Compared with the Silk Road in Han Dynasty, this paper talks about the changes of foreign traffic routes in Tang Dynasty and analyzes the reasons for this change.

Generally speaking, the Silk Road can be divided into three sections, and each section can be divided into three routes: North, South and China.

Eastern section: from Chang 'an to Yumenguan and Yangguan. (Opened in Han Dynasty)

Middle section: from Yumenguan, Yangguanxi to Congling. (Opened in Han Dynasty)

Western section: from the green ridge to the west, through Central Asia and West Asia, until Europe. (opened in Tang Dynasty)

The following are the names of important cities in various sections of the Silk Road (ancient place names in brackets).

Eastern section

In the route selection of the eastern section, we should consider the safety and convenience of crossing Liupan Mountain and the Yellow River. The third line starts from Chang 'an or Luoyang, joins Wuwei and Zhangye, and then goes along the Hexi Corridor to Dunhuang.

Northern Line: Jingchuan, Guyuan and Jingyuan have the shortest routes to Wuwei, but it is not easy to pass water along the way.

South Line: From Fengxiang, Tianshui, Longxi, Linxia, Ledu, Xining to Zhangye, but the road is long.

Midline: Jingchuan to Pingliang, Huining, Lanzhou to Wuwei, with moderate distance and supply. Xi 'an (Chang 'an): Xumishan Grottoes, Maijishan Grottoes, Bingling Temple Grottoes Wuwei (Liangzhou) Zhangye (Ganzhou) Jiuquan (Suzhou) Dunhuang (Shazhou): Mogao Grottoes and Yulin Grottoes.

During the period of 10, in order to bypass the territory of Xixia, the government of the Northern Song Dynasty opened up the "Qinghai Road" from Tianshui to the western regions. It became a new trade route after the Song Dynasty. Tianshui Xining Fucheng Suoerkuli Basin (Suoerkuli)

middle piece

Caravans on the Silk Road. The route of the central region is mainly the western region, which changes with the change of oasis and desert. There are many forks and branches in the middle of the third line, especially the fourth town Anxi (established in 640).

South Road (also called Yutian Road): It starts from Yangguan in the east, along the southern edge of Taklimakan Desert, and passes through Ruoqiang (Shanshan), Hotan (Yutian), shache and other places. Jing Congling. Yang Guan Ruoqiang (Shanshan) and Qi Munnia (Jingjue) are one of the 36 Western Regions in the Western Han Dynasty. Hotan (Khotan)

Zhongdao: It starts from Yumenguan, along the northern edge of Taklimakan Desert, and passes through Lop Nur (Loulan), Turpan (Auto Market, Gaochang), Yanqi (Yuli), Kuqa (Kucha), Aksu (Gu Mo) and Kashgar (Shule) to Fergana Valley (Dawan). Yumenguan Loulan (merged from Shanshan and now belongs to Ruoqiang County, Xinjiang) Turpan (Gaochang): Gaochang Old Town, Yarhar Ancient Town, Baizixi Thousand Buddha Cave Yanqi (Yuli) Kuqa (Qiuci): Qizil Thousand Buddha Cave, Kumutura Thousand Buddha Cave Aksu (Gu Mo) Kashi (Shule).

North Road: It starts from Anxi (Guazhou), passes through Hami (Yiwu), Jimsar (Tingzhou) and Yining (Yili), and ends in broken leaves. Hami, the waterway is rich in Hami melon Urumqi, which means the broken leaves of the beautiful grassland Yining (Yili)

Jessie Duan

From the jungle west to Europe, it is the western section of the Silk Road, and its north, south, middle and south lines correspond to the three lines in the middle section respectively. The route from Caspian Sea to Constantinople was opened in the middle of Tang Dynasty.

Northern line: along the Aral Sea, the Caspian Sea and the northern shore of the Black Sea, Itil passes through broken leaves, Virote, astrakhan and other places to Istanbul (Constantinople). Urumqi Almaty (Kazakhstan) Zambur City (Virote, now Kazakhstan City) tokmak (Broken Leaves, now Kyrgyzstan City) Sarai (Russia) Istanbul, Sark (Constantinople, now Turkey City)

Central Line: Starting from Kashgar, take Fergana Valley, Samarkand, Bukhara, etc. Go to Mashhad (Iran) and join the southern line. Kashgar or Peshawar, Kashgar: Khala Horin Avenue Kabul Bamiyan: The famous Bamiyan Buddha was destroyed by the Taliban in 200 1 year.

South Line: Starting from Pamirs, you can enter Pakistan and India from Kashmir, and you can also travel to Europe from Peshawar, Kabul, Mashhad, Baghdad and Damascus. Mashhad (Iran) Sabze Valh Hecatompylos (Fandou and Xie) may be located between Iranda Mugan and Shahrud today. ) Tehran Hamadan Kerman sahan Bakubai (Iraq) Baghdad Abu Hareb Fallujah: Follow the Euphrates River to Aleppo. Ramadi Alibo (Syrian) Damascus adana (Turkish) konya Antioch bursa Constantinople (Istanbul).