How to distinguish levels and levels in poetry?

Flat tone is the tone of words used in China's poems. "Flat" is straight, and "flat" is tortuous. According to the rhyming books revised from Sui Dynasty to Song Dynasty, such as Qieyun and Guang Yun, there are four tones in Middle Chinese, which are called Ping, Shang, Qu and Ru. Except for the flat tone, the other three tones have high and low changes, so they are collectively called Legato.

There is a certain format in the use of flat and even words in poetry, which is called meter. Pingsheng and Silence refer to the poetic rhythm composed of Pingsheng. Flat tone is an attempt to dualize the four tones. Four tones are four tones in ancient Chinese. Tone refers to the level, fluctuation and length of sound. On the basis of four tones, the flat tone is summarized through incomplete induction. Flat refers to straight, flat refers to twists and turns.

Up, down, in tune, the rest are flat.

The entering tone of Putonghua disappears, and the entering tone is classified as that the upper tone and the lower tone are in oblique tone and the upper tone is in oblique tone, which leads to errors in judging the horizontal tone of poetry in Putonghua.

The leveling theory is like dividing the students in four classes (four tones) into two categories (leveling) according to gender. As for whether this division is even, it is not considered by levelers.

Four tones, here refers to the four tones of ancient Chinese. If you want to know the four tones, you must first know how the four tones are formed. So let's start with the tone.

Tone is the characteristic of Chinese (and some other languages). The tone of Chinese is composed of the ups and downs and the length of the voice, and the ups and downs are the main factors. Take Putonghua as an example, * * * has four tones: the flat tone is Gao Pingtiao (it is called flat if it doesn't rise or fall); The upper voice is a rising tone (not high or low); The rising tone is a low rising tone (sometimes a low flat tone); Voiced is a high tone.

Ancient Chinese has four tones, but it is not exactly the same as Mandarin today. The ancient four tones are:

(1) level, which is divided into level and level.

(2) The rising tone, which will become a part of the falling tone in later generations.

(3) De-voiced, whether this tone will be de-voiced to future generations.

(4) Entering tone, which is a short tone. Modern Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi and other places still preserve the milk sheng. There are also many places in the north (such as Shanxi and Inner Mongolia) where raw milk is preserved.

The tone of entering tone in Hunan is not short, but it also retains the tone category of entering tone. In most spoken languages in the north and southwest, the entering tone has disappeared. In the north, some entering tones are flat, some are flat, some are rising and some are falling. As far as Putonghua is concerned, the entering tone words become the most disyllabic, followed by the upper tone, and the upper tone words become the least. In the southwest dialect (from Hunan to Yunnan), the entering tone is changed to Yangping.

It is impossible to know in detail what the ancient four-tone ups and downs were like. Traditionally, the flat tone should be the middle tone, the rising tone should be the rising tone, and the falling tone should be the falling tone.

The entering tone should be short. There is a Song formula in front of Kangxi dictionary, which is called "Four Tones Division":

Flat voice, flat road, mo di ang,

The voice above shouted fiercely and strongly:

It's a long way to go, Xiu Yuan,

The tone is short and urgent.

This narrative is not scientific enough, but it also gives us a general understanding of the ancient four tones.

The relationship between four tones and rhyme is very close. In rhyme books, words with different tones cannot be regarded as homophones. In poetry, words with different tones generally cannot rhyme.

It is very clear in the rhyme book that what words belong to what tune. It is quite clear that a word belongs to a certain tone in Chinese dialects that still retain the tone of entering tone today. Pay special attention to reading one word and two words. Sometimes, a word has two meanings (often different parts of speech) and two pronunciations. For example, use the word "for" as "because" and "for" and mute the sound. In ancient Chinese, this situation is much more than that in modern Chinese. Give a few examples:

Ride, flat voice, verb, ride; Disyllabic, noun, cavalry.

Thinking, flat voice, verb, absence; Remove sounds, nouns, thoughts and feelings.

Fame, flat voice, verbs, praise; Disyllabic, noun, reputation.

Dirty, flat voices, adjectives, filth; Disyllabic, verb, dirty.

Number, consonant, verb, calculation; Disyllabic words, nouns, numbers, fate; Such as sound (read like new moon), adjective, frequent.

Teaching, desensitization, noun, enlightenment, education; Life, verb, make, let.

Command, silence, noun, command; Life, verb, make, let.

Forbidden, silent, noun, forbidden, forbidden; Life, verb, can stand.

Kill, Rusheng, transitive verb, kill; De-sounding (sounds like Sun), intransitive verbs, fade.

Some words, originally pronounced in a flat voice, were later changed to disyllabic, but their meanings and parts of speech have not changed. Words such as "Wang", "Han" and "Kan" all belong to this category. "Wang" and "sigh" have been pronounced in Tang poetry, and the word "Wang" always has pronunciation. There are more complicated situations: for example, when the word "Guo" is used as a verb, it is sometimes read twice. As for the use of nouns, when they are interpreted as wrong, they have to be read again.