How do animals on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau adapt to the plateau environment?

Tibetan antelope: Tibetan antelope is unique to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and is a national first-class protected animal. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Animals and Plants has listed Tibetan antelope in Appendix I of the List of Prohibited Species. Tibetan antelope is one of the loveliest and most beautiful animals on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The mating and lambing forms of Tibetan antelopes are unique. Every year from the end of June 165438+ to the beginning of February, all Tibetan antelopes in various regions are concentrated in fixed mating sites, and thousands of Tibetan antelopes are gathered in some mating sites. At this time, large and small mating sites have completely turned into a sea of Tibetan antelopes. Every June and July is the lambing season for Tibetan antelopes, and herds of Tibetan antelopes migrate from the south of Qiangtang to the no-man's land in the north to lambing. The migration journey is more than 300 kilometers, and it began to return to the southern and northern areas of Qiangtang in late July. As for the reasons of migration, there are different opinions, such as avoiding the attack of natural enemies on lambs, looking for more abundant food, reducing the interference of parasites, the residue of early habits and so on. However, we can't answer this question accurately yet. In addition, not all Tibetan antelopes have the habit of migrating to give birth to lambs. Some Tibetan antelopes living in the south of Qiangtang (Bahrain, Wenbu and other places) either gave birth to lambs locally or migrated to the south for a short distance. According to the estimation of 1989, the population of Tibetan antelope is only 50,000. By 1998, the population of Tibetan antelope increased to about 75,000, and by 2004, it reached or exceeded 654.38+10,000. Wild yak: the distribution area of wild yak is relatively small, and there are only wild yaks in the north and middle of Qiangtang. Wild yak is the most robust mammal and the fiercest herbivore living on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The weight of wild yak can reach more than 1200 kg, and its coat color can be divided into brownish black and golden yellow, and golden yellow is called golden yellow wild yak. Recently, explorers and local herders discovered white wild yaks. Of course, the number of white wild yak is very small. Most adult bulls act alone, while cows and underage cows act in groups. Group activities can cope with the attacks of predators such as wolves and snow leopards. For adult bulls, there are few animals that can pose a threat to them in Qiangtang. Of course, occasionally they need to accept the challenge of snow leopards. Every year, 10 and 1 1 month are the estrus mating seasons of wild yaks. At this time, all the adult bulls are close to the female herd, but in order to gain the dominance of the female herd, the bulls must fight fiercely, and only by winning can they get the mating right. Losers continue to look for females and strive for mating opportunities. When many bulls finally can't get wild cows, they blend in with my mother's yaks, kill domestic breeding cows and take away domestic cows. In the late 1980s, there were only over 7,000 wild yaks. However, since the 1990s, due to the establishment of nature reserves and the crackdown on poachers, the number of wild yaks has been increasing. By the end of 1990s, the number of wild yaks exceeded 1 10,000. Xia Le thought that the total number of wild yaks was around12,000 to 3,000. Today, this number at least exceeds 15000. Of course, this is only a rough estimate, and there is no exact scientific data yet. After hunting was banned, wild yaks migrated from the north to the south and returned to their active areas. It can be seen that the present situation of wild animals has been greatly improved compared with 10 years ago. "Tibetan wild donkey Tibetan wild donkey is a national first-class protected animal. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Animals and Plants has included Tibetan wild donkeys in the list of prohibited species in Appendix II. Tibetan wild donkeys are widely distributed. In recent years, due to the reduction of human interference and harm to them, a large number of Tibetan wild donkeys live around pastures, and in some places, wild donkeys can often be seen mixed with livestock. Tibetan wild donkeys often move in groups, ranging from a few to hundreds, and occasionally wild donkeys that move alone are found. Tibetan wild donkeys are good at running and often race with cars on the roadside. Their speed exceeds 70 kilometers per hour. July and August are the season of estrus mating for wild donkeys every year. In order to compete for a mate, the male donkey must fight and bite. Deliver in July every year, each fetus 1 baby. The main natural enemies of wild donkeys are wolves, snow leopards and lynxes. Due to proper protection measures, the number of wild donkeys has increased year by year, with nearly 60 thousand in Qiangtang alone. According to the estimation of Liu Wulin and others, the number of wild donkeys in Tibet was about 56,000 in 1989, and the total number in 1998 was close to 80,000. In addition, according to the survey and statistics of the World Wide Fund for Nature, there are a large number of wild donkeys in some areas north of Chabu Township and northwest of Nima County in Ali Gaize County, and some groups have reached more than 500. Therefore, we have reason to believe that the number of wild donkeys in Tibet now far exceeds this figure, reaching 65,438+10,000. Snow Leopard: The shape of snow leopard is similar to that of leopard, but its coat color, pattern and tail shape are different from those of leopard. Snow leopard is a specialty of Central Asia Plateau, and Qiangtang is the largest habitat of snow leopard. At present, there are about 3,500 to 7,000 wild populations in the world, and about 600 to 700 are kept by zoos in various countries. China is the main habitat of snow leopards and the country with the largest number of snow leopards. At present, it is estimated that there are about 2,000 to 5,000 snow leopards, most of which are distributed in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau dominated by Qiangtang. Tibetan gazelle: Tibetan gazelle is the easiest wild animal to see and approach. Tibetan gazelles are distributed all over Qiangtang and can be seen as long as they enter the reserve. They work in groups, and sometimes they work alone. In and around Qiangtang Nature Reserve, it is often found that herds of Tibetan gazelles almost feed on cattle and sheep and are not too afraid of herders and vehicles. Of course, this has something to do with protection and human interference. Due to the reduction of natural enemies and the ban on hunting, the number of Tibetan gazelles has increased a lot. According to Xia Le's judgment, before 10, the population of Qiangtang Nature Reserve was only about 20,000. At present, there are 654.38 million Tibetan antelopes in Qiangtang, and the number in the nature reserve is about 50,000. Birds: Qiangtang is also the habitat of many plateau birds. There are brown-headed gulls, striped geese, red-necked ducks, black-necked cranes, alpine vultures, falcons, Tibetan snow chickens and Tibetan sand chickens. Among them, black-necked crane is a national first-class protected bird. The wetland in Qiangtang has become the largest habitat and breeding ground for black-necked cranes. Thousands of black-necked cranes came from the valley in southern Tibet to the central, southern and western areas of Qiangtang at an altitude of more than 4000 meters. Although they form a large group of activities in the valley of southern Tibet, they usually pair up in Qiangtang because they want to nest and breed here. The survival rate of young birds is relatively low, and the surviving young birds and adult cranes go to the southern Tibetan valley for the winter. According to preliminary investigation, the number of black-necked cranes has increased, with a total of about 4,000.