Tell me about Zu Chongzhi.

Category: culture/art >> Historical topics

Problem description:

Don't talk about politicians, just get = = arts and science, 30 points, plus points for good answers, thank you! !

Analysis:

Li daoyuan

Li Daoyuan (about 466-527), who lived in the Northern Wei Dynasty, was born in an official family in Zhuoxian County, Hebei Province. He loved sightseeing when he was a teenager. Later, when he became an official, he traveled all over the country. Every time he visited places of interest, he also carefully surveyed the topography of the water surface and learned about coastal geography, landforms, soil, climate, people's production and life, and regional changes. He found that the ancient geography book "Water Mirror" lacked accurate records of the ins and outs of large and small rivers. However, due to the changes of the times and the rise and fall of cities, some rivers were diverted and renamed, but they were not supplemented and explained in the book. Li Daoyuan then personally annotated the water mirror.

In order to write notes about water mirrors, he read more than 400 books, consulted all the maps, studied a large number of cultural relics, and personally went to the field to check the records in the books. Water mirror has 65,438+037 rivers and 65,438+100,000 words. After Li Daoyuan's annotation, the number of river maps increased to 1252, with * * * 300,000 words, 20 times more than the original. The book describes the origin and flow direction of rivers, the physical geography and economic geography of each basin, as well as volcanoes, hot springs and water conservancy projects. This book is beautiful and vivid, and it can also be said to be a literary work. Because of its great value in the history of China's scientific and cultural development, many scholars in the past dynasties specially studied it and formed "Sydney".

The eloquent Li Daoyuan attacked Yongning Hou first, and the case was reduced to Bo. Li Biao, the deputy commander of the remonstrance, wrote a decree in Daoyuan, which was cited as a remonstrance. Biaoyou is played as a servant, and Daoyuan is relieved of his official position. Jingmingzhong is a Jizhou town with a long history. The secretariat is very strong and obedient to the queen's father. The west is Guanzhong, and it has not yet reached the state. Daoyuan acted for three years. The government is harsh, officials are afraid, and traitors flee to other places. After trying to defend Luyang County, Daoyuan issued a statement advocating persuasion. Zhao said: "Luyang was originally a barbarian, and there was no college student. Listen to it now, so as to be a good man and keep Wen Weng. " Daoyuan is in the county seat, and the mountain is quite famous. I dare not be a coach. Yan Changzhong, as the secretariat of East Jingzhou, was a powerful politician, as in Jizhou. The barbarian told me that he had invited Kouzuli, the former secretariat. And sent Daoyuan back to Beijing with 70 garrison soldiers, and the two were relieved of their duties.

After that, He Nanyin. Ming Di changed the towns of Woye, Huai Shuo, Bo Gu, Wuchuan, Fuming, Rouxuan, Huang Huai and Yuyi into states, and its county, county and garrison were named as ancient cities. Zhao Daoyuan holds the festival and serves as assistant minister of Huangmen. Chiyi and Li Chong, the viceroy, should set up a position and cut their future. Towns will rebel, but they will return in vain.

At the beginning of Xiaochang, Liang sent generals to attack Yangzhou, and Yuan Mu rebelled in Pengcheng. Zhao Daoyuan kept the festival, served as a servant, took photos of Taiwan officials, saved the armies, and shot Li Ping's story according to the servant. Liang Jun went to Yang Guo, but failed. There are many gains from the recovery of Daoyuan.

After the suggestion, lieutenant. Tao Element is called Meng Yan, and Quan Hao is afraid of it. But it can't be corrected, and its reputation is even worse. Alice and Ruyue have a good relationship and often sleep together. And the election of state officials is mostly because of reading. Often sleep in seclusion and come home. Daoyuan came to see me secretly, took my thoughts and sent me to prison. Queen Yue Qiling, please read your mind and forgive me. Daoyuan did his best because he was satisfied with it.

At this time, Bao Xiao, Yongzhou secretariat, a little exposed. The minister and Chengyang Wang were jealous of Daoyuan, and were sent to Guan You as envoys for satirizing the imperial court. Bao was worried about Daoyuan's self-interest and sent a physician to surround Daoyuan at the Yinpan Post Station. The pavilion is on the mountain and often eats wells under the mountain. Now we are surrounded. Without water, we can't cross the well more than ten feet. The water bent as hard as it could, and the thief climbed over the wall and went in. Daoyuan and his brother Daoque were both killed. Knife scolds thieves, sharp death. Baoyu sent his father and son to Chang 'an East. Things were peaceful, and the funeral was also given to Shangshu of the official department, the secretariat of Jizhou and the Duke of Anding County.

Daoyuan was eager to learn and read strange books, and wrote 40 volumes of Water Mirror, with 0/3 articles in this journal/kloc. It is also a "seven hires", and all articles are in the world. However, brothers don't get along and are too jealous.

Zu Chongzhi, also known as Fan Yang (now Laiyuan, Hebei Province) was born in Kuaixian County. Born in 429 A.D. in Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu), he was an official family. Although he was originally from the north, several generations of ancestors were officials in Jiangnan and were familiar with the calendar. My grandfather is in charge of civil engineering construction, and my father is also knowledgeable. He had the opportunity to receive scientific knowledge from his family since he was a child. When he was young, he entered Hualin University, which specializes in academic research. Zu Chongzhi once worked as a state official, joined the army, served as a county magistrate, from the highest official to a captain in Changshui, and enjoyed four salaries. He died in 500 AD.

Zu Chongzhi was a great mathematician and astronomer in ancient China. His life's works are varied. Unfortunately, all the books on mathematics have been lost. In all kinds of book catalogues at home and abroad, we can see that the titles of his mathematical works are "Composition" 6 volumes, "Notes on Nine Chapters of Arithmetic Meaning" 9 volumes and "Notes on Heavy Difference" 1 volume respectively. In astronomical calendar, he compiled Da Ming Calendar and wrote a refutation for Da Ming Calendar. In the notes recorded in ancient books, Zu Chongzhi's works such as Yijing, Laozi Yi, Zhuangzi Yi, Interpretation of Analects of Confucius and Interpretation of Filial Piety are all lost. In terms of literary works, he wrote 10 volume "Telling Different Stories", and fragments of this work can be seen in books such as "Taiping Magnolia".

Zu Chongzhi was interested in astronomy and mathematics since he was a child. He collected almost all kinds of documents, records and materials from ancient times to his life for research, and personally made accurate measurements and careful calculations. As he himself said, "measure your feet, bow detector, do your best, make a decision before you move." He carefully studied the work of scientists such as Liu Xin, Zhang Heng, Zheng Xuan, Kan Yi, Wang Fan and Liu Hui, refuted their mistakes one by one, and obtained many valuable results. A well-known example is the value of garden rate, which is accurate to 7 digits.

The calculation of garden rate π shows the mathematical level of a country and a nation. In ancient China, like any other countries and regions with earlier cultural development in the world, the earliest rate of people using gardening was 3. This value with great error has been used until the Han Dynasty. After entering the Han Dynasty, the improvement of garden rate attracted the attention of many scientists, who all did some work. The most important is Liu Hui, a mathematician in Wei and Jin Dynasties. He used "gardening" to calculate the gardening rate as 3. 14.

Regarding Zu Chongzhi's work on the rate of garden completion, its historical materials can only be found in the records of Sui Shu's Law, and Zu Chongzhi also gives two approximate fractional values of the rate of garden completion:

Security rate: π=355/ 1 13, with 6 digits after the decimal point accurate,

Approximation rate: π=22/7, accurate to 2 decimal places.

In Europe, the calculated value after 1 100 years is 355/13, which is called "Anthonis rate". 19 12 years, Japanese mathematician Masao Sanshi proposed that π=355/ 1 13 was called "ancestral rate".

It is a great pity that there is no historical record about how Zu Chongzhi calculated such an accurate result. But judging from the situation at that time, Zu Chongzhi still used Liu Hui's Horticulture. If so, Zu Chongzhi needs to calculate the area of the regular 12288 polygon and the regular 24576 polygon in the garden. You need to add, subtract, multiply, divide, square root and other operations for more than 130 times, and each operation must be accurate to 9 digits. It is conceivable that in those days, it took great care and superhuman perseverance to calculate by listing. The calculation of sphere volume is another great achievement of Zu Chongzhi and his son (Rihuan) in mathematics. Grandfather got the formula of sphere volume according to Liu Hui's correct method in "Nine Chapters Arithmetic Note".

Sphere volume =4/3πγ3.

Grandfather summed up the so-called "Zu's principle" in the process of deducing the formula of sphere volume. In the west, this principle is called "cavalieri's principle", but its discoverer, Italian mathematician cavalieri (1598 ~ 1647), was many years later than his grandfather.

Zu Chongzhi's achievements in astronomical calendar are mostly contained in his Da Ming Calendar and his Refutation for Da Ming Calendar. Through precise observation and measurement, Zu Chongzhi found many mistakes in the Yuan Kerry Calendar compiled by the famous astronomer He Chengtian, so he set out to compile the Daming Calendar, which was compiled in 462 AD at the age of 33. Zu Chongzhi made many creative contributions to the compilation of calendars. Daming Calendar is the best calendar in this era, but it was opposed by court courtiers. It was not until 10 year after Zu Chongzhi's death that Daming Calendar was officially promulgated due to the insistence of his son (Rihuan) and the textual research on the actual astronomical phenomena.

About 1800 years ago, in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 1 17), a large astronomical instrument driven by water was successfully manufactured in Luoyang, Kyoto, Eastern Han Dynasty. Twenty years later (A.D. 138), another instrument installed in Luoyang, Kyoto, "Houfeng Seismograph", accurately reported earthquakes thousands of miles away in the west. This marks the beginning of a new era of human recording and studying earthquakes with instruments.

The Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove

Seven sages of bamboo forest, seven famous literati who wrote poems at the end of Wei Dynasty, became famous later than "Seven Scholars of Jian 'an". Include Ji Kang, Ruan Ji, Dan Tao, Xiang Xiu, Liu Ling, Wang Rong and Ruan Xian.

Wang Shuhe

Wang Shuhe (3rd century AD) was named Xi, a native of Gaoping, Shandong Province. Date of birth and death is unknown.

Wang Shuhe once served as the doctor's order of Wei Tai, saying, "He has a calm temperament, understands the classics and is reasonable, is poor in studying the pulse, is careful in diagnosis and treatment, and knows the way of keeping in good health." (Tang Gambo's Biography of Famous Doctors) Wang's Pulse Sutra 10 is the earliest extant monograph on pulse science in China. He compiled Zhong Jing's Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Miscellaneous Diseases, which has been handed down to this day and contributed to the development of traditional Chinese medicine. In addition, there are 6 volumes of Pulse Tactics, Pulse Fu 1, 3 volumes of Pulse Tactics and 6 volumes of Treatise on Febrile Diseases, all of which have been lost.

Wang Shuhe's main contribution to TCM lies in his study of pulse science and the compilation of Treatise on Febrile Diseases. He summed up the pulse science and compiled the Pulse Classic. Inherited the achievements of predecessors in the study of pulse science, collected early famous medical works and related documents of famous doctors in past dynasties, and combined with my own experience, wrote a book "Pulse Classic", which made the theory and method of pulse science systematic and standardized, promoted the progress of traditional Chinese medicine, and also had a certain impact on world medicine.

First of all, Wang Shuhe made a great improvement on the method of pulse-taking, and founded the method of inching mouth diagnosis. Pulse diagnosis design takes two hands and inches, also known as "three points and nine Hou", with inch, clearance and ruler as three points and floating, middle and sinking as nine Hou. The theory that the mouth of an inch is divided into zang-fu organs is put forward. The left inch belongs to the heart and small intestine, the left guan belongs to the liver and gallbladder, the left foot belongs to the kidney and bladder, the right inch belongs to the lung and large intestine, the right foot belongs to the spleen and stomach, and the right foot belongs to the triple energizer of life gate. By combing the pulse shapes, the pulse conditions are divided into 24 types, including floating, bleeding, flooding, slipping, counting, urging, stringing, tightening, sinking, squatting, skin, solid, slight, astringent, fine, soft, weak, scattered, slow, late, knot, generation and moving, and various pulse conditions are compared. Organize and compile Treatise on Febrile Diseases. It is divided into two books, Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Synopsis of the Golden Chamber, which have been handed down to this day. The treatise on febrile diseases was deeply studied from the aspects of pulse, syndrome, prescription and treatment. It is generally believed that Wang Shuhe added three articles in Cheng Wuji's Notes on Treatise on Febrile Diseases, namely, the method of pulse differentiation, the method of pulse smoothing and the case of typhoid fever, and the following eight articles, namely, Syndrome Treatment and Non-sweating Syndrome Treatment. Focusing on Zhongjing's treatment, this paper classifies and compares the methods used by Zhongjing, such as sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, warming, acupuncture, moxibustion, water and fire, and analyzes them, which is very suitable for clinical application.

He advocates early treatment and disease prevention. "Everyone has a disease, from time to time, that is, illness, poor in Hebei, so that it becomes a chronic disease. ..... When the qi is not harmonious, it is easy to talk about it early, find out the cause of it, and treat it if it is unreasonable. People who don't heal are rare. The patient endured for a few days, saying that evil spirits were out of control. " Wang Shuhe's Treatise on Febrile Diseases emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. Advocating hygiene and opposing overeating are of great significance to preventive medicine.

In a word, Wang summed up the achievements of pulse science since Zhou, Qin, Han and Wei, and enriched his experience to write a book, Pulse Classic, which is a representative figure of pulse science in China and has a great influence in the history of world medicine. He collected Treatise on Febrile Diseases, which contributed to the preservation of ancient medical literature and the development of traditional medicine.

Wang Xizhi (303? —36 1? )

When it comes to calligraphy, I can't help but say Wang Xizhi; Speaking of Wang Xizhi, he is almost a household name, and maybe he can tell a few stories about him. This is a unique phenomenon in China calligraphy culture.

Wang Xizhi (303-36 1, 32 1-379), a calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, has few words. Originally from Langya (now Linyi, Shandong), I now live in Yinshan Huiji (Shaoxing, Zhejiang). The officers of the right army generals will review the internal history and be called "Wang Youjun". He came from a noble family in the Jin Dynasty. When Wang Xizhi was twelve years old, his father taught him the theory of brushwork. "If you use an outline, you will realize something." When I was a child, I studied calligraphy with the famous female calligrapher Mrs. Wei. Later, he visited the famous mountains in You Jiang, where he learned from foreigners, learned from foreigners, and learned from Zhong You. Observing and learning "how to combine multiple methods to prepare a family" has reached the height of "more expensive than others, the best in ancient and modern times".

Compared with Han Dynasty and Western Jin Dynasty, Wang Xizhi's calligraphy style is characterized by exquisite brushwork and changeable structure. Wang Xizhi's greatest achievement is to increase and destroy the ancient law and turn the simple calligraphy style of Han and Wei dynasties into exquisite and beautiful calligraphy style. In a word, the introduction of Chinese character writing from practicality to the realm of paying attention to techniques and tastes is the awakening of calligraphy art, which indicates that calligraphers not only discover the beauty of calligraphy, but also can show it. Few later calligraphers have not copied Wang Xizhi's calligraphy posts, so they have the reputation of "book saints". His regular script Le Yi Lun, Huang Ting Jing, Dong Fangshuo Hua Zan, etc. were quite famous in the Southern Dynasties, leaving various legends, and some even became the subject of painting. His cursive script is honored as "the sage of grass" by the world. There is no original trace in the world, and there are many books of calligraphy, such as Seventeen Sticks, Le Li Yi in Small Letters, Huang Tingjing and so on. Copy the outline of ink, there is a hole in the middle post, Lanting [Feng Chengsu Copy] sequence, clear post in the snow, diligent funeral post, funeral post, far official post, aunt post, peace post, line post.

Wang Xizhi's calligraphy influenced his descendants. His son is mysterious and good at cursive writing; Coagulation, as a grass official; Emblem, good cursive script; Fuck it, be good at writing; Huanzhi, good cursive script; Sacrifice is called "little sage". Huang's "On the East View and Xu Lun" says: "Wang Sizi's books, Ning, Cao, Hui and Huan, have all been handed down from generation to generation, each with its own body, but different body. Condense its rhyme, practice its body, emblem its potential, rejuvenate its appearance and offer its source. " Later, descendants continued, and one of Wang's calligraphy was handed down. Wu Zetian tried Wang Xizhi's book, and Wang Fangqing, the ninth great-grandson of Wang Xizhi, presented ten volumes of The Travels of Twenty-eight People to his great-grandfather and compiled Long Live the Tian Tong Post. After Wang Sengqian, Wang Ci and Zhiwang were kings in the Southern Dynasties, regular script was created. Shi Zhiyong, the seventh grandson of Xihe, was a famous calligrapher in Sui and Tang Dynasties.

Wang Xizhi's calligraphy has influenced bookstores from generation to generation. The establishment of Wang Xizhi's calligrapher status has its evolution process. Calligraphers in Taishigong period of Southern Song Dynasty said in the book list: "Han, Wei, Zhong (Yi) and Zhang (Zhi) were good at beauty, and the two kings were called English at the end of Jin Dynasty." The title of the Right Army was unparalleled at that time, and Wang Xianzhi was the highest-ranking person in calligraphy during the Song and Qi Dynasties. Concentrated on learning books from his father, he was very talented and sensitive to innovation. He transferred to Zhang Zhi and created a cursive script that runs from top to bottom. He even surpassed his father and became a saint, and he was called "two kings" with his father. Tao Hongjing in the Southern Dynasties said in On Books that "everyone in the world respects books" and that "the sea is nothing more than Mongolian Yuan and Yu Ye". What changed this situation was Liang Wudi Xiao Yan's admiration for Wang Xizhi. He changed the book degree from "Wang Xianzhi-Wang Xizhi-Zhong You" to "Zhong You-Wang Xizhi-Wang Xianzhi". In Twelve Essays on Zhong You's Calligraphy, Yanyun Jr. said, "I don't respect my son, but I don't care much about my leisure." "unsuccessful" or "not caught" is not as good as meaning. Xiao Yan's position makes his comments particularly attractive, so the public opinion is firm.

The first time in history to learn from Wang Xizhi was in Nanliang, and the second time was in Tang Dynasty. Emperor Taizong highly praised Wang Xizhi, not only widely collecting Wang Shu, but also personally writing praises for the biography of Wang Xizhi in the Book of Jin. When commenting on Zhong You, he said that he was "either full of goodness or suspicious", while at the time of offering, he belittled his "calligraphy disease". As for other calligraphers, such as Ziyun, Wang Meng and Yan Xu, he said that he was "over praised". Comparatively speaking, Emperor Taizong thought that the right army was "perfect" and "eager to pursue, this man is just the rest. What can I say?" Since then, Wang Xizhi's supreme position in the history of calligraphy has been established and consolidated. Literati in Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties all kept Jin Zong's "Two Kings" at a respectful distance. Ou Yangxun, Yu Shinan, Chu Suiliang, Xue Qi, Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan in the Tang Dynasty, Yang Ningshi in the Five Dynasties, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Midi and Cai Xiang in the Song Dynasty, Zhao Mengfu in the Yuan Dynasty and Dong Qichang in the Ming Dynasty all converted to Wang Xizhi. Although the study of steles broke the scope of calligraphy research in Qing Dynasty, Wang Xizhi's position as a calligrapher remained unshakable. Although the "Book Sage" and "Ink Emperor" are suspected of being "sanctified", the famous scholars and masters from generation to generation are convinced and admired through comparison and speculation.

In the history of China's calligraphy, although Wang Xizhi is known as the "sage of calligraphy", he is not regarded as a solidified icon, but only a perfect symbol of the creation of calligraphy in China culture. Things are always developing and progressing. Wang Xizhi reached the pinnacle of perfection in his time, and this "icon" will surely summon the later generations to climb the new height of calligraphy in their respective times.

Gu Kaizhi (348 409) was born in Wuxi, Jinling (now Wuxi, Jiangsu). Gu Kaizhi is knowledgeable and talented. He is good at poetry and calligraphy, especially painting. Specializing in portraits, Buddha statues, animals, landscapes, etc. People call it the three musts: painting, writing and infatuation. Xie An is so deep that he thinks it has not existed since its birth. Gu Kaizhi, Cao Buxing, Lu Tanwei and Zhang Sengyou are also called "Four Masters in Six Dynasties". Gu Kaizhi's painting intention is to convey the spirit, his thoughts of "moving the mind" and "conveying the spirit with form", and his "six methods". It laid the foundation for the development of traditional painting in China.

Encyclopedia of China (concise edition);

Gu Kaizhi (about 348-409) was a painter, painting theorist and poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty in China. Long word kang, small word tiger head. Jinling Wuxi (now Jiangsu Province) people. He once joined the army and served as a regular rider. Born in a gentry, he is versatile and skilled in poetry and prose, especially in painting. Good at figure painting, historical figures, Taoism, animals, landscapes and other themes. Painted characters advocate vivid expression, pay attention to the finishing touch, and think that "vivid depiction is in the process of covering the eyes". Pay attention to depicting physiological details, expressing characters' expressions, painting Pei Kai's image, and adding three points to his cheeks, and suddenly feel radiant. Good at using environmental description to express the interest and expression of characters. Painting Xie Kun as a cliff highlights the interest of the characters. The clothes lines he painted are made of Gu You Si Miao, and the lines are tight and continuous, such as spring silkworms spinning, spring clouds floating in the air, and running water running on the ground, which is natural and smooth. Gu Kaizhi's works are not authentic. The pictures of women's history, the pictures of Luo Shen and the pictures of women's benevolence and wisdom, which have been handed down to this day, are all copies of the Tang and Song Dynasties. Gu Kaizhi has also made outstanding achievements in painting theory. There are three painting theories today: Wei Jinsheng's Painting Praise, On Painting and Painting Yuntai Mountain. Put forward the views of image theory, viewing God by form and thinking brilliantly. It advocates that painting should show the mental state and personality characteristics of the characters, pay attention to the experience and observation of the painted objects, grasp the inner essence of the objects through image thinking, and then show the modal thinking of the characters on the basis of similarity, that is, write the spirit with form. Gu Kaizhi's painting and his theoretical achievements occupy an extremely important position in the history of China's fine arts. Gu Kaizhi wrote three volumes of Enlightenment and twenty volumes of Anthology, both of which have been lost. However, there are still some poems handed down, such as "dry rocks strive for beauty, thousands of valleys struggle for flow, vegetation covers, if clouds flourish, Xia Wei", etc., which vividly describe the beautiful scenery of the south of the Yangtze River in detail and are full of poetry and painting.

Arock/Art /GH/ North-South Tide/Gu Kaizhi

Gu Kaizhi is known as "the sage of painting", and he has "three unique skills" in poetry, calligraphy and painting. ...

I think it's Gu Kaizhi

Ge Hong (AD 284-345)

China's alchemy has a long history. As early as the Warring States Period in the third and fourth centuries BC, there were records about alchemists seeking "elixir of life". Qin Shihuang sent Xu Fu with hundreds of virgins to Penglai to ask the immortal to give him the elixir of life. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty recruited many alchemists and emphasized the art of immortality. The ethos of alchemy became popular with the help of the feudal ruling class. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, alchemists evolved into Taoist priests who treated diseases with water. They regard Laozi, the founder of Taoism in the pre-Qin period, as the founder. Since then, Taoism has become one of the main religions in China feudal society, coexisting with Confucianism and Buddhism.

The original intention of an alchemist is absurd. It hopes to cherish the essence of stone and make people live forever. However, in the practice of alchemy, some alchemists have absorbed the rich experience of working people in production and life, and at the same time, they have tirelessly engaged in drug collection and pharmaceutical activities, accumulated a lot of knowledge about material changes, and realized that material changes are universal laws in nature. In particular, most alchemists are also engaged in medical activities, and they introduce alchemy drugs into medical treatment, thus enriching the content of traditional Chinese medicine. Ge Hong is an outstanding representative of these alchemists.

A frustrated intellectual is an alchemist.

Ge Hong's name is Ikekawa and Bao Puzi. Jurong people in Danyang, Eastern Jin Dynasty. Born into a declining aristocratic family, my grandfather was a senior official of the State of Wu during the Three Kingdoms period, and my father was also a senior official of the State of Wu. After surrendering to the state of Jin, he was also a middle official. /kloc-at the age of 0/3, my father died of illness and my family was in a bad situation. Ge Hong has a strong thirst for knowledge since he was a child. Without books, he borrowed books from others everywhere. Having no money to buy pen and ink, he practiced calligraphy on the ground with charcoal. From the age of 16, I began to read Confucian books such as Xiao Jing and Analects of Confucius, covering a wide range, from classics, history books to essays, and I carefully read all the books I can borrow. Later, I learned "Wang Qi" and "Divination". After a long period of hard self-study, Ge Hong finally became a learned man.

In 303 AD, peasant uprisings took place in many places, opposing the rule of the Jin Dynasty, and the rebel army led by Shi Bing was one of them. Ge Hongfeng, a well-born and talented man, was ordered by the magistrate to lead a crusade against Shi Bing. Shi Bing was defeated, but Ge Hong was not rewarded for his work. The indignant Ge Hong surrendered and left his hometown for Luoyang. When I arrived in Luoyang, I met the "Eight Kings Rebellion". There are wars everywhere, and my road is blocked. Just when he didn't know what to do, one of his friends was going to be an official in Guangzhou, so he volunteered to stand in front of his friend. Unexpectedly, he arranged a friend in Guangzhou, but his friend was killed in Lu Bu, where he took office. Helpless Ge Hong had to stay in the south for the time being. At that time, Bao Xuan, the prefect of Nanhai, Guangdong, liked the art of wandering immortals, which was similar to Ge Hong's, so he got along very speculatively. So Ge Hong, who was in his twenties, took Bao Xuan as his teacher and soon married Bao Xuan's daughter. Ge Hong, who didn't find a way out politically, gradually turned his interest to alchemy. During his 10 years in Guangdong, most of his departments were engaged in alchemy.

In 3 16 AD, Ge Hong returned to his hometown in the south of the Yangtze River, where he had been away for more than ten years. At this time, the rulers' rule in the north of the Yangtze River no longer exists. Si Marui became the emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty in Nanking. In order to win over the Nanhao family, he used Ge Hong's contribution in leading the troops to defeat Shi Bing as an excuse, and named Ge Hong as the "Guanzhong Hou". In addition, Ge Hong worked as a middle-ranking official in Beijing for four years. At this time, Ge Hong had no interest in being an official. He heard that Jiaotoe (present-day Vietnam) was rich in alchemy materials, so he asked to be an official in Goulou County, Guangxi, so that he could be an alchemist nearby. The Eastern Jin Emperor was happy to be a good man and agreed to his request. In fact, he failed to go to Goulou County, Guangxi, because when he led his family to Guangzhou, his friends advised him not to go any further. It was too dangerous to go west. So he settled in Guangzhou, went to Luofu Mountain to practice and lived an alchemical life. He died around 345 AD at the age of 6 1.

Second, diligent scholars and numerous works.

According to the introduction of Ge Hongchuan in the Book of Jin, Ge Hong is well-read and knowledgeable, and Jiang Zuo is unparalleled; People who write chapters are rich in class. "That is to say, Ge Hong's rich knowledge is unparalleled in Jiangnan. His works are more than those of Ban Gu and Sima Qian. His works are listed in the Book of Jin, including chapter Bao Puzi 1 16, volume of inscription and postscript poem 100, 30 volumes of chapter-changing table, and various biographies such as Immortal, Good Official, Hermit and Different Collection.

A person has so many books and copied 3 10 copies, so it is conceivable that he is very diligent. Due to the long history and turbulent situation, many of Ge Hong's works have been lost, which brings certain difficulties to comprehensively and deeply evaluate Ge Hong. After careful textual research by experts, it is believed that Ge Hong has written at least four books so far: Biography of Immortals, Internal Chapter of Bao Puzi, External Chapter of Bao Puzi, and Emergency Prescription for Elbows.

In Biography of Immortals, Ge Hong recorded the deeds of 92 "immortals" according to the need of popularizing alchemy. These so-called immortals include Mozi, Wei Boyang and other real figures in history, as well as the legendary Guang. Everyone's biography is simple, but the content is absurd. For example, Mozi was described as a fairy, and he looked like a man in his fifties when he arrived at Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

There are twenty volumes in Bao Puzi's Inner Chapter, three of which are about alchemy, namely, Elixir, Fairy Medicine and Huangbai. The volume of "Elixir" is mainly about refining the so-called immortal elixir by using inorganic substances. The volume "Fairy Medicine" focuses on the "five arts" of plants and prolonging life. "Huang Zi" concentrated a lot of artificial gold and self-silver. Therefore, to study the alchemy and chemical knowledge in Ge Hong's period, it is necessary to study this book.

"Bao Puzi Waipian" mostly talks about the truth that Confucianism should respond to the world, which is purely some political theories of the ruling class in feudal society. Later, some people combined the outer chapter of Bao Puzi and the inner chapter of Bao Puzi into a book, which was collectively called Bao Puzi.

Elbow Urgent Prescription is the only one handed down from generation to generation among various medical works completed by Ge Hong. His original book synopsis of the golden chamber (volume 100) has been lost, so it is inconvenient to carry it, so the urgent, general, concise and practical parts are extracted into three volumes. In the process of circulation, this book was supplemented by Tao Hongjing in the Liang Dynasty and renamed "Hundred Faces Behind the Elbow". Later, Yong Yang in the Jin Dynasty added it again, and renamed it "elbow standby emergency prescription". Today, I saw this book.

In the preface of this book, Ge Hong wrote: "Every family should be prepared for emergencies, neither poor in symptoms nor rich in precious drugs. So, he made up his mind to select and record "easy-to-get drugs, but what needs to be bought is cheap, with grass and stones everywhere." "This spirit of thinking for poor patients is very valuable.

Elbow Jifang, Volume 8, 1-4, talks about internal diseases, including heart disease, typhoid fever, seasonal gas, stroke, watery diseases, yellowing and other acute diseases; Volumes 5-6 talk about exogenous diseases, including carbuncle, scabies, eye and ear diseases); The seventh volume is about "he is sick", including diseases such as insect and animal injuries and poisoning; The eighth volume introduces some emergency pills and livestock diseases. The outstanding point in the book is that the understanding of some infectious diseases has reached a high level. As mentioned above, it is the earliest smallpox record in the world. Ge Hong also put forward some preventive measures against infectious diseases, which now seem very scientific. In a word, Ge Hong's elbow emergency prescription is a precious document in the history of traditional Chinese medicine. Some people say that it is an "ancient Chinese medicine diagnosis and treatment manual".

Third, alchemy theory and chemical knowledge.

Before the Western Jin Dynasty, the ruling class fought for power and profit, and wars broke out one after another. Social productive forces have been severely damaged, class struggle is extremely sharp, and peasant uprisings are surging. Living in this situation, Ge Hong, like some landlords, turned to God for help from his disappointment with reality and devoted himself to the magic of the immortal alchemist. Ge Hong fully evolved the knowledge of Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi into the skill of immortal alchemists, and his thought was essentially Confucianism besides immortals. His alchemy theory is based on this idea. He believes that everything can be changed. With sincere requirements and appropriate conditions, people can become elixir and gold. According to this theory, Ge Hong collected and studied various prescriptions to treat diseases for the people. A large number of alchemy experiments were carried out. From these experiments, Ge Hong became familiar with the composition of many inorganic substances and some relatively simple chemical reactions. We can only find that Ge Hong has the following chemical knowledge from Bao Puzi's Inner Chapter:

1. He said, "Cinnabar becomes mercury when burned, and becomes cinnabar when accumulated." Cinnabar is mercury sulfide, which is decomposed by heating to obtain mercury. Mercury combines with sulfur to produce black mercury sulfide, and then the temperature is adjusted in a closed container to sublimate into reddish crystalline mercury sulfide. Making mercury from mercury sulfide was known in China as early as the first century BC, and Ge Hong was the first person to record this reaction in detail.

2. "Iron applied to Zeng Qing, iron red as copper" Zeng Qing probably refers to alum containing copper sulfate. When iron is coated on Zeng Qing, the solution of iron and copper sulfate works. Iron replaces copper in copper sulfate, so the surface is covered with a layer of red copper. Because of the coating method, copper sulfate only acts on the iron surface. Ge Hong went on to say, "Externalization is not internalization". It can be seen that Ge Hong observed this metal replacement reaction very carefully.

3. "Lead is self-contained, red means Dan, red means red, and white means lead." This means that lead can become lead white, that is, basic lead carbonate, and lead white can become red lead, that is, lead tetroxide; Lead can be turned into lead white, and finally lead can be returned. This shows that Ge Hong has made a series of experimental studies on the chemical changes of lead.

4. "Take orpiment and realgar, and spare them. Among them, the bronze casting is considered as a repair device ... This device is filled with red milk for a hundred days, which is a bit long. " Orpiment refers to As2S3, and realgar refers to As2S2. Both can sublimate after heating. This passage by Ge Hong is a description of their sublimation experiment.

Ge Hong probably made several alloys that look like gold and silver, which may contain copper, lead, mercury, nickel and other elements in different proportions. Huang Bai, the volume of Bao Puzi's Inner Chapter, vividly tells this point, but the original text is too obscure and needs further textual research.

At that time, it was commendable that Ge Hong had such a wealth of knowledge. He played a connecting role in the development of alchemy in China. His inspiring writings promoted alchemy, and his specific writings on alchemy methods had a great influence on later alchemists.