people like hemp", thus expressing his anxiety and concern about state affairs. In the early years of Tianbao in the Tang Dynasty, there was a crisis lurking behind the peaceful and prosperous times, and the Anshi Rebellion that happened later proved that the poet's worries were of practical significance.

Li Bai vividly described the dangers of Shu Dao with unpredictable brushwork, artistically expressed the winding, majestic, lofty and rough face of ancient Shu Dao, and described a colorful landscape painting. The touching scene in this poem seems very vivid.

Li Bai's description is so touching because of his romantic passion. The poet sends his feelings to the mountains and rivers. He is not indifferent to the natural scenery, but enthusiastically praises it to express his ideal feelings. Surging water and dangerous peaks and valleys endow the poet with emotional temperament, thus showing a flying soul and a magnificent posture. Poets are good at combining imagination, exaggeration and myths and legends to write scenery and express feelings. The mountain height is called "high, such as on the Gao Qi, where six dragons drive the sun"; Obstacles in the shape of roads are called "once broken by earthquakes, lost by brave people, and then connected by ladders and stone piles" ... The poet "galloped away from the wind and clouds and lashed Haiyue" (Lu Shiyong's evaluation of the seven sentences of Li Bai's ancient saying in "A General Theory of Poetry and Mirrors"), from the creation of silkworm clusters to the creation of mountains in Wuding, from the return of six dragons to the night cry of Zigui, and it was unconstrained and unconstrained. Through the spectacular scenery of mountains and rivers, I seem to see the tall image of the poet "shaking the five mountains with pen and laughing proudly at Cangzhou".

Before the Tang Dynasty, Shu Daonan's works were short and pithy. Li Bai innovated and developed the ancient poems of Dongfu, and used a large number of prose poems, ranging in length from three words, four words, five words, seven words to eleven words, forming a very unrestrained language style. The rhyme of poetry also broke through the old rhyme procedure in Liang and Chen Dynasties. Later, I described the sinister environment in Sichuan and changed the rhyme three times in a row, trying my best to change things. Therefore, Yin Kun's "He Yue Ling Photo Collection" called this poem "strange and strange, and it is rare for the poet to return."

There are various moral theories about this article, and it is concluded that it was written specifically for someone or something. According to Hu Zhenheng and Gu in Ming Dynasty, Li Bai "sang for himself" and "had no other intention". Nowadays, some people say that this poem is difficult to write on the surface of Shu Dao, but in fact it is a bumpy career, reflecting the resentment that the poet's life experience and talents are not satisfied during his long-term roaming. So far, there is no conclusion.