How to say the explanation in classical Chinese

1. How to say supplementary explanation in classical Chinese

A phrase composed of a verb and a word that serves as a supplementary explanation after it is called a verb-complement phrase.

1. Complements supplement the spatial location (place, environment) where the action occurs. The preposition "yu" is often omitted after the verb, or the word "yu" can be added, such as: strategize, become famous all over the world, become famous all over the world, etc.

2. Complements supplement the time or number of times the action occurs. Note that some can add "yu" or "在" after the verb, while others cannot add "yu" or "在" after the verb, such as: ran nine laps, lost three times, etc.

Note: 1. The structure of verb complement phrase: verb complement. Note: The words that serve as supplementary explanations are complements, indicating actions, results of actions, places, etc.

Some complements need to be preceded by the structural particle "De", while some complements cannot be preceded by "De". 2. The complement in the verb complement phrase cannot answer the verbs "who", "what" and "where".

For example: see clearly, go for a trip, pick it up, bring it to mind. Form complement phrases: Form complement, when it is centered on an adjective, it is only followed by a complement, because the adjective Cannot take an object. The structural particle "De" is a symbol of complements, such as: run fast, walk fast, be very clever, be airtight, have fun, be so hot that you sweat, and be in pain that are so painful that they are generally referred to as post-complementary phrases. 2. How to say supplementary explanation in classical Chinese

A phrase composed of a verb and a word that serves as a supplementary explanation after it is called a verb complement phrase.

1. Complements supplement the spatial location (place, environment) where the action occurs. The preposition "yu" is often omitted after the verb, or the word "yu" can be added, such as: strategize, become famous all over the world, become famous all over the world, etc.

2. Complements supplement the time or number of times the action occurs. Note that some can add "yu" or "在" after the verb, while others cannot add "yu" or "在" after the verb, such as: ran nine laps, lost three times, etc.

Note: 1. The structure of verb complement phrase: verb complement. Note: The words that serve as supplementary explanations are complements, indicating actions, results of actions, places, etc.

Some complements need to be preceded by the structural particle "De", while some complements cannot be preceded by "De". 2. The complement in the verb complement phrase cannot answer the verbs "who", "what" and "where".

For example: see clearly, go for a trip, pick it up, bring it to mind. Form complement phrases: Form complement, when the adjective is the center, there is only a complement behind it, because the adjective cannot take an object. The structural particle "de" is a symbol of complements, such as: run fast, walk fast, be very clever, be airtight, have fun, be so hot that you sweat, and be in pain so that you cry. These are generally referred to as post-complementary phrases. 3. What are the explanatory methods in classical Chinese?

There are many ways to explain things and events. The commonly used explanatory methods in expository essays include the following.

Definition method: also called definition. Sometimes in order to highlight the main content and main issues of things, things are often defined in concise words so that readers can have a clear concept of the object being explained. For example, in the article "Co-ordination Method", the author uses the explanation method of definition to define the co-ordination method: "Co-ordination method is a mathematical method for arranging work processes." The language is concise, concise and accurate.

Number explanation method: also called column number. Sometimes in order to explain the characteristics of things quantitatively, some numbers are often used to explain them accurately and scientifically. For example, the text in the article "The Dead Sea Never Dies" explains the length, width, and depth of the Dead Sea. In the article "The Majestic Great Hall of the People", a series of figures are also used to illustrate that the majestic Great Hall of the People is one of the most magnificent buildings in the capital.

Comparative explanation method: also called comparison. In order to explain some abstract or unfamiliar things, comparison with concrete or familiar things can often enhance the effect of explaining things.

For example, in the article "The Majestic Great Hall of the People", in order to illustrate the building area of ??the banquet hall, the author used a comparison method: "The banquet hall with 5,000 seats is another story. Its area is 7,000 square meters. meters, larger than a football field, and its exquisite design is rare."

Metaphorical explanation: also called metaphor. Using familiar things as metaphors can make the things to be explained concrete and vivid, and help people understand the characteristics of the things being explained. For example, the article "Chinese Stone Arch Bridge" begins with: "The piers of the stone arch bridge are arc-shaped, like a rainbow." This metaphor immediately captures the characteristics of the stone arch bridge.

Example method: also called giving examples. It is to use the method of enumerating facts to explain more complex things or abstract matters in a concrete, clear and easy-to-understand way. For example, the article "March to the Desert" cited examples of successful desert control in desert areas in Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia, demonstrating that "deserts can be conquered."

Classification description method: also called classification. To explain the characteristics of things, it is often difficult to explain clearly from one aspect. Things can be divided into several categories based on similarities and differences in attributes such as shape, nature, cause, function, etc., and then explained one by one according to the categories. Using the classification method, different aspects of things and events must be explained separately according to certain standards.

Quotation method: also called citing information. Quoting some literature, poetry, proverbs, and famous quotes can make the explanation more convincing. For example, the article "Chinese Stone Arch Bridge" quoted Zhang Jiazhen from the Tang Dynasty, explaining that the design and construction of Zhaozhou Bridge were ingenious. 4. How are classical Chinese texts interpreted?

Six methods of classical Chinese translation. Classical Chinese translation should strive to be accurate and fluent. Therefore, classical Chinese translation must pay attention to certain methods.

To sum up, there are roughly the following types. One is literal translation.

Literal translation is a direct translation based on the word meaning and word order of the original text. Such as: completely (completely) silent.

The second is free translation. Free translation means translating according to the meaning of the original words and sentences, rather than translating word for word.

For example: A general will die in a hundred battles, and a strong man will return in ten years. This sentence uses the rhetoric of "intertextuality". When translating, the words in the context must penetrate each other, explain each other, and combine to express a complete meaning.

The third is the supplementary method. This method is suitable for omitted sentence patterns in the text. When translating this sentence pattern, only by filling in the omitted components can the sentence be smooth and the meaning clear.

For example: People don’t know (me) but (I) am not stunned (people). With this addition, the semantics becomes smoother.

The fourth is the word order shifting method. Since the token sequence of classical Chinese inverted sentences does not conform to the grammatical habits of modern Chinese, the positions of the inverted words must be reversed during translation to make them conform to the grammatical habits of modern Chinese.

For example: Why do you rely on it? When translating, the verb "depend" should be moved in front of the object "he". The fifth is the method of retaining the original word.

Words such as personal names, place names, official names, units of weights and measures, year names, emperor names, dynasties, etc. in ancient Chinese can be kept in their original form and do not need to be translated. For example: In the Qing calendar, there is a commoner who is promoted.

The words "Qingli" (year name) and "Bisheng" (name) in the sentence are special nouns and can be directly retained in the original sentence during translation. Sixth is the deletion method.

Some classical Chinese function words only have a certain grammatical function but have no real meaning and can be deleted during translation. For example: Nanyang Liu Ziji, a noble scholar.

The function word "ye" in the sentence can be deleted and not translated. 5. Notes on translation of classical Chinese texts

Original text of "Guan Ning Cuts the Seat" (Liu Yiqing, Southern Dynasties)

Guan Ning and Hua Xin were both from the late Han Dynasty. At the beginning, the two of them went to the garden to hoe vegetables. If you see a piece of gold on the ground, you can swing a hoe but turn a blind eye, it is no different from the tiles and rocks. I was happy to catch the flower, and when I saw Guan's expression, I threw it away. We were also studying together at the same table, and a man named xuan mian passed by. I would rather read as before, and watch the Chinese waste books. Ning split the table and said, "You are not my friend."

Translation

Guan Ning and Hua Xin were both from the late Han Dynasty.

One morning, two people were hoeing in the garden together and saw a piece of gold on the ground. Guan Ning kept hoeing and pretended not to see it, treating it like rubble, but Hua Xin was very happy when he picked it up and secretly took a look

After watching Guan Ning’s expression, he threw it away. Another time, the two of them were sitting on the same table reading. Someone passed by the door in a Chinese car. Guan Ning continued to study, but Hua Xin dropped the book and went out to watch. Guan Ning cut the mat, sat at a separate table with Hua Xin

, and said (to Hua Xin): "You (are) no longer my friend." 6. How to say it in ancient Chinese

The word "yong" is also "use" in ancient Chinese.

Use yòng

Definition:

1. To make people or things perform their functions: to make ~. ~Heart. ~Bing. ~Wu.

2. Available: ~ products. ~ Tools.

3. A euphemism for eating: ~ rice.

4. Money spent: fee~. ~ item. ~ Capital.

5. The effect of substance use: work~. Have some talent.

6. Need (mostly negative): Don’t say much.

7. Therefore: ~This.

"Yong" in ancient Chinese:

1. "History of the Ming Dynasty·Zhan Rong Biography"

In the 22nd year, he patrolled Gansu with the censor of Youqiandu. Lu Migong's envoy left more than ninety people in Ganzhou. The chief military officer Yang Xin drove away the bandits, and one tenth of them died. Rong said: "He came with good fortune, but used it with a sharp edge, which lost the hearts of the people and showed that China was weak."

Vernacular translation: In the 22nd year of Jiajing, (Zhan Rong) served as the minister of the Ministry of War and concurrently on the right The imperial censor of Qiandu was inspecting Gansu, and more than ninety tribute envoys sent by Lumi State were stranded in Ganzhou. The commander-in-chief Yang Xin drove them to fight the Mongolian army, and one tenth of them died in the battle. Zhan Rongshangshu said: "The Lumi Kingdom sent envoys to establish friendship between the two sides, but we drove them to fight the Mongolian soldiers. This would lose the hearts of people in the distance, and it would also make people think that the Central Plains countries were weak."

2. "New Book of the Tang·Biography of Zhang Wenguan"

Ji said: "You have no suspicion. If a certain person wants to make a decision, he will give him a knife in the hope that the result will be cut; a certain person will give birth to a young man. Therefore, I give him a belt to keep him under control. If I have a talent, how can I use it as a gift? He was hesitant and lacked discretion in doing things, so I gave him a sword to make him be decisive when encountering problems. Someone in the officialdom behaved indulgently and lacked discipline, so I gave him a jade belt to make him abide by various rules and regulations. There is no place where talents like yours cannot be put to use, so why do you need to give gifts (come to police)? ”

3. "Huainanzi·Dao Yingxun"

Therefore, it is said: It is not thin but can be thin, and it can be used by the king.

Vernacular translation: Therefore, there are no people with low status and meager abilities. The key lies in how the wise monarch uses them.

Extended information:

Related groups of words

1. Supplies [ yòng pǐn ]

Items used: daily life~. Office~.

2. Daily necessities [ rì yòng ]

Daily expenses: part of the money is used to make ~, and the rest is saved.

3. Chinese [ zhōng yòng ]

Top of the line; useful (mostly used in the negative): It’s really not possible to do anything like this.

4. Force [ yòng lì ]

Use force; exert force: ~ shout. ~ Push the door open.

5. Do not use [ bù yòng ]

It means that it is not necessary in fact: ~Introduction, we know each other. We are all our own people, so be polite. 7. I care about you means that I care about what you say in ancient classical Chinese

I am here, not this person.

Classical Chinese is a processed written language based on ancient Chinese.

Processing may have occurred in the earliest written language based on spoken language.

Classical Chinese is a written language in ancient China. It mainly includes written language based on the spoken language in the pre-Qin period. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, items for recording text had not yet been invented. Bamboo slips, silk and other items were used to record text. Silk was expensive, bamboo slips were bulky, and the number of words recorded was limited. In order to be able to write down "one roll" of bamboo slips For more things, delete unimportant words.

Later, when "paper" was used on a large scale, the ruling class's habit of using "official documents" for their correspondence had been finalized, and the ability to use "classical Chinese" had evolved into a symbol of reading and literacy. Classical Chinese is relative to vernacular, and is characterized by writing based on characters, focusing on allusions, parallel antithesis, and neat rhythm. It includes various literary styles such as policy, poetry, lyrics, music, eight-legged essay, and parallel prose.

In order to facilitate reading and understanding, classical Chinese texts in modern books are generally marked with punctuation marks. 8. Explanation of classical Chinese

1. To learn classical Chinese, you must first read more.

As the saying goes: "Read a book a hundred times, and its meaning will become apparent to you." Su Shi also said: "I don't get tired of reading an old book a hundred times. If you read it carefully, you will know it." Repeated reading is the basic requirement for learning classical Chinese. and methods.

2. To learn classical Chinese, you must master a certain number of classical Chinese words. Classical Chinese words in ancient Chinese are divided into two categories: classical Chinese content words and classical Chinese function words. When learning classical Chinese, mastering a certain number of classical Chinese content words and classical Chinese function words is very helpful for learning classical Chinese well.

First of all, let’s talk about the study and mastery of classical Chinese words. The so-called content words in classical Chinese traditionally refer to nouns, verbs, and adjectives.

For the convenience of learning, nouns, verbs, adjectives, quantifiers, and pronouns are usually regarded as content words. Mainly master the following aspects of knowledge.

(1) Learn to master the flexible use of parts of speech in classical Chinese. Part-of-speech inflection means that in a certain language environment, a certain type of word temporarily changes its original part of speech and grammatical function according to language habits, and has the part of speech and grammatical function of another type of word.

There are many common phenomena of conjugating parts of speech in classical Chinese, such as: nouns are used as verbs, adjectives are used as verbs, numerals are used as verbs; verbs are used as nouns, adjectives are used as nouns; nouns are used as adverbials, etc. It is a common phenomenon of using parts of speech in learning classical Chinese. In addition, there are special conjugation phenomena of content words, such as: the causative usage of nouns, verbs, and adjectives, and the conative usage of nouns and adjectives.

(2) Learn and master Tongjia characters. Tongjiazi is a word with the same sound, that is, one word with the same sound is used to express the meaning of another word with the same sound.

Mastering the learning of Tongqi characters is very helpful for students to learn classical Chinese well. (3) Learn and master the polysemy of a word.

Polysemy means that a word has several meanings. Polysemy is a very common phenomenon in ancient Chinese.

The meanings of the same word may be closely related; some may not be closely related; some may even be very distant. Therefore, the meaning of a word can only be determined in a specific language environment.

(4) Learn and master the different meanings of ancient and modern times. That is, words with homonyms in ancient and modern times.

Secondly, we must learn and master classical Chinese function words. People often say: "Zhi, Hu, Ye, Zhe, Ye, Yan, Zai. If you use it wonderfully, you will be a scholar."

The specific methods to master are: ⑴Learn based on sentences based on the context. When learning function words in classical Chinese, just like learning content words, you should follow the principle of words not leaving the sentence. Without the sentence, you will have no way to understand its meaning. ⑵Analyze and summarize, focusing on accumulation.

⑶ Remember the polyphonic function words and grasp the fixed format. 3. Learn and master commonly used classical Chinese sentence patterns.

One judgment sentence; two passive sentence patterns; three sentence component positions. Common sentence patterns of this type include subject-predicate inversion sentences, object preposition sentences, attributive postposition sentences, etc.; the four sentence components are omitted.

The so-called omitted sentences; five fixed sentence patterns. 4. Master the general translation methods of classical Chinese.

The translation of classical Chinese is to use standard modern Mandarin to translate classical Chinese, and truly achieve "faithfulness", "expressiveness" and "elegance". In addition to literal translation and free translation, the specific methods of classical Chinese translation include six methods: parallel translation, addition, substitution, retention, deletion, and reordering.