Jia yi's bird fu.

Han Dynasty: Jia Yi

Wang Fu and I have been friends for three years, and some birds have flown into the friendship home. Owls are like owls, but they are ominous birds. Friendship means exile in Changsha, which is humble and humid. Friendship mourns itself, thinking that life cannot last long, but it gives it the ability to extend itself. Its words say:

The age of wasabi is Xi. In April in Xia Meng, Gengzi's days are oblique, and he gathers in the house. Don't sit in the corner, it looks leisurely. Foreign bodies to extract, all blame themselves. A book was sent to seize it, predicting its degree, saying, "The wild bird has entered the room, and the Lord will go." I want to ask Yu Xixi: "Where to go? Sue me, but it's not good to say it. The speed of flooding is embarrassing, and the language has been given to it. " The owl sighed and raised its wings; Mouth can't talk, please guess:

"Everything is changing and there is no rest. Swim and move, or push back Form and harmony are continuous and constantly changing. Mu Mu is infinite, Hook wins! Misfortune depends on happiness, and happiness lies in misfortune; Sorrow and joy meet, and good and bad luck share the same domain. Peter Wu Qiang, Fuxi defeated; The longer you live, the more you learn, and Gou Jian dominates the world. When he became a monk, he was sentenced to five sentences; Fu Shuo is vain, but he looks like Wu Ding. What's the difference between a husband's misfortune and his blessing? Life is unspeakable, who knows its extreme! Drought caused by water, drought caused by media; Everything has become thinner and the oscillation has changed. The cloud is steaming and the rain is falling, and the error correction is controversial; The great king spreads things, and it is boundless. Heaven is unpredictable, and Tao is unforeseeable; If you are late, you will die. You never know when.

The world is a melting pot, and nature is a work; Yin and Yang are charcoal, and everything is copper. What are the rules if you spread the news? Ever-changing, there is a pole before the beginning, which suddenly makes people embarrassed. How to control it? If it becomes a foreign body, why bother! Xiao Zhi is selfish, cheap and expensive; Look at things, anything is possible. A greedy husband is a martyr of wealth, and a martyr is a martyr of honor. The boaster dies, but the boaster lives. Afraid of being forced, or inclined to the west and the east; Adults don't bend, but the meaning becomes the same. Fools are vulgar, and if they are embarrassed, they will be arrested; It is a relic to man and unique to Tao. Everyone is confused, and likes and dislikes accumulate hundreds of millions; Real people are indifferent, alone with the Tao. Interpretation of wisdom and form, detachment and self-pity; Vast and desolate, soaring with the Tao. If you take the flow, you will die, and if you get it, you will stop; I don't care about myself. If his life is floating, his death is static; If the abyss stands still, it will be a ship that is not tied. Do not cherish life, raise the air to float; Germans are not tired, but they know how to live without worrying. The details are hard to doubt! "

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Jia Yi worked as a teacher in Changsha for three years, and an ostrich flew into his residence. Ostrich looks like an owl. It is an ominous bird. Jia Yi was exiled to Changsha, where the climate was very humid. Seeing the owl at this time, she thought that her days were numbered, so she wrote an essay to comfort herself. Wen Fu said:

In the sixth year of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty, in April of Ding Chou's year, Xia Meng. One day in April, when the sun was setting, an ostrich stopped at my house. It stops in the corner of the seat, and its shape is very calm. There is a monster parked here, and I secretly wonder why it flies. Open the book to predict its fate: "A wild bird has entered my house, and its owner will leave." I asked the ostrich, "Where am I going? If there is good news, please tell me, even if there is bad news, please explain what disaster it is. Is it good or bad fate, please tell me its term. " The ostrich sighed, raised its head and spread its wings, but its mouth could not speak. Please use the contents of its box to answer:

"The change of everything in time has never stopped. Operation and migration, or going back and forth, everything is changing and moving, uncertain again and again. The mutual transmission between form and qi is continuous, subtle and far-reaching, with no end. Happiness is the cause of misfortune, and misfortune is the root of happiness. Sorrow and joy gather in one door, and good and bad luck are in the same area. Wu was strong, but Fu Cha failed. Yue lives in Huiji Mountain, and Gou Jian dominates the world. Li Si was adept in the State of Qin and achieved success, but eventually he died of five punishments. Fu Shuo worked hard in Yanfu, and Emperor Gaozong of the Yin Dynasty decided that he was a saint and regarded him as a relative. Happiness and misfortune are intertwined, twisted together like a rope, and fate cannot be explained. Who knows what it is? When the current flies, it is excited by foreign objects, either fierce or far, and it varies. Everything is exciting back and forth, and personnel are sometimes interdependent, interactive and capricious. Clouds rain because of the situation, and rain falls because of the cold, and the changes of things are complicated and changeable. The nature of nature pushes everything to move and change endlessly. Heaven is so profound that we can't predict its duration.

Heaven and earth are like the furnace of a metallurgical craftsman, and nature is like a metallurgical craftsman. Yin and Yang cast things, so it is called charcoal, and things are cast by Yin and Yang, so it is called copper. How can there be certain rules for the gathering, dispersion and destruction of life? The ever-changing may not be the ultimate. Being an accidental person, where is it worth cherishing and worrying about? People with shallow wisdom only care about themselves, regard other things as cheap and value themselves. In the eyes of a master, he and everything can adapt to each other, so nothing is inappropriate. Greedy people die for money, but strong people die for fame. People who long for fame die of power, while ordinary people long for life. People who are tempted by power and forced by poverty and lowliness run around, seeking advantages and avoiding disadvantages; A great man who is in harmony with heaven and earth is not materialistic and treats everything that has changed for hundreds of millions of years equally. Stupid people are implicated in the world and embarrassed like sinners; People with the highest moral standards abandon their possessions and walk with the avenue. People are confused, love and hate, and have accumulated a lot; Those who know the way of heaven and earth are peaceful and quiet, and live alone with the avenue. Give up rational consideration, abandon the body, transcend everything, forget the body, be far-reaching and open, and drift with the Tao. Life is like running water, go with the flow; Entrust your body to fate completely, ignore nature, regard it as your private property, unselfish love, live like drift, die like sleep. Deep as an abyss, comfortable as a boat, floating in the air. Germans are not bound by everything. They know their own destiny and have no sadness. Therefore, there is nothing to doubt about such a trivial matter as an ostrich flying into the house! "

To annotate ...

(1) single (chán) terbium (è): another name for the year. This is an ancient traditional chronological method.

⑵ chèn: a word indicating good or bad luck.

⑶ dive speed: refers to the length of life.

(4) Flow: operation.

5] Mu: Implicative and profound.

[6] Correction (mò): Two or three twisted ropes. The metaphor here is that fate is intertwined.

(7) respectively: refers to life and death.

(8) Foreign body: refers to death.

(9) boaster: refers to a person who covets a false reputation.

⑽ Persecution: Persecution refers to being tempted by interests, and persecution refers to being persecuted by poverty.

⑾ Zhiren: refers to the most virtuous person.

⑿ Real people: people who know the truth.

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The first paragraph is a simple narrative. When a person has a problem that he can't let go, he always wants someone to listen, even if he can't get the answer, it is also a comfort. Jia Yi lives alone and can't find other listeners. He can only tell the bird that brings death omen, and this bird is doomed to be unable to give an answer. It can't even show a little sympathy, which shows that a person is so lonely and helpless in the face of death. Although the ostrich can't speak, Jia Yi endowed it with wonderful wisdom, which enabled him to understand the bird's thoughts. This is the beginning of the dialogue in Han Fu. The ostrich's idea is just Jia Yi's own idea. The reason why Jia Yi wants to express his thoughts in such a tortuous way is because he has the dual identity of narrator and comforter, which is what this preface says. The question raised by the narrator is: where is he going, fierce or lucky? On the other hand, the comforter avoids answering this question. Its answer is: death is only the change of everything, and it is not worth living in nostalgia and mourning for death. In this irrelevant answer, Jia Yi is actually emphasizing his premonition of death. This may be the last time to tell myself and comfort myself: maybe death is not so terrible.

The second paragraph is the answer of the virtual ostrich. In fact, Jia Yi is expounding his own thoughts. Many Taoist ideas are cited, such as phase transformation, impermanence of fortunes and so on. The contingency of life and the detachment of death; Adults have different views on the pursuit of life between people and secular people. Everyone seems to be rendering a feeling of short life, small life and uncertainty; A long and quiet attitude towards life; Show an optimistic and open-minded spirit.

The comforter mentioned the views of several Taoist works on good and bad luck. Everything in the world is always changing and moving, and good and bad are always transforming each other. It cited three examples: Fu Cha was strong and defeated, Gou Jian was weak and hegemonic, Reese lobbied successfully and was sentenced to five sentences, Fu Shuo was overbearing and so was Wu Ding. As a politician, these are exactly what Jia Yi cares about. The first example is the history of the rise and fall of emperors, and the last two are the tragicomedy of literati equivalent to Jia Yi. Jia Yi, who is not yet in her prime, has tasted this kind of joy and sadness in the rapid rise and fall of her career. At this time, he has a sense of powerlessness in the predicament, such as "I can't tell you my fate, but who knows its extreme" and "Heaven can't worry about it, and Tao can't help it". People can't grasp the world. Since heaven is profound and subtle, it is better to conform to the changes of all things, or to go beyond it-believing that people are in an omnipresent relative transformation, harmonious with all things, and disappear from life and death. Then Jia Yi's comparison of life pursuit among adults, adults, real people and ordinary people can be regarded as a sigh of seeing through life, indicating that he wants to be independent and conform to nature. "Suddenly a person, what foot control all haveno.. What's the problem if it becomes a foreign body? "In the Taoist classics, these truths have been made very clear. People's attitude towards death is "entrust life, not selfishness." When you are alive, if you get rid of your likes and dislikes, then the moment of death will be as common as other moments in your life. There is no difference between good omen and bad omen. This seems to be what the angel of death said. This ominous bird is neither fierce nor cruel. Maybe death is so peaceful. The view of China ancients on death is not to find a home in faith, but to find a home in wisdom.

This poem quotes a lot of Taoist thoughts, such as the transformation in the second paragraph, the impermanence of fortunes and so on. And the metaphor of the melting pot in the third paragraph comes from Zhuangzi. Zhuangzi quoted a fable in The Great Sage: "A coppersmith was smelting copper juice, and the copper juice suddenly jumped up and said,' I want to make a sword like the second lieutenant and Mo Xie!'" "The coppersmith must think this is an ominous metal and will discard it. Now heaven and earth are like a melting pot, where everything is melted and occasionally transformed into human form, so they jump up and shout,' I am a man! I am human! Heaven and earth will also be regarded as ominous people and will be abandoned. This idea can be summed up in a well-known sentence: "don't be happy for things, don't be sad for yourself." "In fact, the whole third paragraph is a carefree and quiet attitude towards life, showing an optimistic and open-minded spiritual world.

Although Jia Yi's bird-catching Fu contains the Taoist view of life and death, they are different. Although the article is rambling and broad-minded, Jia Yi's real state is not like this at all: sad and angry for his lack of talent, sad for his physical and mental exhaustion, and disappointed for his uncertain future. We can feel that the author's mood at that time was a kind of grief and indignation, which prompted him to do the opposite everywhere in his article, so the more enjoyable he wrote, the more desolate he was in reality. The more free and easy you write, the more confused you are. The more perfect the writing style, the more it shows the falling and already fragmented heart.

From the artistic point of view, the form of ode on owl is very strange, which is based on the dialogue between man and bird. This form was influenced by Zhuangzi's fables, and also created the question-and-answer style of Han Fu. The most prominent feature of this fu is that it focuses on discussion, expresses thoughts on life worries and expounds life philosophy. In the discussion, some appropriate metaphors are often used to enhance the image of the discussion, and exclamation tone is often used to strengthen the emotion of the discussion. The language of this fu is refined and refined, with neat four-character poems as the main form, and there is a tendency of prose, which reflects the transition to Han Da Fu.