Please help me learn about China's traditional drama!

1. The origin and formation of China traditional opera

The origin of China opera is very early, and it has sprouted in the song and dance of ancient primitive society. However, the process of its development and growth is very long. After the Han and Tang Dynasties, it was not until the Song and Jin Dynasties that a relatively complete art form of traditional Chinese opera was formed. Traditional operas in China are mainly composed of three different artistic forms: folk songs and dances, rap and burlesque. Temple Fair and Washe Goulan promoted the formation of traditional operas in China.

In primitive society, when people celebrate festivals, they often worship the gods with songs and dances, and at the same time entertain themselves. At that time, there were festivals to commemorate the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, celebrate the harvest, drive away ghosts and diseases, worship ancestors, and courtship between men and women.

From primitive society to the Northern Song Dynasty12nd century, rural song and dance has made great progress in art, but it has never formed a more complete drama form. The Song Dynasty moved south, the commodity economy in the south developed rapidly, commercial cities and ports appeared in the southeast coastal areas, and the life in the nearby countryside changed greatly, and professional art groups appeared. As a result, the early form of China traditional opera-Southern Opera came into being.

The influence of rap on traditional Chinese opera has two aspects: one is the influence of rap literature on script creation; The first is the influence of rap music on the singing of traditional Chinese opera.

There is no epic of Han nationality in China, and the earliest poem about tribal history can be found in The Book of Songs, which is Ode to Ancestors. As literary works, the only long narrative poems are Mulan Poetry in the North and Peacock Flying Southeast in the South during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, but there is no evidence that they are sung with orchestral strings. Only some "harmony songs" in Yuefu poems of the Han Dynasty, such as "White-headed Song" (like a story with Wen Jun) and "Mulberry on the Stranger" (a story of a woman in Luo Fu), use orchestral strings to sing stories. This part of Yuefu poetry was called Daqu in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Because these lyrics are sung with Daqu music. Daqu is a form of music, which tells a complete story by singing a tune many times. In the Tang Dynasty, monasteries told Buddhist stories and secular stories while singing, which was called "popular speaking" or "change", and this kind of libretto was called "change". The style of bianwen is prose, with seven or five words and poems. This style was later inherited by the drum lyrics in the Song Dynasty and used to sing stories.

China's rap art reached the Jin Dynasty in the13rd century, and Dong Jieyuan's "The West Chamber" rap appeared. The appearance of "Dong Xixiang" indicates that the art of rap is fully mature both in literature and music. The maturity of rap art paved the way for the appearance of China traditional opera in literature and music.

Burlesque developed from "excellence". You showed up early. According to historical records, it first appeared in the court of West Zhou Youwang in 774 BC. Especially the jester of kings and nobles, he is good at irony and teasing. The king acted improperly and could not criticize directly, so he teased him with actors to achieve the purpose of irony. In feudal times, you changed from satirizing the emperor to satirizing his officials. From then on, the excellent performance was called joining the army, which developed from one role to two roles. Those who are teased are called "joining the army" and those who are teased are called "Canggu". In the late Tang dynasty, the drama of joining the army had developed into a multi-person performance, and the plot of the drama was more complicated. In addition to male roles, there are also female roles. In the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, it was renamed "Zaju", and in the Song Dynasty, there appeared five roles, each with its own division of labor. Despite the above changes, its content is still funny and ridiculous; However, at this time, people in the street are often the object of ridicule.

The above three kinds of arts, subdivided, have many varieties, collectively known as "hundred plays", also known as "three music". Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, there has been a tradition of concentrated performance in Bai Opera. In the Tang Dynasty, besides court performances, there were several large temples in Chang 'an. The commodity economy developed in the Northern Song Dynasty, and Tokyo (now Kaifeng), the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, became a prosperous big commercial city. In addition to Suoguo Temple, there are washes specially designed for various artistic performances in Tokyo. The Washe Goulan in Lin 'an (now Hangzhou), the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, inherited the system of the Northern Song Dynasty, but zaju developed and improved in quantity and quality. All kinds of geisha in Washe Goulan concentrated their performances to attract the audience. They observed each other, competed with each other, absorbed each other and gradually merged, which promoted the formation of China traditional operas. Song Zaju originated from burlesque, which is a comprehensive opera art formed by absorbing various geisha in Washe Goulan.

Song Zaju is the earliest form of drama in China. Jin has the same name as Song Zaju, but it has developed in art, which is an important form of transition from Song Zaju to Yuan Zaju. Jin and Yuan Dynasties were originally the development of Song Zaju and the incubator of Yuan Zaju. With the appearance of Jin, the conditions for the birth of Yuan Zaju are completely mature.

2. Business (Beijing Opera)

Industry division of labor has a long history. About seven or eight hundred years ago, in the era of Yuan Zaju, many trades were divided. At that time, the nouns of these trades were called roles, which were roughly divided into three categories: end, Dan and net. The end is divided into positive end, outer end and blunt end, denier is divided into positive denier, outer denier and coated denier, and the mesh is divided into mesh and subgrid. Among them, Zheng Mo and Zheng Dan play the main roles. At that time, the division of these trades (roles) was not as scientific and meticulous as it is now, and the meanings and manifestations of various trades were quite different from those on the stage now. By the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, when Kunqu Opera was popular, it was more and more accurately divided into 12 roles, which were called twelve roles in Jianghu: old students, regular students (equivalent to primary school students), foreigners, late students, regular students, primary school students (equivalent to boudoir students), near students, old students and big faces (equivalent to net). These characters have unique creations in art, but it should be said that Han opera has the greatest influence on the division of Beijing opera. Han opera * * * is divided into 10 types: one end, two clean, three lives, four Dan, five ugly, six crooked, seven small, eight sticks, nine husbands and ten miscellaneous. The content of the roles played by these ten trades is probably like this: finally, the main male role, that is, the lifeline in Beijing opera; The net, like the net in Beijing opera, refers to the painted face; Dan is the Dan in Peking Opera, which refers to the female role; Iron egg is the abbreviation of iron egg. Iron eggs in the early Peking Opera were divided into different trades, among which iron eggs were relatively minor roles, commonly known as two eggs. For example, Tie Dan now plays Miss Yingying in the Beijing Opera "Matchmaker". Husband, play the role of coachman, sedan chair, stable boy and chief. Generally speaking, these ten types of Han opera are divided in detail, which lays the foundation for the division of Beijing opera. Beijing opera was later divided into four categories: raw, Dan, clean and ugly, which seemed simpler and more concise. However, each category includes several subcategories, so in fact, these ten kinds of transactions are included. Not only included, but also more detailed and rigorous. The only difference is that although Han opera has a lifeline, its main business is the same as Yuan Zaju, but it is still the end, not life. When it developed into Peking Opera, life and tourism became the main business.

3. Singing (Beijing Opera)

Beijing opera music belongs to the Pihuang system, which absorbs and integrates the musical factors of Kunqu opera, Bangzi and other vocal cavities. It consists of singing, percussion and Qupai.

The aria is mainly composed of Xipi and Huanger. Xipi is a lively tune, which is good at lyric, narrative, reasoning and figuration. There are original board, adagio, fast third eye, guide board, Huilong, scattered board, rocking board, Erliu, running water and Allegro. There is also the anti-Xipi, which appeared late in the traditional singing method of Peking Opera (it is said that it was created by Tan Xinpei). There are only 26 kinds of forms, which are scattered and shaky.

Huang Er is a soothing and deep tune, which is suitable for expressing melancholy and sadness. Mostly used in tragic plots. There are original board, adagio, guide board, Huilong, scattered board, rocking board, and allegro added since the 1970s. Huang Er dropped by four degrees (that is, Jinghu Lake was changed from "5? 2 "Tune to" 1? 5 "Tuning" is anti-Huang Er. Compared with Huang Er, it lowers the tone, broadens the range and makes the melody more ups and downs, which is more suitable for expressing tragic and sad feelings. The type of anti-yellow plate is the same as that of yellow plate. Another kind of four tones, also called "Huang Er Flat", evolved from blowing cavity. There are only two kinds of boards, the original board and the adagio, but the tunes are flexible, which can adapt to different sentence patterns and express various feelings. Whether euphemistic and lingering, relaxed and lively, or gloomy and desolate, you can use a blowpipe, with a melody similar to four tones and a flute. At first, it was a Qupai style, and later it gradually evolved into a board cavity. There is a door singing. There are not many plates that blow the cavity, which are basically one plate at a time, and there are also a few three-eye plates and running water plates. High beat, also known as "beat", is one of the main accents of Huiban. Originally accompanied by plucked instruments, it was later changed to Hu Qin. Plate types include guide plate, Huilong, original plate, scattered plate and rocking plate. The tune is high-spirited and exciting, which is suitable for expressing grief and indignation. The above-mentioned cavity is common to all kinds of roles, but the pronunciation, range and singing method are different. Other vocals belong to specific roles and occupations. For example, Nanbangzi evolved from Bangzi, and only Shoujiao and Xiao Sheng sang it, with euphemistic melody, which is suitable for expressing delicate and feminine feelings. The printing plate type has only one guide plate and one original plate. Doll tunes (both Xipi and Huanger) are mainly used by young students, and occasionally by Dan Jiao, Lao Sheng and Lao Dan. Nangong and other zaqu, in minor, for Clown and Hua Dan.