What are the differences among Confucius, Mencius, Zhuangzi and Laozi?

Confucius, Mencius, Zhuangzi and Laozi advocated:

First, Confucius

1, Confucius advocated rule by courtesy and opposed the rule of law. The meaning of ceremony is very extensive in ancient times, which refers to the etiquette of international communication, the coronation, wedding and funeral, sacrifice and dinner of nobles, including political system and moral norms.

2. Confucius advocated self-denial. "The Analects of Confucius Yan Yuan" records: "Yan Yuan asked benevolence. Confucius said:' Self-denial and courtesy are benevolence. When it comes to self-denial, the world will return to benevolence. "

Yan Yuan asked what the specific content of "self-denial" was, and Confucius said, "see no evil, don't listen to evil, don't say evil, and don't move until evil. "

Confucius said, "Restrain yourself and do everything according to the requirements of etiquette. This is benevolence. Once this is done, everything in the world will be kind. The practice of benevolence is entirely in oneself, but is it still in others? "

Yan Yuan said, "Excuse me, the entrance of benevolence." Confucius said, "Don't look at people who don't know manners, don't listen to people who don't know manners, don't say people who don't know manners, and don't be people who don't know manners."

3. In education, Confucius advocated the spirit of "teaching without distinction", "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" and "never tire of learning and never tire of teaching". ?

4. In moral character, he advocates "tolerance, shame, faith, sensitivity, kindness, softness, kindness, courtesy, frugality and tolerance".

Second, Mencius

1. Political Thought: The trinity of people-oriented, benevolent politics and kingly way is the inheritance, development and perfection of Confucius' thought of moral politics.

2. Philosophical thought: the theory of good nature is the core of Mencius' moral philosophy.

3. Educational thought: conform to nature, conform to nature.

4. Literary thoughts: "Enjoy with others", "Know what they say and nurture their spirits".

Third, Zhuangzi.

1, philosophy. Philosophically, Zhuangzi inherited and developed Laozi's thought, holding that "Tao" is an objective and real existence, and regarded "Tao" as the origin of all things in the universe.

2. Political thoughts. Zhuangzi opposes "man-made", and the ideal society is the so-called "virtuous world". Zhuangzi opposed the hierarchical concept of Confucianism, which said that "the monarch, the minister and the son", while Zhuangzi thought that "Tao is one", and that Tao is among all things, and all things are equal.

3. Literary thoughts. Zhuangzi advocated "harmony between man and nature" and "governing by doing nothing". His theory covered all aspects of social life at that time, but his spirit still converted to Laozi's philosophy.

Zhuangzi once worked as a painter and lived in poverty, but he despised wealth, power, fame and fortune, trying to maintain an independent personality in troubled times and pursue carefree spiritual freedom.

Fourth, Lao Tzu

1. Ideologically, Lao Tzu advocates "doing nothing", Lao Tzu advocates "not Shang Xian" and "making people ignorant and have no desire", and envisions that people should return to a state of doing nothing without contradiction. Laozi advocates "inaction", advocates letting nature take its course, conforms to heaven, and denies theism.

2. Politically, Laozi advocates teaching by doing nothing and teaching without words. Politically, Lao Tzu pays attention to the truth that extremes meet.

Extended data:

In the history of China, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were the most brilliant times in ideology and culture. During this period, an unprecedented academic situation of a hundred schools of thought contended, which played an important role in the history of China's thought.

According to Hanshu? There are 189 books and 4324 works in Yiwenzhi. Later books, such as Annals of Sui Shu Classics and Records of Sikuquanshu, recorded thousands of "schools of thought contend".

There are only ten well-known companies that are widely circulated, influential and famous. To sum up, only 10 schools have developed into schools. In the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xin removed the novelist from "Seven Views of Zhuzi" and called it "Nine Streams". Commonly known as "ten families and nine streams" is from here.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the achievements of various ideological and academic schools complemented the ancient Greek civilization at the same time. Three philosophical systems represented by Confucius, Laozi and Mozi. In the Warring States period, a hundred schools of thought contended.

Baidu encyclopedia-a hundred schools of thought contend