Loess Plateau with Plateau Climate

Generally speaking, the Loess Plateau starts from Qilian Mountain in the west, reaches Taihang Mountain in the east and reaches the Great Wall in the north. South to the Qinling Mountains, it spans Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi and Henan provinces. The annual rainfall on the Loess Plateau is generally between 300 and 600 mm, and in some areas it can reach 800 to 1000 mm. Rainfall is concentrated in summer, July and August. The rainy season is relatively short, and the dry season and rainy season are relatively long. Because rainfall is mostly concentrated in summer, there are relatively many opportunities for heavy rain in summer precipitation, and hail is often accompanied by heavy rain, so rainy and hail in summer is a climate feature of the Loess Plateau. Sudden rainstorm often causes flash floods and a lot of soil erosion; Heavy hail often destroys large areas of crops.

The interannual variation of precipitation in the Loess Plateau is very different and unstable. The rainfall in rainy years is three or four times or even thirty or forty times that in rainy years. For example, Taiyuan has only 50 mm in rainy years and 700 mm in rainy years. The rainy year in Shaanxi is only 20mm, and the rainy year is 700mm. Such a disparity in annual rainfall changes can easily lead to droughts and floods.

On the Loess Plateau, there is not much rainfall, and it is mostly concentrated in summer, so there are few clouds, many sunny days, long sunshine time, sufficient sunshine and good heat conditions on the Loess Plateau. The annual sunshine is generally between 2000 and 3000 hours, and gradually increases from south to north. Sufficient light conditions and abundant heat resources provide good climatic conditions and a broad development world for the development of temperate and sunny plants. summary

The climatic characteristics of Guizhou Plateau can be simply summarized as: abundant rainfall, moderate rainfall, more rainy days, foggy and less sunshine all year round, humid climate, mild temperature year by year, and obvious cool feeling in winter and summer.

rain

The annual rainfall in the whole Guizhou Plateau is slightly less, about 900~ 1000 mm, except for Weining, Hezhang and Bijie in the west, and it is generally about 1000~ 1250 mm in other areas, with little change during the year. The precipitation is relatively abundant and stable, and the climate is relatively humid. The rainy days in Guizhou Plateau are also relatively humid every year. On the Guizhou Plateau, the number of rainy days in any region and any month in a year is generally above 10, which reflects the overall climate characteristics of rainy weather in Guizhou Plateau.

sunlight

Guizhou Plateau is foggy, cloudy and rainy, so there is much less sunshine. The annual sunshine hours in Guizhou Plateau are generally around 1, 200 ~ 1, 400 hours, which is only about half of that in the Loess Plateau, and the average daily sunshine time is only 4 hours. Judging from the sunshine hours in the whole year, Guizhou Plateau is one of the areas with the least sunshine in China, which is a disadvantage of its climate.

heat quantity

Although the sunshine hours in Guizhou Plateau are few, the heat conditions are still superior. From the frost-free period, the western plateau is slightly shorter, about 225 days, and other areas are generally more than 270 days. The southern part of the plateau with the best heat conditions lasts for more than 335 days, and it is a growing period almost all year round. The average annual temperature in most parts of the plateau is between 15~20℃, generally above 6℃ in winter, above 7~8℃ in the south, and between 1 4 ~ 26℃ in summer and July. Generally speaking, the climate in Guizhou Plateau is warm in winter and cool in summer. In Yunnan Province, Ailao Mountain can be divided into two parts, the western part of Ailao Mountain is the famous Hengduan Mountain area in China, and the eastern part of Ailao Mountain is the Yunnan Plateau. The topography of Yunnan Plateau gradually decreases from north to south and from west to east. The altitude of the central plateau is generally about 2000 meters. The whole Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau belongs to the subtropical plateau because of its southern geographical position and low geographical latitude. Yunnan Plateau has superior and peculiar climatic conditions, and its geographical latitude is south, which makes it have subtropical climate characteristics of low latitude, but its altitude is high, which makes it not completely different from subtropical climate. The influence of plateau topography and altitude greatly enriches the natural landscape and climate of Yunnan, making the climate of Yunnan Plateau unique and distinctive. In terms of temperature characteristics, in most areas of Yunnan Plateau, it can generally be said that there is no coolness in summer, no severe cold in winter, and the temperature is suitable. There are four seasons in spring, and there is no obvious change in four seasons in a year. Kunming has always enjoyed the reputation of China as a climate spring city. The average temperature in the plateau is roughly between 15-22℃, and the average temperature in April is generally higher than 10, which means that the temperature in spring is higher than that in autumn, spring is sunny and autumn is rainy. Compared with the characteristics of precipitation, most parts of Yunnan Plateau can not be divided into four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter, but into two seasons: 1 1 month is the dry season, and May to1month is the rainy season. The rainfall in May is about 3~ 10 times more than that in April, and the rainfall in 10 is about 3~ 10 times more than that in1month, so April is the end of the dry season, May is the beginning of the rainy season, and 10 is.

Yunnan Plateau enters the rainy season in May every year, and it is in the semi-annual rainy season in May 5- 10/October. The rainfall, rainy days and cloudy days in Yunnan are obviously higher than those in dry season (1 1 month to April of the following year). For example, the rainy season rainfall in Kunming is 980.4 mm, rainy days are 98 days, cloudy days are 1 14 days, sunny days are only 16 days, while dry season rainfall is 109.8 mm, rainy days are 25 days, cloudy days are only 3 1 day, and sunny days are 97 days. Yunnan Plateau is basically a rainy season for half a year and a dry season for half a year. The obvious difference between dry and wet seasons is obviously the result of the advance and retreat of China's winter and summer monsoon.

Human influence

The plateau climate environment has certain influence on human health. In ancient Tibetan medicine and related literature, people have an objective and correct understanding of the influence of plateau climate environment on human health. The study also believes that although the plateau climate environment has a negative impact on human health, Tibetan people have lived in the plateau climate environment for generations. After long-term plateau life, indigenous Tibetans have adapted to the plateau climate and environment, making them live healthily on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. With the improvement of living standards in people in Xizang, people's average life expectancy is also increasing. Therefore, as long as people have a correct understanding of the plateau climate environment and adopt scientific lifestyle and fitness methods, they can better adapt to the plateau climate environment.

First, Tibetan medicine's understanding of the impact of climate and environment on human health.

Different regions and different climatic environments have different effects on people's health and longevity.

The ancients in Tibet knew this phenomenon for a long time. Wang Yue Medical Clinic, the earliest document of Tibetan medicine, describes the influence of climate and environment on human body, and holds that places that are too cold are prone to "lung disease". The classic work of Tibetan medicine "Four Medical Canon" also holds that "Yu Lang is the one who is cold and fierce, Chiba is the one who is hot and dry, and bacon is the one who is hot and humid". In other words, different geographical climate and people's living habits will lead to different diseases. In the Buddhist Health Sutra written by Long Shu, the natural environment and people's health and longevity are discussed: "Earth, water, gas and other natural elements are also delicious in Gan Chun, and the food they form nourishes the human body." "The human body is a small world, a small universe, and everything in the universe will be reflected in the human body. Therefore, any change in the universe between heaven and earth will also affect the human body, and every move, word and deed of the human body will also affect and act on its surrounding environment. "

(2) It is also considered that windy places are rich in prosperity factors, and hot places are rich in Chiba; And hot bacon. If you want to be healthy and balance the seven elements of food, blood, fat, bone, bone marrow and essence, as well as feces, urine and sweat, you should pay attention to diet, environment, living environment and living system. For example, when choosing a living environment, we must consider whether it is suitable for our own physique. People with good health should not live in windy areas to avoid getting sick due to factors that aggravate their health. Chiba people should avoid living in tropical areas; Similarly, people with bacon constitution should not live in wet places. Of course, people with mixed constitution should pay more attention to various conditions for choosing a residence. In addition, the general living conditions require no humidity, and the living place should be ventilated. It is best to use carpets to prevent moisture.

(3) Buddhist health books also believe that due to the special plateau climate, special attention should be paid to adjusting diet according to the differences of time and season, so as to stress the way of health preservation. For example, in spring, because bacon is dominant and dominant, we should eat more wheat foods, such as highland barley, roasted meat and honey, which are light foods with less oil and astringency. Honey, wine, wine, Jiang Shui and brown sugar water are the best drinks. Avoid eating too much ghee this season. Eat rice, ghee and meat in midsummer, eat less maltose, drink less, butter sauce, well water, cold milk with sugar, etc. Don't eat salty and sour food, and don't eat Chili.

④ In terms of the relationship between human health and environment, Tibetan doctors' understanding of the environment and human health phenomena runs through the big system idea of "the correspondence between man and nature", that is, to investigate and understand the health phenomenon from the relationship between natural environment and social environment and people, and to know whether human health is healthy or not from the adaptability and response mode of human body to environmental changes, so as to unify human body, natural environment and social environment on the basis of fitness theory.

Second, the advantages and disadvantages of plateau climate environment on human health.

The plateau climate in Tibet is characterized by low air pressure, low temperature and thin air, and the plateau climate environment will inevitably have an impact on human body. In ancient times, people knew the influence of plateau climate on human body. Chinese medicine "Su Wen Zheng Wuchang Da Lun" said: "The land is divided into advantages and disadvantages, the gas is divided into warm and cool, the upper one is cold, and the lower one is hot, so those who are suitable for cold and cool swell, and the gas in the northwest dissipates cold." Explain the influence of northwest cold on human body.

⑤ Wang Yue Medical Clinic, the earliest medical document of Tibetan medicine, also discusses the influence of plateau climate on human body, emphasizing that it is easy to suffer from "dragon disease" (a disease caused by climate) in too cold places.

⑥ There is a more detailed explanation on the influence of hypoxia climate on human body in Wei Zang Tong Zhi: At that time, the diseases affected by altitude hypoxia were called "miasma, miasma, miasma, smog and compartment (meaning headache)". When Fu Kang 'an, a minister sent by Qing Qianlong, went to Tibet in 1956, he asked the local residents about the Tanggula Mountain, and replied, "The mountains there are high and cold, which makes the weather worse after the snow." It is believed that altitude sickness will be aggravated by altitude hypoxia and cold climate. 1792, Gurkha soldiers went into hiding and were repelled by Fu Kang 'an's troops. Gurkha reported that "when Tashilhunpo Temple was robbed last year, two or three thousand people died of miasma on the snow-capped mountains", which clarified the influence of plateau anoxic climate and fatigue on human body until death.

⑦ The book A Survey of Tibet written by Japanese An Hui records that "Longtu is 3,876 meters above sea level, and the air is thin, so people have to take several steps to climb it", which vividly records the influence of high altitude areas on people.

With the extensive development of modern mountain exploration, people have systematically studied the influence of plateau climate on human body. Experts and scholars believe that the climate environment of plateau hypoxia can directly affect human health, induce some diseases or aggravate the condition. Especially the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which belongs to the third-class in the world, has a unique and changeable climate, and this plateau climate has many effects on human health. The occurrence of many diseases in Tibet Plateau is indeed directly related to the plateau anoxic climate, such as sudden weather change, thin air and cold, which can aggravate joint pain and cause joint stiffness, deformation and limited movement for a long time. In the cold climate, due to the lack of sunshine, people are prone to depression, difficulty in concentrating, and some obstacles in appetite and sleep. Sudden cold will cause a series of psychological and pathological changes in human body. On the one hand, cold stimulation can excite human sympathetic nerves, contract peripheral blood vessels, increase peripheral resistance, increase left ventricular load and increase myocardial oxygen consumption. On the other hand, it will increase the fibrin content in the blood, increase the blood viscosity, shorten the coagulation time, create conditions for vascular embolism, and cold can also stimulate coronary artery spasm. According to medical experiments, if the cold air at -23℃ is inhaled, the ECG will appear similar to angina pectoris. Under the conditions of increasing rain and snow, increasing humidity and declining climate, people or patients with cardiovascular diseases and hypertension often feel chest tightness, head swelling, eye swelling and general malaise. 1995 and 1996, snowstorms occurred in Gannan area, causing human and animal deaths, further illustrating the impact of climate on human health.

A climate formed under fairly high plateau conditions. The main features of plateau climate are: (1) strong solar radiation and small radiation difference. Due to the high altitude of the plateau, the atmospheric thickness, air density, water vapor content and atmospheric aerosol content decrease accordingly. Therefore, the direct radiation intensity of the sun in the plateau area is large, especially the ultraviolet radiation intensity is large; (2) The daily temperature range is significant, which is 65438 0 higher than that in the plain area of the same latitude. 2 times; (3) Precipitation is obviously affected by topography. Generally, the edge of the plateau facing the humid airflow is a rainy area, while the rainfall on the side facing the humid airflow and inside the plateau is less. (4) Strong winds, windy weather, thunderstorms and hail.