What is a book? Why do people invent paper from the evolution of books?

Book, shū, comes from Yu Cong Yue. In ancient times, it was ruled by tying strings, and later sages used books easily.

In the history of Xu Lin's Xu Wen, the Yellow Emperor Cang Xie wrote a book about it first, and it was pictographic according to the class, so it was called Wen, and the later forms and sounds brought out the best in each other, that is, it was called Zi. Written in a book called bamboo silk. Books, such as also.

1. Project cost: ~. ~ question. ~ draft. ~ fragrance. Curling (refers to a literati's style in speaking, writing, painting, etc. ) ~ angry (refers to the reader's habit of being divorced from reality);

2. letter: ~ letter. ~ Za。 ~ Jane. ~ letter;

3. Document: certificate. Description ~;

4. Writing or writing words: ~ method. ~ write. ~ table. ~ case. ~ painting;

5. write an article: big ~ special ~. It's hard to count ~;

7. The name of the ancient book, the abbreviation of Shangshu (also known as Book Classic);

8. A general term for some forms of Quyi: Shuo. Listen.

Secondly, answer the second question:

1, the evolutionary history of books is explained as follows (of course, the evolution of books is inseparable from the invention of paper):

Oracle Bone Inscriptions wrote it in the late Yin Dynasty more than 3,000 years ago, before paper was invented. People use local materials and carve the contents on tortoise shells and animal bones. This is Oracle Bone Inscriptions. "The Story of the Stone" In ancient times, stones were also used as writing materials, and even the whole works or works were carved on stones. Bamboo slips are the general name of bamboo slips and wooden slips with characters left over from ancient China. Books and silks are silk fabrics, which are light, soft and smooth and easy to ink. The width and length of the page can be cut according to the number of words, and can be folded or rolled up at will, which is convenient to carry and can make up for the shortcomings of bamboo slips. Ancient Book Writing In the early days of the invention of paper, paper books did not completely replace bamboo slips and silk books, but were used together. In addition, there are printed books from Song Dynasty to Qing Dynasty to modern e-books.

2. Explain in detail:

Paper is one of the four great scientific and technological inventions in ancient China. Together with the compass, gunpowder and printing, it provided a material and technical foundation for the prosperity of ancient culture in China. The invention of paper ended the complicated history of ancient bamboo slips and greatly promoted the spread and development of culture.

In ancient times, ancestors mainly relied on knotted ropes to record. Later, they gradually invented characters and began to use Oracle Bone Inscriptions as writing materials. Later, bamboo and wood chips (bamboo slips) and silk were found and used as writing materials. But paper was invented because silk was too expensive and bamboo was too heavy. According to research, the production of paper began in the Western Han Dynasty. From 65438 to 0957, Shaanxi Provincial Museum excavated a batch of artifacts named "Baqiao Paper" from a Western Han Dynasty tomb near Baqiao in the eastern suburb of xi, and its production date should be no later than the era of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty. Later, paper fragments of the Han Dynasty were unearthed in Luonaoer, Xinjiang, Juyan, Gansu and other places, about 150 ~ 200 years earlier than the paper made by eunuch Cai Lun from the early Eastern Han Dynasty to Yuanxing. However, we should also see that although paper was invented long ago, it was not widely used at first, and government documents were still written in bamboo slips and silk books. In Xian Di, Zuo Bo, a native of Donglai, improved the previous paper-making method and further improved the paper quality. The paper he made is white, delicate, soft, uniform and bright, and the paper quality is particularly good. Known as "Zuo Bo paper" in the world, especially five-color stationery paper and high-grade stationery.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, paper was widely spread and used, and papermaking was further improved. Before the Jin Dynasty, the paper-making areas were mainly concentrated in Luoyang, Henan Province, and gradually spread to Vietnam, Sichuan, Shao, Yang, Anhui, Jiangxi and other places, with increasing output and quality. Paper-making raw materials are also diversified, and there are many names of paper. Such as bamboo curtain paper, the paper has obvious lines, and its paper is tight, thin and even. Tunxi has rattan paper with rattan skin as raw material. The paper is smooth and white as jade, leaving no ink marks. Dongyang has fish egg paper, also known as fish note, which is soft and smooth. Jiangnan uses straw and wheat straw fiber to make paper, which is yellow and rough and difficult to write. In the north, mulberry bark fiber is used to make paper, which has excellent texture, white color, light softness and strong tensile force, and the paper grain tears like cotton silk, so it is called cotton paper. Cai Lun has a wide range of papermaking raw materials. Paper made of rotten fishing nets is called net paper, and paper made of rags is called cloth paper. At that time, the rags of fishing nets were classified as hemp fibers, so they were collectively called hemp paper.

In order to prolong the life of paper, the Jin Dynasty has invented a new technology of dyeing paper, that is, impregnating paper with yellow tiller boiling juice, some of which are written first and then dyed, and some are dyed first and then written. Impregnated paper is called dyed yellow paper, which is natural yellow, so it is also called jute paper. Yellow paper has the function of killing insects and moth.

In the 8th century, paper was widely used in China. In the following centuries, China exported paper to all parts of Asia and kept the secret of papermaking strictly. In 75 1 year, there was a conflict between the Tang Dynasty and the Arab Empire, and the Arabs captured several China paper makers. Soon, the paper industry rose in Samarkand and Baghdad. In this way, papermaking gradually spread all over the Arab world, where paper was widely used and then spread to North America and Europe through Arab countries. According to historical records, the first paper mill was established in Europe more than 0/000 years after Cai Lun invented papermaking. Although the modern paper industry has developed, its basic principle is still the same as that of Cai Lun. Nine times out of ten, the raw materials for papermaking have been replaced by wood pulp, but the raw materials for making high-grade printing paper, cigarette paper, rice paper and typing wax paper are still nothing more than rags, bark, hemp heads and waste fishing nets used in Cai Lun.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the famous Xuan paper was born. There is a legend in Xuanzhou, Anhui Province, the main producing area of Xuan paper: Cai Lun's apprentice Kong Dan, who made paper in southern Anhui, always wanted to make a particularly ideal white paper for his master to paint and trim the score. But after many experiments, it can't be realized. Once, he happened to see some sandalwood trees lying beside the mountain stream, which had been corroded by water for a long time and had rotted and turned white. Later, he made paper with this bark and finally succeeded. It can be concluded that using bark as rice paper has been very popular in the Tang Dynasty. Hard yellow paper used to write classics in the Tang Dynasty, Cheng Xin Tang paper in the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty, etc. All belong to the category of cooked rice paper. Since then, Xuan paper has been an indispensable treasure for writing and painting. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, almost all the paintings and calligraphy in China were made of rice paper.

At the same time, the invention of engraving brush greatly stimulated the development of paper industry, and the papermaking area was further expanded, and famous papers appeared one after another, such as yellow and white linen paper in Yizhou, rattan paper in Hangzhou, Wuzhou, Quzhou and Yuezhou, large paperboard in Zhou Jun, thin paper and white paper in Zhou Pu, Xuan paper in Xuanzhou, hard yellow paper and bamboo paper in Shaozhou, and slip paper in Linchuan. In the Tang Dynasty, bast fibers such as Daphne bark, Broussonetia papyrifera bark, mulberry bark, rattan bark, hibiscus bark and Pteroceltis tatarinowii bark were used as raw materials for papermaking. This kind of paper is flexible and thin, and the fibers are evenly staggered.

On the basis of the yellow paper dyed in the previous generation in the Tang Dynasty, the paper was coated with wax evenly. After calendering, the paper had the advantages of luster, luster and beauty, so it was called hard yellow paper. There is also a kind of hard white paper, which is called hard white paper, which is coated with wax on the front and back sides of the original paper, and then rubbed with pebbles or arc stones to make the paper bright, lubricated and dense, and the fibers are even and meticulous, which is slightly thicker than hard yellow paper. In addition, politicians have added mineral powder and wax paper; On the basis of powder wax paper and colored paper, paper products with gold and silver foil or powder luster are called golden flower paper, silver flower paper or honeysuckle paper, also called cold gold paper or sprinkled gold and silver paper; There is also that kind of paper with exquisite colors and patterns, which is polished and pressed one by one on the pattern board engraved with calligraphy and painting, so that various patterns are hidden on the paper, also called flower curtain paper or pattern paper. At that time, caviar paper made in Sichuan was very popular among scholars. In addition, there have been papers that have undergone simple reprocessing, such as Xue Tao's stationery, Xie Gong's ten-color stationery and other dyed papers, Jin Sushan's warp paper, as well as various printed papers, pine paper, variegated quicksand paper, rosy clouds paper and gold powder dragon paper.

The paper industry of the Five Dynasties continued to develop. Zhangzhou's Chengxin Tang paper was always considered as the best paper until the Northern Song Dynasty. This kind of paper is "as smooth as spring water, as thin as cocoon, as tough as Sichuan sound and as crisp as a brush". This paper can be as long as 50 feet and as thin as a tail. It inherited the papermaking tradition of Song Dynasty, Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties, and many papers with different textures appeared. Paper is generally light, soft, thin and tough. First-class paper is all produced in Jiangnan, also known as Jiangdong paper. The reuse of paper began in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the New Testament was reconstructed from waste paper, called rejuvenation paper or mature rejuvenation paper. It has the characteristics of material saving, time saving and quick effect.

By the Yuan Dynasty, the paper industry was dying, and only the south of the Yangtze River barely maintained its former scene. It was not until the Ming Dynasty that the paper industry flourished again. The main famous products are Xuan paper, bamboo paper, Xuande paper and Songjiang Tan paper. The manufacturing technology of Xuan paper in Qing Dynasty was further improved and became a well-known paper. Most of them use local papermaking raw materials, and all kinds of raw materials are used to make all kinds of paper. Paper processing technology has been further developed and innovated, such as sizing, alum addition, dyeing, waxing, calendering, gold scattering and printing. All kinds of stationery are popular again. White paper and elegant colored paper are highly respected in texture, and the colors are mainly bright and quiet. During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, there were pastel wax banknotes, such as those depicting gold and silver patterns, those depicting wax banknotes, those depicting multicolored calendered wax banknotes, and those depicting printed and printed flower banknotes, which were calendered on three-color paper with pastel wax and then painted with clay gold or clay silver. The production of letterhead paper has reached an exquisite level in the Qing Dynasty.

In addition, since the Jin Dynasty, the imperial court in China has accepted tribute paper from neighboring countries, such as South Vietnamese tissue paper (or moss paper), which is sweet, warm and non-toxic with seaweed as raw material. Korean tribute paper and chicken forest paper are loved by rulers of past dynasties. In the Qing Dynasty, there were North Korea's Lijin stationery, Jinling stationery, mirror stationery, bamboo green paper, Vietnamese moss stationery, Japanese snow paper, book paper, western Phnom Penh paper, mica paper, flower paper, all kinds of stationery and flower paper.

Paper, paperboard and processed paper. It is a sheet fiber product used for writing, recording, printing, painting or packaging. It is made of paper pulp suspended in water, deposited into interwoven fiber layers on the forming wire of paper machine, pressed and dried.

Stone paper The technology of making paper from stone, the principle is that the main component of stone "calcium carbonate" is ground into ultrafine particles, and then blown into paper. This technology is nothing new, but in the context of global appeal for energy conservation and emission reduction, this "fashionable" environmental protection concept is once again concerned. The new technology of stone paper is a new reversible recycling technology with modern technical characteristics, which takes calcium carbonate, the most abundant mineral resource in the earth's crust, as the main raw material, polymer materials and various inorganic materials as the auxiliary raw materials, and utilizes the principle of polymer interface chemistry and filling modification technology. Stone paper technology is a world-leading high-tech in China. The birth of this technology not only solved the problem of environmental harm caused by traditional papermaking pollution, but also solved the problems of white pollution caused by the use of a large number of plastic packaging materials and the waste of a large number of oil resources.

Generally, the production of printing paper is divided into two basic processes: pulping and papermaking. Pulping is to dissociate plant fiber raw materials into natural pulp or bleached pulp by mechanical method, chemical method or a combination of the two. Papermaking is to combine pulp fibers suspended in water into sheets that meet various requirements through various processes.

Paper mills generally need to store enough raw materials for 4 ~ 6 months, so that the raw materials can naturally ferment during storage, which is beneficial to pulping and ensures the continuous production of paper mills. Raw materials such as reed, wheat straw and wood are cut into pieces (used to produce chemical pulp) or wood chips (used to produce ground wood pulp) in the material preparation section, and then small pieces of raw materials are put into a digester, added with chemical liquid, and steamed with steam to make the raw materials into pulp, or the wood chips are sent to a wood mill to be ground, or they can be ground after a certain degree of cooking. Then wash the pulp with plenty of clean water, and remove coarse chips, knots, stones and sand from the pulp through screening and purification. According to the requirements of paper types, the pulp is bleached to the required whiteness with bleaching agent, and then beaten with beating equipment. Then various auxiliary materials, such as fillers, sizing agents, sizing agents, etc., are added to the pulp, and then purified and screened. Finally, the paper pulp is sent to a paper machine, filtered for moisture in the wire section, squeezed and dehydrated, dried in a dryer, calendered and coiled, and then cut, rewound or cut to produce rolled paper and plain paper. If the production is to produce coated printing paper, it needs to be dried in the middle or produced into roll paper and then coated.

In addition to the above-mentioned basic procedures, it also includes some auxiliary procedures, such as the preparation of cooking liquid, the preparation of bleaching liquid, the boiling of rubber compound and the recovery of chemicals and heat energy from cooking waste liquid and waste gas.