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8* Folk houses with their own characteristics

First, the interpretation of textbooks

1. Short text.

China folk houses have an ancient and unique charm, which is a precious heritage of Chinese civilization and embodies the wisdom of the nation and profound cultural heritage. This article is an expository article about local dwellings in China, introducing Hakka dwellings and Dai bamboo houses with distinctive features.

Hakka dwellings

Hakka folk houses are a wonderful flower in the southern mountainous area of China. Its unique style has attracted many Chinese and foreign scholars, tourists and even American military experts.

Firstly, this paper briefly introduces the characteristics, site selection and environment of Hakka folk houses, and their position in the world folk houses: their style is "enclosure or earth building", "ornament" refers to being located in remote mountainous areas, and "wonderful folk houses" refers to explaining the position of Hakka folk houses in the world folk houses through metaphor and comparison. Then, this paper introduces the outstanding characteristics of Hakka folk houses in detail: camp-style folk houses and the reasons and functions of building this kind of building. The author vividly illustrates the characteristics of building materials, appearance and overall layout of camp-style houses with examples, data and analogies. Then write the circular enclosed houses arranged according to the gossip layout and their symbolic significance. Finally, write out the internal structural characteristics of circular enclosure and the folk cultural characteristics reflected.

Daijiazhulou

Bamboo house is a special living form created by Dai people according to local conditions, which has the advantages of economical building materials, warm in winter and cool in summer, moisture-proof, waterproof and earthquake resistance.

The first paragraph of the article briefly introduces the architectural environment of Dai bamboo house: the bamboo house is hidden in the dense green of phoenix bamboo and oil palm forest. The second paragraph describes the traditional custom and reasons of the Dai people's "living by water with many bamboo houses": the Dai people are located in the subtropical zone, and bamboo houses have the function of heat and moisture protection. The third section describes the appearance characteristics of Dai villages and bamboo buildings. The fourth paragraph says that the internal structure of bamboo buildings is simple, spacious and unique. The fifth paragraph describes the traditional customs and cultural connotations of the Dai people when they built bamboo houses. The custom of building a house by one family and helping the whole village reflects the national psychology and cultural tradition of unity, harmony and helping others of the Dai people.

The language is concise, accurate, plain and vivid, which is the common feature of the two short passages in this paper. The author uses examples, figures, comparisons and metaphors to explain the characteristics of Hakka folk houses and Dai bamboo houses in a popular, vivid and accurate way, which is more knowledgeable, scientific and interesting.

The purpose of writing this text is to let students know the characteristics and folk customs of Hakka dwellings and Dai bamboo houses, and to stimulate their interest in exploring folk culture; The second is to understand the explanation method of the text and the expression characteristics of the language, and learn to apply it to your own practice.

2. Text analysis.

Understanding of (1) sentence.

In the mountains of southwest Fujian and northeast Guangdong, there are thousands of round houses or earth buildings dotted around, which is the Hakka residence known as "the strange house in the world".

This sentence uses analogy and comparison methods, which generally explains the position of Hakka enclosed houses in the history of world architecture. Compared with "world houses", it is a special and rare flower. The word "embellishment" is well used, which shows that Hakka people live in remote mountainous areas with few people, which lays the foundation for the camp-style houses described below.

(2) Most of them are three to six floors, and 100 to more than 200 houses are arranged in orange petals, with even layout and magnificent momentum.

The author vividly explains the appearance and overall layout characteristics of the circular fence with figures and metaphors. No wonder foreign friends can't help exclaiming when they see the round paddock from a distance-"flying saucers falling from the sky, mushrooms popping up underground".

Bagua layout ③ Houses surrounded by earth buildings are arranged according to gossip, and there is a firewall between the hexagrams, which is unified.

Bagua is a set of symbols in ancient China and one of the representatives of traditional culture in China. The circular enclosed houses in Hakka dwellings are arranged according to gossip, which reflects the national psychology and cultural tradition of Hakka ancestors who advocate roundness and look forward to auspiciousness, happiness and peace.

④ Dai people still keep the habit of "building more bamboo houses and living by water".

Bamboo House is a traditional architectural form of Dai people. This is because the Dai residential area is located in the subtropical zone, with high temperature, much rain and high air humidity. Bamboo building is conducive to heat and moisture protection. Therefore, Dai bamboo house is a special form of folk house created by Dai ancestors according to local conditions, which has been maintained to this day. Next to: near, near. "Many bamboo buildings live by water" can be understood as living by water, so living in bamboo buildings is the main thing.

⑤ The fence is full of all kinds of flowers, trees and fruit trees, which can be described as "the village trees are full of flowers".

The Dai bamboo house was originally "hidden in the dense green bamboo forest". The Dai family also likes to plant anchovies, betel nuts, mangoes and bananas around the bamboo house, which makes the village more poetic. It can really be said that it is "full of trees and flowers".

(2) Understanding of words.

Fujian: another name for Fujian Province.

Guangdong: another name for Guangdong province.

Decorate: Set off or decorate to make the original thing better.

Wonderful: strange: rare, special and extraordinary; Pa: flowers.

Barracks: Barracks and surrounding walls.

Tamper: a tool used to smash a foundation. This lesson refers to the Hakka people tamping the foundation, building a thick wall and building a camp-style earth building in the mountains.

Harassment: disturbing; Make uneasy.

Erosion: gradual erosion and deterioration.

Advocacy: respect and admiration.

Storage: storage, accumulation; Warehouse: warehouse, warehouse.

Bagua: A set of symbols in ancient China. With "-"for Yang and "-"for Yin, these three symbols form eight forms, which are called Eight Diagrams. Each six-pointed star represents something.

Very hot: describe very hot.

Live in harmony: harmony and reconciliation. Get along well with each other.

Safe and sound: safe and sound: safe; Sick: sick. The original intention is that people are safe and not sick. Now it generally refers to something that has not been destroyed.

Second, the teaching objectives

1. Read and remember the words "harassment, remoteness, charm, cool breeze, Xu Lai, harmony, frugality, orderly, unstoppable, magnificent, unique and beautiful, swarming, safe and sound, and mountainous".

2. Read the text silently, understand the distinctive features of Hakka folk houses and Dai bamboo houses, and experience the rich cultural connotation of traditional folk houses in China.

3. Learn the accurate description and vivid description of words, accumulate language and understand expression methods.

Third, teaching suggestions

1. This is a skimming text. Before class, students can be arranged to collect words and pictures about China folk houses, so that students can understand relevant knowledge. Teachers can prepare some pictures or audio-visual materials according to the tips in the after-class information kit. For example, caves in northern Shaanxi, quadrangles in Beijing, diaofang in Tibet and diaojiao building in Chongqing.

2. According to the characteristics of teaching materials and the high-level reading goal of curriculum standards, "read explanatory articles and understand the basic explanation methods of articles", this kind of teaching can be carried out according to the following ideas:

(1) Read the text for the first time, read it correctly and understand the content of the text. To guide students to read independently according to the prompts, we can use methods such as finding central sentences, key sentences and outlines to clarify the explanation order.

(2) Read the text again, draw pictures in batches, and experience the characteristics of folk houses. Give students enough time to read books since the enlightenment, have a serious dialogue with the text, sort out the characteristics of folk houses and experience the cultural connotation. You can also form a study group for cooperative learning according to the selected content. For example, it is divided into Hakka Wai House Group and Dai Jiazhulou Group, which are read and discussed in groups first, and then exchanged and supplemented with each other.

(3) Study the text and understand the explanation methods. Thirdly, guide students to read the text carefully, grasp the characteristics of folk houses, and think while reading: how do the text introduce these characteristics clearly? Let the students find out the explanation methods used, read the discussion and realize the effect of expression.

3. Combination of reading and writing, combination of learning and application. In the process of learning, teachers should deepen students' understanding of the characteristics of folk houses and the expression methods through timely and appropriate teaching, guidance, induction and refinement. On this basis, students can introduce some information about folk houses collected before class. Teachers can also show different kinds of residential pictures, audio-visual materials, or write some exercises with the text for students to choose from. For example, write a review about Chongqing Diaojiao Building (or other local buildings) for China Folk House Museum; Introduce yourself in the tone of a certain kind of house. When students practice, teachers should remind them to use the expressions they have learned.

4. When studying the last paragraph of Hakka folk houses and the last paragraph of Dai bamboo houses, we should pay attention to guiding students to rely on the characteristics of folk customs, experience the national psychological characteristics reflected from them and inherit the excellent traditions of the Chinese nation.

5. When learning this text, we can read two short passages by comparison: What are the similarities or differences in the expressions of the two short passages? This can not only deepen the impression of the text, but also help to understand more expression methods.

Fourth, teaching cases.

Teaching fragment

First, perceive the text as a whole, and discuss a kind of folk house in groups.

Teacher: China is a vast country with 56 ethnic groups, and many local houses are very distinctive. What folk houses did the text introduce us to? What are the characteristics? Please read the text silently and think about what you have learned from it.

Student: I know that the text mainly introduces "Hakka dwellings" and "Dai bamboo houses".

Teacher: (blackboard writing: Hakka folk houses and Dai bamboo houses) Yes, the text mainly introduces us to Hakka and Dai folk houses.

Health: I think the characteristics of "Hakka dwellings" and "Dai bamboo houses" are very distinct, just as the title says-each has its own characteristics.

Teacher: This is our initial feeling after reading the text. Next, we will study in groups. On the basis of reading the full text, each group chooses a folk house for in-depth reading. After reading, they discuss: What are the characteristics of this folk house? Then get ready to report.

(Students read and discuss in groups, and prepare divisional reports. )

Second, exchange the characteristics of "Hakka dwellings"

Teacher: Are the students ready? Which group will report to you first?

Health 1: Our group focuses on reading Hakka folk houses. Let me tell you about the method of cooperative learning in our group first. First of all, we find out the sentences that best reflect the characteristics of Hakka dwellings; Then, we read these sentences deeply and summarize the characteristics of Hakka dwellings. Finally, we also studied the reasons for the formation of these characteristics of Hakka dwellings. Now, let me talk about the sentences we sketched.

(1) This is the Hakka residence, which is called "a strange house in the world".

(2) Camp accommodation.

(3) Earth buildings with wall thickness 1 m and height 15 m or more.

(4) 100 to more than 200 houses are arranged in orange petals, with even layout and grandeur.

(5) Houses surrounded by tulou are in a gossip layout.

(6) The rooms in the building are exactly the same size. They are rich and poor, high and low, and each family is equally assigned to a room from bottom to top.

I have finished my report. Please report to other students in our group.

Student 2: Through the in-depth study of the above sentences, our group found that Hakka dwellings have the following characteristics: First, their houses are "camp-style". We just looked it up in the dictionary, and "camp" means the barracks and the surrounding walls. Secondly, the layout of their house is very special. The houses we usually see are side by side, while Hakka houses, such as orange petals, are arranged in a circle like oranges. The illustrations in this modeling book can be seen clearly. Third, the round houses surrounded by their earth buildings are arranged according to the gossip layout. We just read the notes about "gossip" and still don't quite understand what "gossip page" looks like. Can the teacher tell us something about it?

Teacher: (takes out a gossip page) Look, students, this is a gossip page and one of the representatives of China traditional culture.

Health 2: Thank you, teacher. I will report it. Finally, we found the fourth feature of Hakka dwellings. They are very equal in the allocation of houses, regardless of wealth, and every family can be equally assigned to a room from bottom to top. This is the characteristic of Hakka folk houses that we summed up in cooperative learning.

Health 3: I'll go on. When reading, our group also found that these characteristics of Hakka folk houses are inseparable from their living environment and national culture. For example:

The second paragraph mentioned, "Hakka people moved to the south from the prosperous areas of the ancient Central Plains. Most of them live in remote mountainous areas. In order to prevent the harassment of bandits and the exclusion of local people, they built camp-style houses. " This is the influence of living environment on Hakka architectural style.

In the third paragraph, it says, "Hakka ancestors advocated roundness as a symbol of auspiciousness, happiness and tranquility", and in the fourth paragraph, it says that hardworking and kind-hearted Hakka ancestors embodied the personality characteristics of unity, harmony, justice and fairness in housing distribution. We think it is the living environment and special national culture that have created such a unique architectural style of Hakka ancestors.

Teacher: Your group has studied very carefully and deeply, and has a very clear understanding of the characteristics of Hakka dwellings, and the division of labor report is also very clear. This way of cooperative learning is worth learning. After listening to your group's introduction, we feel that when we walk into Hakka dwellings, we really walk into Hakka history and life and into Hakka traditional culture!

Third, understand the characteristics of Dai bamboo houses.

Teacher: So what are the characteristics of Dai bamboo houses? Which team will report?

Health 4: After reading and discussing, our group found three characteristics of Dai bamboo building. Let me report the first feature first. Please see paragraph 1. Dai bamboo houses are "hidden in bamboo forests".

Health 5: I report the second characteristic. The second paragraph tells us that Dai bamboo houses also have the characteristics of "living by water". Mainly because living in the subtropical zone, bamboo buildings are conducive to heat and moisture protection.

Health 6: I report the third characteristic. The third paragraph tells us that the Dai bamboo house also has the characteristics of "trees are full of villages and flowers are full of gardens" Our group has finished reporting.

Teacher: Your group clearly introduced these three characteristics in the report. Thank you. But what you reported is mainly the environmental characteristics of Dai bamboo buildings. What are the characteristics of the bamboo building itself? Who will add it?

Health 1: Let me talk about the overall structure of the bamboo building. Please look at the second half of the third paragraph, which reads: "Each bamboo building is square and divided into two floors, with people living upstairs and livestock and firewood piled downstairs. Bamboo buildings are supported by 20 to 24 columns. " The method of list numbering is mainly used here, which makes us feel that the structure of Dai bamboo building is relatively simple. There is also "the beams in the house pass through the columns, and some beams are engraved with patterns." Floor slabs or bamboo sticks are laid seven or eight feet from the ground to divide the building into two floors. In the past, the roof was covered with thatched straw rafts or sawdust, but in recent years, it has mostly been replaced by tiled roofs. From this, we can feel that Dai bamboo houses also have unique and beautiful characteristics.

Teacher: You emphatically introduced the characteristics of Dai bamboo building, that is, "simple structure, unique and beautiful". Do other students have anything to add?

Health: Let me add. The fourth paragraph also describes the characteristics of the bamboo building itself. "Indoor ventilation is also very good. Sitting indoors, I only feel that Xu Laili is breezy and fragrant. " It can be seen that it also has the characteristics of "spacious and well ventilated".

Health: I have to add. The last paragraph of the text introduces us to the custom of the Dai family to build a bamboo house: one family builds a house and the whole village helps. This reflects the unity and friendship of the Dai people, and it is also a major feature of the building of the Dai people.

Teacher: That makes sense. This is also a symbol of Dai culture and a part of our traditional culture in China.

Fourth, compare the similarities and differences between the two essays.

Teacher: Through two groups of cooperative study and self-study reports, we have an overall understanding of the characteristics of Hakka dwellings and Dai bamboo buildings. So what are the similarities or differences between the two short articles in terms of expression? Please compare the two articles and think carefully.

(Students silently read, think and annotate. )

Health: I think the two short articles introduce the characteristics of folk houses very vividly. I seem to have seen Hakka dwellings with my own eyes and walked into the Dai bamboo house. Just like the title in the article, it is really a "unique residence"!

Teacher: Through the author's description, we fully feel that Hakka dwellings and Dai bamboo buildings have their own characteristics!

Health: I found that both essays talked about the reasons for the formation of folk houses, but the reasons were different. Hakkas form camp-style houses to prevent bandits' harassment and local people's rejection. In order to prevent heatstroke and damp, the Dai family built a unique Dai bamboo building.

Teacher: Yes, every distinctive folk house has its reasons. When we collect information, we should pay attention to the characteristics of folk houses and their reasons.

Health: The beginning of the two articles is also quite different. From the very beginning, Hakka Folk Houses was hailed as "the wonderful work of the world folk houses". Let's read it in one breath and see what kind of "wonderful work" it is. The opening of "Dai Family Bamboo House" is "When you set foot on the land where the Dai family lives, you enter the green world", which makes us feel its characteristics together with the author.

Teacher: Yes, different articles give readers different feelings at the beginning.

Health: Both articles use many methods of explanation, for example, enumerating figures and making analogy.

Health: I think the two sketches also pass through the houses, which reflects the charm of China traditional culture.

Teacher: The students have a deep understanding. In practice, we should also be good at learning and using the author's expression methods to write the distinctive features of things.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) related links

1. About Hakkas

Hakka refers to the Han nationality who originated in the Yellow River valley. They moved south during the Eastern Jin War and began to become a group of residents with "special identity". In the subsequent migration, they gradually formed a unique Hakka family today. The most obvious feature of Hakka people is that they can speak Hakka dialect, which is one of the eight major dialects of the Han nationality.

At present, there are about 45 million Hakkas in the world. Among them, there are 40 million people in China and about 5 million people abroad. Former Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew and internationally renowned writer Han are both Hakkas. There are 17 provinces and 185 cities and counties in China. There are more than 20 million Hakkas in Guangdong, accounting for nearly 30% of the province's total population.

2. Five advantages of Hakka folk houses

The first is complete economy. Building materials are mainly loess and Chinese fir, which is very economical. Second, the firmness is good. The foundation of the wall is mostly made of stones. The wall body is buried with horizontal braces such as bamboo strips, and the top of the wall is overhanging, which can ensure that the house is not hit by water. The third is wonderful physics. Hot weather can prevent summer heat from entering, and cold weather can isolate the invasion of cold wind, forming a microclimate with cool summer and warm winter in the building. In addition, the thick earth wall also has a hidden function, which keeps the humidity suitable for human body and can naturally release water when the environment is too dry; When the environment is too humid, it can absorb water. This regulation is very beneficial to human health. The fourth is excellent defense. The wall is unusually strong, and there are no windows on the ground floor. Heavy hardwood doors are covered with iron sheets and fixed with bars. There is a fire-proof water tank at the door, and the living facilities in the building, such as wells, granaries and barns, are all available, which is necessary for them to resist the attacks of soldiers, bandits, wild animals and indigenous people. The fifth is unique artistry. This is mainly reflected in the overall shape. From the layout point of view, the circular enclosure is a Taiji diagram.

3. Beijing quadrangle

Beijing quadrangles, as the main architectural form that old Beijingers have lived in for generations, are well-known at home and abroad and all over the world.

This kind of house is surrounded by a main room (north room), an inverted seat (south seat), an east wing and a west wing, forming a mouth shape with a central courtyard inside, so this quadrangle-style house is called a quadrangle.

Siheyuan is a closed house with only one street gate outside, and the closed door comes from Chengtiandi. In the yard, four houses are facing the yard, and the family is happy inside. Because the yard is spacious, you can plant trees and flowers, feed birds and fish, and pile stones to beautify the environment. Residents not only enjoy comfortable housing, but also share the beautiful world endowed by nature.

The quadrangle in Beijing is famous because it is a residential building, but it contains profound cultural connotation and is the carrier of China traditional culture. The decoration, sculpture and painting of quadrangles reflect the local folk customs and traditional culture, and show people's pursuit of happiness, beauty, prosperity and auspiciousness under specific historical conditions. For example, the pattern composed of bats and longevity characters means "longevity", and the pattern with Chinese rose flowers in the vase means "peace in the four seasons". Auspicious words embedded in the door tube and the door head, couplets pasted on the eaves column, and excellent paintings and calligraphy hung indoors are all ancient teachings collected by ancient sages and philosophers, using ancient and modern famous sentences, or praising the beauty of mountains and rivers. Going to the temple compound is like stepping into the temple of China traditional culture.

4. Cave dwellings in northern Shaanxi

Cave dwellings are generally built on a hillside facing south, facing the sun, facing the mountains and facing the open area, with few trees sheltering them. Generally, the caves in the First Hospital are all built with 3 or 5 holes, with the middle kiln as the main kiln, some divided into front and rear kilns and some with three openings. From the outside, the four caves should be separated. If you go inside, you can find that they are all connected by tunnel-type small doors, and the top is semicircular, so the space of the cave will increase. The kiln wall is painted with lime, which looks dazzling, dry and bright. One side of the cave has a cooker, and one end is connected with the kang. Because the flue of the stove fire passes through the bottom of the kang, it is very warm on the kang in winter. On the three walls around the kang, there are usually some patterned papers or collages, which are called Kangwei by people in northern Shaanxi. Kang wai is a practical decoration, which can avoid the direct contact and friction between the bedding on the kang and the rough wall and keep it clean. The cave windows in northern Shaanxi are exquisite, which are divided into four parts: skylight, inclined window, kang window and doors and windows, all of which are decorated with paper cutting. There are window grilles outside the window, which are brightly colored from the outside and bright and comfortable from the inside, thus producing a unique formal beauty of light, color and tone. The panes are sparse and sunlight can penetrate freely.

5. Tibetan dwellings

Tibetan folk houses, like other cultural forms in Tibet, also have their own unique personality. Tibetan folk houses are rich and colorful, and the wooden buildings in the bunker in the southern Tibetan valley, the financial office in the pastoral area of northern Tibet and the forest area in the Yarlung Zangbo River basin have their own characteristics. You can even find caves on the Ali Plateau.

The most representative Tibetan folk house is the diaofang. Bunkers are mostly stone and wood structures, with dignified and steady appearance and simple and rough style; The outer wall shrinks upward, and the inner wall is still vertical. Bunkers are generally divided into upper and lower floors, and the number of rooms is calculated by columns. The bottom floor is a barn and a storage room, and the floor height is low; The second floor is the residential floor, and the large suite, bedroom, kitchen and small room are storage rooms or stairwells. If there is a third floor, it will be used as a lecture hall and terrace. The bunker has the characteristics of firmness, tight structure and neat corners, which is not only beneficial to wind and cold protection, but also convenient to prevent the enemy from stealing.

Tents are very different from bunkers, which are a special architectural form adopted by Tibetans in pastoral areas to adapt to the mobile lifestyle of living on weeds. Ordinary financial offices are generally short, square or rectangular in plane, supported by wooden sticks, and the frame is about 2 meters high; Laying black yak carpet, leaving gaps about 15 cm wide and 1.5 m long for ventilation and lighting; Pull it left and right with yak rope and fix it on the ground; Around the inside of the tent, a low wall with a height of about 50 cm is built with grass mud blocks, adobe or pebbles, and highland barley, ghee bags and dried cow dung (for fuel) are piled on it. The tent is simply furnished, with a fire stove in the middle and a Buddha statue behind it, and the ground around it is covered with sheepskin for sitting, lying and resting. The tent has the characteristics of simple structure, easy support, flexible disassembly and easy relocation.