What is * * * coevolution?

What is * * * coevolution? Different organisms, between organisms and inorganic environments, constantly evolve and develop under the influence of each other, which is * * * co-evolution. Through a long process of coevolution, not only various species have appeared on the earth, but also various ecosystems have been formed.

* * * What's the difference between coevolution and coevolution? Coevolution and general evolution have different perspectives. In general evolution or population genetics, a species is often treated in isolation, and the environment and other related species are regarded as an unchangeable background. Coevolution emphasizes that genetic changes may occur simultaneously between interacting species. Therefore, co-evolution emphasizes the interaction between species, which can be said to be an important intersection of evolution and ecology. In fact, many ecological phenomena can only be well understood under the guidance of evolutionary thought. For example, Levins (1968) believes that the diversity of competing species is controlled by the evolution of characteristics that allow these species to enjoy resources.

* * * Coevolution:: pep ../200410/ca561142.htm.

Coevolution is the relationship between mutually beneficial individuals.

* * * Coevolution is the relationship between predator and prey.

Life and Climate Coevolution Reading Answers Life and Climate

Lin Daozhi

Can you think of it? For millions of years, the climate of the earth has been determined by the struggle between the animal kingdom and the plant kingdom, the two life kingdoms of the earth. Animals breathe in oxygen and release carbon dioxide, while plants breathe in carbon dioxide and release oxygen. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. So it can be concluded that animals can warm the earth and plants can cool it. If which side has the upper hand, then the earth will face the greenhouse effect or another severe cold period.

During the CAMBRIAN Big Bang more than 500 million years ago, the earth was occupied by various creatures. At that time, the soil was full of arthropods that released carbon dioxide into the air, making the carbon dioxide content in the air as high as 20 times today. At that time, the climate was extremely warm.

However, the plants quickly fought back. Fossils show that 450 million years ago, lignin appeared for the first time in plants containing lignin, which hardened the cell wall and made plants grow up, and the first trees appeared on the earth. With the unprecedented growth of plants in the world, unconstrained photosynthesis makes plants absorb carbon dioxide from the air, which greatly reduces the content of carbon dioxide, but hungry arthropods who can't absorb lignin can do nothing about it-the earth has entered a cold period.

Animals fight back again through further evolution. The protagonists at that time were termites and dinosaurs, who learned how to eat lignin and how to reproduce. Their heavy breathing and the destruction of vegetation have made the carbon dioxide content in the air as high as three times that of today, and most parts of the earth are hot and humid, restoring the greenhouse effect.

However, the plants were not destroyed. 65 million years ago, after dinosaurs completely lost water due to asteroid collision or other disasters, plants seized this opportunity, and the breakthrough point was the emergence of the first grasslands. Grass itself stores little carbon dioxide, but it can form soft soil. Soft soil can store a lot of carbon dioxide, thus reducing the carbon dioxide content in the air. In fact, grassland ecosystem contains more carbon than forest ecosystem.

In the past 40 million years, a large number of grasslands have spread all over the world, replacing forest areas many years ago. Under the influence of grassland, the earth gradually cooled down and finally entered the ice age 2 million years ago.

About 654.38 million years ago, due to the remarkable enhancement of human activities, the carbon dioxide content in the earth's air rose again. Especially in the last hundred years, the greenhouse effect of the earth has become more and more obvious.

Perhaps, the whole biosphere on the earth, just like the well-known biological individual regulates its internal environment, constantly regulates the atmospheric environment of the earth, making the climate meet the needs of biological evolution on the earth. In other words, the earth's biosphere actively adjusts the environment, not passively adapts to it. If so, billions of years of climate change is not only the cause of the sun or the earth, but also the deep participation of creatures for their own interests.

(Selected from Big Technology, No.3, 2002, with changes)

7. According to the content of the article, briefly describe the relationship between climate and life. (3 points)

Life and climate co-evolve. Or: climate is determined by the struggle between two living systems. Or: animals have the upper hand and the earth has a greenhouse effect; Plants prevailed and the earth entered a cold period.

Scoring standard: if you answer one of them correctly, you will get 3 points.

8. Please write the order of this article. What does this order have to do with description? (3 points)

Sample answers are arranged in chronological order. The content of this paper is the co-evolution of life and climate, and the premise of evolution is the passage of time.

Scoring standard: Answer the first question and get 1 point; Answer the second question and get 2 points ***3 points.

9. What is the reason why the word "true" added in the last paragraph of this article cannot be deleted? (3 points)

The answer example of "true" shows that if the former viewpoint is established, the latter result can be produced. So it can't be deleted.

Scoring standard: you can get 3 points if you answer correctly.

10. according to the content of this article, mobilize your own knowledge accumulation, talk about how the earth's climate may change in the next few years, and briefly explain the reasons. (4 points)

The greenhouse effect has been controlled and the rate of temperature rise has slowed down. Humans have fully realized the harm of the greenhouse effect and started to take a series of measures to control it. Or: the greenhouse effect intensifies and the temperature rises further. Human activities increase and vegetation decreases. Or: the greenhouse effect and the severe cold period alternate. Mainly depends on which side of animals and plants has the upper hand.

How to treat the co-evolution of man and machine? Although machine learning has made great progress at present, it still needs better algorithm cooperation to meet more challenges.

With the increasing influence of AI on society, human beings need to improve their skills accordingly, and how machines can help human beings learn is also worthy of attention.

In the man-machine ecosystem, people and machines learn from each other and keep learning, which will achieve the best results.

Powerful computing power, algorithms and big data are the three cores of AI technology. In Microsoft, machine learning has been applied to data mining and visualization, chat robots and so on.

With the increasing influence of artificial intelligence on society, more challenges need to be studied and overcome. No matter for people or machines, we have entered the era of continuous learning. The process of learning always needs time, materials and teachers, and in the process of learning, machines and humans will evolve together.

* * * The relationship between evolution and natural selection is directional and determines the direction of biological evolution.

* * * Coevolution includes the dependence between biology and nature, and * * * coevolution forms biodiversity.

Why does coevolution lead to biodiversity? Hello!

I think your understanding of this sentence is not entirely correct. "* * * * coevolution" should refer to the evolutionary type in which one species undergoes genetic evolution due to the influence of another species. For example, a plant undergoes genetic changes due to the pressure exerted by herbivorous insects, which in turn leads to genetic changes of insects. Instead of several species evolving in one direction. It includes:

1, "Smart Predator" strategy: Predators generally can't eat all their prey, otherwise they can't survive.

2. "Harvest theory": Predators tend to prey on species with a large number of individuals, which will avoid the situation that one or several organisms occupy absolute superiority in the ecosystem, make room for the formation of other species, and help increase species diversity.

* * * Coevolution means:

1) promoted the increase of biodiversity. For example, the co-evolution of many herbivorous insects and host plants has promoted the increase of insect diversity; The co-evolution of genes related to genetic linkage traits at molecular level promotes genetic isolation and leads to species differentiation.

2) Promote the adaptation of species. This aspect is mainly reflected in many reciprocal examples, such as the relationship between pollinators and plants (insects get food, while plants get the opportunity to mate), the relationship between aphids and ants (aphids get the protection of ants, and ants get the honey dew of aphids), and the relationship between insects and endophytic bacteria (they get the special nutrition necessary for life).

3) The significance of genome evolution. For example, the formation of mitochondrial genome in cells may be due to the co-evolution of bacteria in the bag (the theory of the origin of endophytes), and the phenomenon of "gene lateral transfer" of nuclear genome may also be due to the co-evolution of endophytes.

4) Maintain the stability of biological community. The coevolutionary relationship among many species promotes the stability of biological communities. In addition, many non-reciprocal coevolutionary relationships, such as parasitic relationships and prey-predator relationships, have maintained the stability of the ecosystem.

It will also prevent the phenomenon that among the species existing in the same niche in the same area, one species is absolutely dominant and other species are on the verge of extinction, resulting in biodiversity.

What are the key factors of life and climate in evolution? The struggle between animal kingdom and plant kingdom.